On s'interesse ici a la resolution numerique de problemes de controle optimal peu reguliers. On utilise a la base les methodes dites indirectes, a la fois precises et rapides, mais en pratique tres sensibles a l'initialisation. Cette difficulte nous amene a utiliser une demarche homotopique, dans laquelle on part d'un probleme apparente plus facile a resoudre. Le "suivi de chemin" de l'homotopie connectant les deux problemes est ici realise par un algorithme de type simplicial. On s'interesse en premier lieu a un probleme de transfert orbital avec maximisation de la masse utile, puis a deux problemes d'arcs singuliers. Les perspectives futures liees a ces travaux comprennent en particulier l'etude de problemes a contraintes d'etat, egalement delicats a resoudre par les methodes indirectes. Par ailleurs, on souhaite comparer cette approche avec les methodes directes, qui impliquent la discretisation totale ou partielle du probleme.

On considère le problème de contrôle optimal de temps minimal pour des systèmes affine et mono-entrée en dimension finie, avec conditions initiales et finales fixées, où le contrôle scalaire prend ses valeurs dans un intervalle fermé. Lors de l'application d'une méthode de tir pour résoudre ce problème, on peut rencontrer des obstacles numériques car la fonction de tir n'est pas lisse lorsque le contrôle est bang-bang. Pour ces systèmes, dans le cas bang-bang, un concept théorique de temps conjugué a été défini, toutefois les algorithmes de calcul direct sont difficiles à appliquer. En outre, les questions théoriques et pratiques de la théorie du temps conjugué sont bien connues dans le cas lisse, et des outils efficaces de mise en oeuvre sont disponibles. On propose une procédure de régularisation pour laquelle les solutions du problème de temps minimal dépendent d'un paramètre réel positif suffisamment petit et sont définis par des fonctions lisses en temps, ce qui facilite l'application de la méthode de tir simple. Sous des hypothèses convenables, nous prouvons un résultat de convergence forte des solutions du problème régularisé vers la solution du problème initial, lorsque le paramètre réel tend vers zéro. Le calcul des temps conjugués pour les trajectoires localement optimales du problème régularisé est standard. Nous prouvons, sous des hypothèses appropriées, la convergence du premier temps conjugué du problème régularisé vers le premier temps conjugué du problème de contrôle bang-bang initial, quand le paramètre réel tend vers zéro. Ainsi, on obtient une procédure algorithmique efficace pour calculer les temps conjugués dans le cas bang-bang.

Since 2007 the American sitcom the Big Bang Theory has spread throughout the world. With its twenty million watchers it is one of the most popular sitcoms of our time. The starting point for this essay is that the humourus series with the more or less geeky main characters is more than just entertainment - it is a part of the mediatization of religion. This means that media is affecting the recipients’ view on religion in general and the personal religion. As we watch TV, we get socialized into how to act in our every day life. In this case, it is about religion depicted as entertainment. Through a film analysis of a number of selected scenes from the first three seasons of the series, this essay stresses the representation of the religious traditions Judaism, Christianity, Hinduism and religion in general. On the basis of etnocentrism, exitocism and a differentiation between religious praxis and religious beliefs my conclution is that Jews are portrayed in a very ”modern” and secular way, Christians are narrow-minded and quite stupid and Hindus are doing strange rituals and believe in very unreasonable phenomena. Religion in general is portrayed as something accepted but it should be rational and religous practice has its own time and place.

abstract: Phase locked loops are an integral part of any electronic system that requires a clock signal and find use in a broad range of applications such as clock and data recovery circuits for high speed serial I/O and frequency synthesizers for RF transceivers and ADCs. Traditionally, PLLs have been primarily analog in nature and since the development of the charge pump PLL, they have almost exclusively been analog. Recently, however, much research has been focused on ADPLLs because of their scalability, flexibility and higher noise immunity. This research investigates some of the latest all-digital PLL architectures and discusses the qualities and tradeoffs of each. A highly flexible and scalable all-digital PLL based frequency synthesizer is implemented in 180 nm CMOS process. This implementation makes use of a binary phase detector, also commonly called a bang-bang phase detector, which has potential of use in high-speed, sub-micron processes due to the simplicity of the phase detector which can be implemented with a simple D flip flop. Due to the nonlinearity introduced by the phase detector, there are certain performance limitations. This architecture incorporates a separate frequency control loop which can alleviate some of these limitations, such as lock range and acquisition time. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Electrical Engineering 2012

nÃo hà / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar a relaÃÃo das pessoas com a sÃrie televisiva The Big Bang Theory e sua percepÃÃo a respeito de se considerarem ou serem consideradas nerds. Este grupo, durante muito tempo visto e retratado como pÃria da sociedade, vem ganhando fama nos Ãltimos anos e tem sua imagem reformulada nos meios midiÃticos. Este trabalho, em um primeiro momento, procura traÃar o perfil do nerd, analisando seu histÃrico, caracterÃsticas e representaÃÃes midiÃticas, em produtos como sÃries e filmes, para fazer uma reflexÃo sobre o que à ser nerd atualmente. Para esta avaliaÃÃo, os autores Nugent (2008), Goffman (1988), Fernando e Rios (2001) e Bourdieu (1983) sÃo usados para identificar as caracterÃsticas distintivas do grupo, sua estigmatizaÃÃo perante a sociedade e sua relaÃÃo com o consumo e a mÃdia. Em seguida, levanta-se uma discussÃo a respeito da conexÃo entre comunicaÃÃo e cultura, utilizando autores como Caune (2004), Thompson (2001), Schulman (2004) e Morley (1996), dentre outros, para ressaltar a importÃncia dos Estudos Culturais dentro do Ãmbito desta pesquisa. ProduÃÃo e consumo estÃo interligados quando analisamos produtos culturais veiculados em meios de comunicaÃÃo de massa, por isso sÃo analisados as sÃries televisivas, sua classificaÃÃo, relaÃÃo com o pÃblico e a importÃncia dos personagens que as compÃem como elementos de conexÃo entre produto e audiÃncia. Jost (2012), Esquenazi (2010), Seger (2006), Davis (2001) e Field (2001) sÃo utilizados para explanar os processos de produÃÃo de sÃries e de criaÃÃo de personagens, fundamentais para entender o sucesso da sÃrie televisiva americana The Big Bang Theory, exibida pela CBS (EUA) e pela Warner Channel (Brasil). ApÃs uma anÃlise detalha dos personagens destas sitcom, apresenta-se os resultados da pesquisa realizada para este trabalho. Como metodologia, um questionÃrio estruturado, com abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa, foi aplicado em uma amostra aleatÃria de 600 pessoas, com o objetivo de investigar seus hÃbitos de consumo, sÃries favoritas, conexÃo com os personagens, percepÃÃes acerca da sÃrie The Big Bang Theory e sua visÃo sobre considerarem-se ou serem considerados nerds por outras pessoas. Na conclusÃo desta pesquisa, relata-se que a relaÃÃo das pessoas com os produtos culturais que consomem à baseada por afetos e identificaÃÃo com o enredo e personagens da histÃria. Em relaÃÃo à sÃrie The Big Bang Theory, opiniÃes diversas sÃo apresentadas sobre a estereotipificaÃÃo dos personagens e evoluÃÃo da narrativa. Por fim, conclui-se que ser nerd, ou ser considerado assim, hoje em dia ainda à algo que carrega bastante negatividade para quem nÃo se insere no grupo, mas se torna um fator de empoderamento para quem se inclui. Esta identidade à construÃda atravÃs do alto consumo de produtos culturais que visam estabelecer uma conexÃo afetiva com essas pessoas e oferecer uma projeÃÃo da narrativa de suas vidas. / This research aims to investigate the relationship of people with the TV show The Big Bang Theory and their perception as to whether they consider themselves or are considered nerds. This group, which has long been seen and treated as a pariah of society, has gained fame in recent years and had his image reformulated in the media. This work, in a first moment, seeks to address the nerd profile, analyzing their history, characteristics and media representations in products as TV series and movies, to make a reflection about what means to be nerd currently. For this analysis, the authors Nugent (2008), Goffman (1988), Fernando and Rios (2001) and Bourdieu (1983) are used to identify the group's distinguishing characteristics, their stigmatization in society and its relationship with consumption and the media. Then, a discussion about the connection between communication and culture is aroused, using authors like Caune (2004), Thompson (2001), Schulman (2004) and Morley (1996), among others, to highlight the importance of cultural studies within the scope of this research. Production and consumption are intertwined when we look conveyed cultural products in mass media, so TV series, their classification, public relationship and the importance of the characters that make them up are analyzed as elements connecting product and audience. Jost (2012), Esquenazi (2010), Seger (2006), Davis (2001) and Field (2001) are used to explain the production processes of TV series and character creation, fundamentals to understand the success of an American TV show The Big Bang Theory, displayed on CBS (EUA) and Warner Channel (Brazil). After a detailed analyze of this sitcom's characters, the results of the research carried out for this job are presented. As methodology, a structured survey, with a quantitative and a qualitative approach was applied in a random sample of 600 person, with the purpose of investigate their consuming habits, favorite TV series, connection with characters, perceptions about The Big Bang Theory and their vision about consider themselves or be considered nerd by others. At the conclusion of this research, it is reported that the relationship between people and cultural products they consume is based on affect and identification with the plot and characters in the story. Regarding The Big Bang Theory series, different opinions are presented on the character stereotyping and narrative evolution. Finally, it's concluded that being a nerd, or be considered as well, nowadays it is still something that carries a lot of negativity for those who do not fall within the group, but becomes a empowering factor for who is included. This identity is constructed through the high consumption of cultural products aimed at establishing an emotional connection with these people and offering a projection of the narrative of their lives.

As equações do modelo bidimensional de veículos autônomos subaquáticos fornecem um exemplo de sistema de controle não linear com o qual podemos ilustrar propriedades da teoria de controle ótimo. Apresentamos, sistematicamente, como os conceitos de formalismo hamiltoniano e teoria de Lie aparecem de forma natural neste contexto. Para tanto, estudamos brevemente o Princípio do Máximo de Pontryagin e discutimos características de sistemas afins. Tratamos com cuidado do Fenômeno Fuller, fornecendo critérios para decidir quando ele está ou não presente em junções, utilizando para isso uma linguagem algébrica. Apresentamos uma abordagem numérica para tratar problemas de controle ótimo e finalizamos com a aplicação dos resultados ao modelo bidimensional de veículo autônomo subaquático. / The equations of the two-dimensional model for autonomous underwater vehicles provide an example of a nonlinear control system which illustrates properties of optimal control theory. We present, systematically, how the concepts of the Hamiltonian formalism and the Lie theory naturally appear in this context. For this purpose, we briefly study the Pontryagin\'s Maximum Principle and discuss features of affine systems. We treat carefully the Fuller Phenomenon, providing criteria to detect its presence at junctions with an algebraic notation. We present a numerical approach to treat optimal control problems and we conclude with an application of the results in the bidimesional model of autonomous underwater vehicle.

As equações do modelo bidimensional de veículos autônomos subaquáticos fornecem um exemplo de sistema de controle não linear com o qual podemos ilustrar propriedades da teoria de controle ótimo. Apresentamos, sistematicamente, como os conceitos de formalismo hamiltoniano e teoria de Lie aparecem de forma natural neste contexto. Para tanto, estudamos brevemente o Princípio do Máximo de Pontryagin e discutimos características de sistemas afins. Tratamos com cuidado do Fenômeno Fuller, fornecendo critérios para decidir quando ele está ou não presente em junções, utilizando para isso uma linguagem algébrica. Apresentamos uma abordagem numérica para tratar problemas de controle ótimo e finalizamos com a aplicação dos resultados ao modelo bidimensional de veículo autônomo subaquático. / The equations of the two-dimensional model for autonomous underwater vehicles provide an example of a nonlinear control system which illustrates properties of optimal control theory. We present, systematically, how the concepts of the Hamiltonian formalism and the Lie theory naturally appear in this context. For this purpose, we briefly study the Pontryagin\'s Maximum Principle and discuss features of affine systems. We treat carefully the Fuller Phenomenon, providing criteria to detect its presence at junctions with an algebraic notation. We present a numerical approach to treat optimal control problems and we conclude with an application of the results in the bidimesional model of autonomous underwater vehicle.

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This thesis presents a study on the subtitler's visibility management as manifested by their subtitling approaches. The special textuality and the recent digitization of subtitling practices make the subtitler's visibility management through subtitling an issue that is rather distinctive from the translator's visibility in general. Previous studies that directly investigate subtitler's visibility tend to focus on subtitler's relatively restricted and/or linear social interactions, while relevant discussion that examines their non-linear social interactions such as subtitling is very rare. Almost no study has provided either a conceptualization of subtitler's visibility or a systematic analytical framework specifically for analysing the subtitler's visibility management through subtitling. In the current study, the author examines the subtitler's visibility management through subtitling by comparing WHV industrial subtitlers' and YYeTs fansubbers' subtitling approaches to The Big Bang Theory. Based on Nornes's (2007) notions of corrupt and abusive subtitling and Ortabasi's critiques on the lack of multimodality in these notions, it has been hypothesized that the two groups of subtitlers' approaches differ in two dimensions and three aspects of issues. Accordingly, an analytical framework is constructed to systematically interrogate the two groups of subtitlers' visibility management as reflected by their subtitling approaches: 1) comparing their subtitling approaches to the verbal and nonverbal issues identified in the represented dimension; 2) comparing their subtitling approaches to the technical issues identified in the representing dimension; 3) comparing and discussing how their relatively different approaches in the two dimensions demonstrate their different visibility management. The findings suggest that the ways in which WHV industrial subtitlers and YYeTs fansubbers manage their visibility differently are multifaceted and bidimensional. First, the industrial subtitlers tend to adopt a relatively corrupt approach and the fansubbers tend to adopt a relatively abusive approach in the represented dimension, while the relative differences between their approaches are more drastic in the verbal aspect than in the nonverbal aspect. Second, the above-found relative differences between the two groups of subtitlers' approaches are even more explicitly consistent in the technical aspect of the representing dimension. Third, in both dimensions, the industrial subtitlers gain less visibility through the relatively corrupt approach and the fansubbers acquire more visibility through the relatively abusive approach. More profoundly, by adopting the relatively corrupt approach, the industrial subtitlers perform gatekeepers in the represented dimension and adherents in the representing dimension; by using the relatively abusive approach, the fansubbers present themselves as educators in the represented dimension and as innovators in the representing dimension. Beyond these findings, this thesis also makes broader theoretical and methodological contributions. It has demonstrated how a nonbinary and generative conceptualization of the subtitler's visibility from a sociological perspective, hitherto never provided by previous discussions, can lead to more fruitful investigations on the subtitler's visibility management. This combination of Nornes's (2007) notions of corrupt and abusive subtitling and Ortabasi's (2007) critiques on them offers us a set of analytical tools for thoroughly investigating how subtitlers manage their visibility differently through subtitling.

Honors Project--Smith College, Northampton, Mass., 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 35).