In this study, a novel and systematic methodology for the design and optimization of lowpass filters (LPFs), and multiorder-bandpass filters (BPFs) are proposed. The width of the LPF signal traces consistently follow Fourier truncated series, and the thickness of the substrate as well. By studying different lengths and other physical constraints, the design meets predefined electrical requirements. Moreover, superformula is used in split ring resonators (SRRs) designs to obtain a BPF response and significant structural compactness. Non-uniform transmission lines, as well as superformula equations, are programmed in MATLAB, which is also used for analytical validations. Traces are drawn in AutoCAD. The substrate of LPF is constructed in Pro/e. Finally, the optimized layouts are imported to Ansys High Frequency Structure Simulation (HFSS) software for simulation and verification. Nonuniform LPFs are optimized over a range of 0-6 GHz with cutoff frequency 3.5 GHz. Superformula implemented multiorder-BPFs are optimized with cutoff frequency of 1.1 GHz.

The objective of the proposed research is to present a compact system-on-package (SOP)-based passive front-end solution for millimeter-wave wireless communication/sensor applications, that consists of fully integrated three dimensional (3D) cavity filters/duplexers and antenna. The presented concept is applied to the design, fabrication and testing of V-band transceiver front-end modules using multilayer low temperature co-fired (LTCC) technology. The millimeter-wave front-end module is the foundation of 60 GHz (V-band) wireless systems for short-range multimedia applications, such as high-speed internet access, video streaming and content download. Its integration poses stringent challenges in terms of high performance, large number of embedded passive components, low power consumption, low interference between integrated components and compactness. To overcome these major challenges, a high level of integration of embedded passive functions using low-cost and high-performance materials that can be laminated in 3D, such as the multilayer LTCC, is significantly critical in the module-level design. In this work, various compact and high-performance passive building blocks have been developed in both microstrip and cavity configurations and their integration, enabling a complete passives integration solution for 3D low-cost wireless millimeter-wave front-end modules. It is worthy to note that most of the designs implemented comes away with novel ideas and is presented as the first extensive state-of-art components, entirely validated by measured data at 60 GHz bands.

Yes / New multi-standard wide band filters with compact sizes are designed for wireless communication devices. The proposed structures realize dual-wideband and quad-wideband characteristics by using a new skew-symmetrical coupled pair of asymmetric stepped impedance resonators, combined with other structures. The first and second dual-wideband filters realize fractional bandwidths (FBW) of 43.2%/31.9% at the central frequencies (CF) of 1.875/1.63 GHz, and second bandwidths of 580 MHz/1.75 GHz at CF of 5.52/4.46 GHz, respectively. The proposed quad-band filter realizes its first/second/third/fourth pass bands at CF 2.13/5.25/7.685/9.31 GHz with FBW of 46.0%/11.4%/4.6%and 5.4%, respectively. The wide pass bands are attributed to the mutual coupling of the modified ASIR resonators and their bandwidths are controllable by tuning relative parameters while the wide stop band performance is optimized by the novel interdigital cross coupled line structure and parallel uncoupled microstrip line structure. Moreover, the quad band is generated by introducing the novel defected rectangle structure. These multi-standard filters are simulated, fabricated and measured, and measured results agree well with both simulated results and theory predictions. The good in-band and out-of-band performances, the miniaturized sizes and simple structures of the proposed filters make them very promising for applications in future multi-standard wireless communication. / Horizon 2020 Framework Programme(European Union), Grant/Award Number:H2020-MSCA-ITN-2016 SECRET-722 424

Dans cette thèse, une étude approfondie sur des matériaux et des solutions pratiques est réalisée afin de répondre aux difficultés rencontrées dans la propagation des ondes à des fréquences térahertz (THz). Deux matériaux ont été identifiés comme étant prometteur: le graphène et le silicium à haute résistivité (HR-Si). Une première solution, basée sur des guides d’ondes à plaques parallèles (parallel plate waveguide-PPWG) avec des conditions de fermetures conducteur parfait (perfect electric conductor-PEC) -- graphène et graphène -- graphène a été analysée dans un premier temps. En considérant l'excitation du graphène par un champ électrique seulement, puis par un champ électromagnétique statique, les équations de Maxwell ont été résolues sous ces deux conditions et les constantes de propagations des différents modes ont été extraites. La démonstration de l'existence d'un mode propagatif hybride à l'intérieur du guide est faite dès que le graphène est excité par un champ magnétique. De plus, il est montré que l'intensité de chaque type de modes, transverse électrique (TE) ou transverse magnétique (TM), peut être ajustée suivant les champs d'excitation du graphène. Bien que le guide à plaques parallèles utilisant du graphène permette d'avoir des propriétés agiles, soit le contrôle des modes selon l'excitation du graphène, il n'en reste pas moins vrai que la faible conductivité intrinsèque au graphène conduit à un problème d'atténuation importante de l'onde. De plus, la difficulté d'obtenir des couches de graphène de taille adéquate entrave le développement de composants et de circuits fonctionnels, utilisables et à un coût raisonnable. La thèse porte ensuite sur l’étude du silicium haute résistivité pour guider des ondes aux fréquences térahertz. Tout d’abord, un guide composé d'une couche de HR-Si, de section rectangulaire dont la largeur est très grande par rapport à la hauteur, est caractérisé en utilisant un système de spectroscopie dans le domaine du temps, système permettant d'obtenir un large spectre de fréquences dans le domaine THz. Par cette caractérisation, les faibles pertes et la faible dispersion du HR-Si est démontrée. Cependant, il est aussi démontré que la géométrie du guide n'est pas optimale, conduisant à des pertes par dispersion de l'onde à l'intérieur du guide au fur et à mesure de sa propagation. Aussi, pour éviter cette dispersion, un confinement de l'onde est proposé en réduisant la largeur de la couche HR-Si pour la rendre de l'ordre de la hauteur (confinement en x et y, propagation en z) conduisant ainsi à la réalisation d'un guide d’ondes diélectrique en ruban (dielectric ribbon waveguide-DRW). Une analyse approfondie de la propagation d'une telle structure a conduit à concevoir un guide à faibles pertes d'une part, mais également à propagation monomode sur une large bande de fréquence. Une méthode de fabrication simple a été développée pour réaliser ce type de guide et un banc de mesure spécifique a été mis en place pour caractériser ce nouveau guide. Les mesures réalisées utilisent un analyseur de réseaux vectoriel (un PNA-X d'Agilent) auquel est branché deux têtes de mesure de la compagnie Virginia Diode Inc's (VDI) pour obtenir les bandes de fréquences désirées. Les sorties sont alors en guide rectangulaire standard, soit WR-8, soit WR-5 selon la plage de fréquence visée. Les résultats des mesures se comparent très bien avec les simulations réalisées avec un logiciel utilisant la méthode des éléments finis en trois dimensions (HFSS de la compagnie ANSYS) permettant d'obtenir les paramètres de la matrice de diffraction (S) mesurée par l'analyseur de réseau vectoriel. Finalement, dans le chapitre 6, un filtre passe-bande est développé comme preuve de concept pour l'utilisation du guide DRW utilisant le matériau HR-Si. Outre les faibles pertes et la propagation monomode d'un tel guide DRW, il est aussi montré dans cette thèse la facilité du processus de fabrication, le faible coût de ce procédé ainsi que la possibilité d'intégration avec d'autres composants passifs et actifs. Avec toutes ces caractéristiques très intéressantes sur différents plans, le guide DRW en HR-Si apparaît comme une solution très compétitive pour devenir un standard dans la bande de fréquence des THz.

Ces travaux de thèse concernent la mise au point d’une méthodologie de conception de filtres passe-bandes à couplages dispersifs permettant d’optimiser la sélectivité de ces filtres en générant et en contrôlant la position de zéros de transmission supplémentaires. Un état de l’art sur les différentes approches proposées dans la littérature pour la synthèse de filtres hyperfréquences à couplage dispersif est d’abord proposé. Cette analyse est illustrée par plusieurs exemples concrets, et une structure en particulier, comportant un couplage par plot capacitif, constitue le point de départ des travaux. De nouveaux éléments de couplage dispersifs ont été ensuite proposés, capables de générer aussi bien des couplages positifs que négatifs, permettant ainsi de positionner les zéros de transmission dans la bande stoppée supérieure ou inférieure. Ces éléments ont alors été intégrés dans des structures de filtrage plus complexes pour réaliser par exemple des structures en ligne possédant plusieurs zéros de transmission hors bande ou des filtres multibandes à la sélectivité renforcée. Plusieurs des dispositifs conçus ont été fabriqués et mesurés. Les résultats expérimentaux sont en bon accord avec les simulations validant ainsi l’approche proposée. / This thesis report deals with the development of a methodology for the design of bandpass filters including dispersive coupling to optimize the selectivity of these filters by generating and controlling the position of additional transmission zeros. A state of the art on the different approaches proposed in the literature for the synthesis of microwave filters with dispersive coupling is first proposed. This analysis is illustrated by several concrete examples, and a structure in particular, comprising a coupling capacitive post, is the starting point of the work. New dispersive coupling elements were then proposed, capable of generating both positive and negative couplings, thus enabling the transmission zeros to be positioned in the upper or lower stopped band. These elements have then been integrated in more complex filtering structures to achieve, for example, on-line structures having several out-of-band transmission zeros or multiband filters with enhanced selectivity. Many of the devices designed have been manufactured and measured. The experimental results are in good agreement with the simulations validating the proposed approach.

This dissertation contains two significant investigations. One is the development of the broadband microwave bandpass filters with high out-of-band performance. The other is the development of low-loss hybrids. These researches are parts of the National Aeronautic and Space Administrator (NASA)s mission to explore the universe. The former is focused on the techniques used in microstrip line bandpass filter design that help achieving both low in-band insertion loss and high out-of-band attenuation level. Moreover, these filters achieve very broadband out-of-band attenuation bandwidth. These techniques are related to the improvement of stepped impedance resonators, coupling between resonators and effective methods to allocate transmission zeros to suppress filters out-of-band spurious responses. The later is focused on the techniques used in planar magic-T designs such that the developed magic-T obtains high isolation between port E (difference port) and port H (sum port). Moreover, it obtains low-loss and broadband characteristics. These techniques are related to the development of the low-loss broadband microstrip-toslotline (MS-to-SL transition and the magic-T with a highly symmetric structure. The theoretical analysis and experimental measurements have been performed. The experimental results of both the filter and magic-T researches show significant improvement over their prior state-of-the-art designs by number of magnitude. The designs also reduce fabrication complexity.

Since their discovery in 1978 by Hill et al. and the development of the transverse holographic technique for their fabrication by Meltz et al. in 1989, fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) have become an important device for applications in optical communications, optical signal processing and fiber-optical sensors. A superstructured fiber Bragg grating (SFBG), also called a sampled fiber Bragg grating, is a special FBG that consists of a several small FBGs placed in close proximity to one another. SFBGs have attracted much attention in recent years with the discovery of techniques allowing the creation of equivalent chirp or equivalent phase shifts. The biggest advantage of an SFBG with equivalent chirp or equivalent phase shifts is the possibility to design and fabricate gratings with greatly varying phase and amplitude responses by adjusting the spatial profile of the superstructure. The realization of SFBGs with equivalent chirp or equivalent phase shifts requires only sub-millimeter precision. This is a relief from the sub-micron precision required by traditional approaches. In this thesis, the mathematical modeling of FBGs and SFBGs is reviewed. The use of SFBGs for various applications in photonic microwave signal processing is considered. Four main topics are presented in this thesis. The first topic is the use of SFBG as a photonic true-time delay (TTD) beamformer for phased array antennas (PAAs). The second topic addresses non-linearities in the group delay response of an SFBG with equivalent chirp in its sampling period. An SFBG with an equivalent chirp using only a linear chirp coefficient may yield a group delay response that deviates from the linear response required by a TTD beamformer. In the thesis, a technique to improve the linearity of the group delay response is proposed and an adaptive algorithm to find the optimal linear and non-linear chirp coefficients to produce the best linear group delay response is described. Since no closed-form solution exists to represent the amplitude and phase responses of an SFBG, we rely on a Fourier transform analogy under a weak grating approximation as a starting point in the design of an SFBG. Simulations are then used to refine the response of the SFBG. The algorithm proposed provides an optimal set of chirp coefficients that minimizes the error in the group delay response. Four gratings are fabricated using the optimized chirp coefficients and their application in a TTD PAA system is discussed. The third topic discusses the use of an SFBG with equivalent phase shifts in its sampling period as a means to realize optical single sideband (SSB) modulation. SSB modulation eliminates the power penalty caused by chromatic dispersion experienced by an optical signal traveling through a long length of optical fiber. By introducing two π phase shifts through equivalent sampling to the SFBG, two ultra-narrow transmission bands are created in the grating stop band of the +/- 1st spectral orders. In the proposed system, a double-sideband plus carrier (DSB+C) modulated optical signal is sent to the input of an optical SSB filter based on the equivalent phase-shift SFBG in order to select the optical carrier and a single sideband, effectively blocking one sideband from propagating. Finally, the fourth topic focuses on the implementation of a photonic microwave bandpass filter based on an SFBG with equivalent chirp. Photonic microwave filters are used to process microwave signals in the optical domain. By using a technique called phase-modulation to intensity-modulation (PM-IM) conversion, a two-tap delay line filter is created with one negative tap. A single SFBG with a chirp in its sampling period is used as a means to achieve the PM-IM conversion for the two taps. Two phase modulated optical carriers are used to generate the two taps, each entering a different port of the SFBG and thus experiencing an opposite dispersion value. The two optical signals are then recombined before being sent to a photodetector (PD) where the filtered microwave signal is recovered.

Les développements récents des systèmes hyperfréquences conduisent à des contraintes drastiques sur la taille et le coût des composants, et en particulier sur les Filtres Passe-Bande (BPF). L’objectif de cette thèse était d’apporter des solutions innovantes pour du filtrage large-bande compact en basses fréquences. Nous avons proposé deux solutions topologiques de compacité.La première solution est axée sur l’amélioration de la compacité des résonateurs grâce au résonateur multi-sections. Cette topologie a été théorisée et modélisée afin de l’optimiser. La compacité apportée par le résonateur multi-sections a été démontrée à travers la réalisation de filtres interdigité. La deuxième solution est une nouvelle topologie du filtre combline appelée filtre combline à couplage électrique (ECC). Nous avons également montré que ces solutions topologiques sont compatibles avec d’autres solutions technologiques de compacité (multicouche…).Ces solutions permettent de résoudre les problèmes d’encombrement et d’intégration des filtres actuels tout en gardant des performances électriques équivalentes. / Recent developments in microwave systems lead to drastic constraints on the size and cost of components, and in particularly on Passband Filters (BPF). The aim of this thesis was to provide innovative solutions for low band compact broadband filtering. We proposed two topological solutions of compactness.The first solution focuses on improving the compactness of the resonator thanks to the multisections resonator. This topology has been theorized and modeled to optimize it. The compactness provided by the multi-sections resonator has been shown by the realization of interdigital filters. The second solution is a new topology of the combline filter, electrical coupling combline filter (ECC).We have also shown that these topological solutions are compatible with other technological solutions of compactness (multilayer ...).These solutions solve the size and integration problems of current filters with equivalentelectrical performance.

Les télécommunications sont devenus indispensables dans notre monde actuel. De plus, le volume des données échangées ne cesse de croître. En effet, nous pouvons transmettre nos photos, nos vidéos au monde entier. Nonobstant, nous ne voulons pas attendre pour les avoir, ce qui exige un débit de données très important et par conséquent des signaux avec des bandes passantes plus larges. Les satellites de télécommunications doivent donc s’adapter, c'est pourquoi nous proposons dans ces travaux la recherche de filtre à large bande avec une recherche de compacité et de faibles pertes. Nous nous sommes intéressés à l'utilisation de matériaux céramiques qui permettent d'obtenir de bonnes performances vis à vis de nos besoins. Notre travail est aussi rendu possible par le développement de procédés de fabrication additifs, comme par exemple la stéréolithographie, qui va nous permettre de nous affranchir fortement de règles de dessin contraignantes que nous pourrions avoir en utilisant des procédés classiques. Nous avons développé des filtres avec de larges bandes passantes autour de 4GHz. Une première étude nous a permis de rechercher des concepts qui permettent d'obtenir de forts couplages, conditions sine qua non pour réaliser ces filtres. Plusieurs concepts sont présentés ainsi que leur fabrication et leur mesures. Nous avons ainsi démontré expérimentalement que les concepts proposés, à base de pièces monoblocs céramiques, sont capables de produire des filtres à bandes passantes supérieures à 60 % (voire même 110 % pour une version améliorée). / Every day, the data exchanges increase thanks to the new technologies. We can keep our files, our pictures, our videos online to have an access anywhere on the planet (for now). In this way, the data output of the telecommunication systems has to be increased in order to satisfy the more and more demanding users. One way to allow this is to increase the bandwidths of the different signals, making possible to transmit more data at the same time. In this work, we will develop wide bandpass filters dedicated to space telecommunications. For that purpose, we need them to be compact, with low insertion loss and a limited number of parts to assemble. Consequently, we are interested to use resonators made with ceramic materials that permits to reach such properties. Moreover, these materials are compatible with stereolithography, an additive manufacturing process. Such technology is here very useful for our purpose since its design freedom allows the creation of almost all kind of geometries. To realize such wide bandpass filters, we need strong couplings between the different resonators and also for the accesses, so we will present our studies focused on reaching these specific objectives. Then, we will present different designs of wide bandpass filter around 4GHz. After different generation of ceramic based components, we are be able to experimentally create a 60% bandwidth (even 100% for our last version) very compact bandpass filter filling the objectives of this PhD thesis.

Since their discovery in 1978 by Hill et al. and the development of the transverse holographic technique for their fabrication by Meltz et al. in 1989, fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) have become an important device for applications in optical communications, optical signal processing and fiber-optical sensors. A superstructured fiber Bragg grating (SFBG), also called a sampled fiber Bragg grating, is a special FBG that consists of a several small FBGs placed in close proximity to one another. SFBGs have attracted much attention in recent years with the discovery of techniques allowing the creation of equivalent chirp or equivalent phase shifts. The biggest advantage of an SFBG with equivalent chirp or equivalent phase shifts is the possibility to design and fabricate gratings with greatly varying phase and amplitude responses by adjusting the spatial profile of the superstructure. The realization of SFBGs with equivalent chirp or equivalent phase shifts requires only sub-millimeter precision. This is a relief from the sub-micron precision required by traditional approaches. In this thesis, the mathematical modeling of FBGs and SFBGs is reviewed. The use of SFBGs for various applications in photonic microwave signal processing is considered. Four main topics are presented in this thesis. The first topic is the use of SFBG as a photonic true-time delay (TTD) beamformer for phased array antennas (PAAs). The second topic addresses non-linearities in the group delay response of an SFBG with equivalent chirp in its sampling period. An SFBG with an equivalent chirp using only a linear chirp coefficient may yield a group delay response that deviates from the linear response required by a TTD beamformer. In the thesis, a technique to improve the linearity of the group delay response is proposed and an adaptive algorithm to find the optimal linear and non-linear chirp coefficients to produce the best linear group delay response is described. Since no closed-form solution exists to represent the amplitude and phase responses of an SFBG, we rely on a Fourier transform analogy under a weak grating approximation as a starting point in the design of an SFBG. Simulations are then used to refine the response of the SFBG. The algorithm proposed provides an optimal set of chirp coefficients that minimizes the error in the group delay response. Four gratings are fabricated using the optimized chirp coefficients and their application in a TTD PAA system is discussed. The third topic discusses the use of an SFBG with equivalent phase shifts in its sampling period as a means to realize optical single sideband (SSB) modulation. SSB modulation eliminates the power penalty caused by chromatic dispersion experienced by an optical signal traveling through a long length of optical fiber. By introducing two π phase shifts through equivalent sampling to the SFBG, two ultra-narrow transmission bands are created in the grating stop band of the +/- 1st spectral orders. In the proposed system, a double-sideband plus carrier (DSB+C) modulated optical signal is sent to the input of an optical SSB filter based on the equivalent phase-shift SFBG in order to select the optical carrier and a single sideband, effectively blocking one sideband from propagating. Finally, the fourth topic focuses on the implementation of a photonic microwave bandpass filter based on an SFBG with equivalent chirp. Photonic microwave filters are used to process microwave signals in the optical domain. By using a technique called phase-modulation to intensity-modulation (PM-IM) conversion, a two-tap delay line filter is created with one negative tap. A single SFBG with a chirp in its sampling period is used as a means to achieve the PM-IM conversion for the two taps. Two phase modulated optical carriers are used to generate the two taps, each entering a different port of the SFBG and thus experiencing an opposite dispersion value. The two optical signals are then recombined before being sent to a photodetector (PD) where the filtered microwave signal is recovered.