Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

This thesis is concerned with expressions of toxic masculinity in television acting, illustrated on the case study of the television show The Big Bang Theory. This work sets the term toxic masculinity in the context of masculinity studies and draws on the theory of hegemonic masculinity formulated by the Australian sociologist Raewyn Connell. Her theory assumes the existence of multiple, hierarchically ordered masculinities, with hegemonic masculinity - considered by some authors tobe synonymous with toxic masculinity - on top. This work also surveys the history of the representation of the male hero from the early days of American cinema up to the present, as the empirical section deals primarily with an American television show. Special emphasis is put on the "nerd" character, who represents non- hegemonic masculinity and thus does not tend to be associated with expressions of toxic masculinity, although he is also guilty of this behavior. The aim of this thesis was to use qualitative content analysis to identify manifestations of toxic masculine behavior by the nerd characters of the popular sitcom The Big Bang Theory and to determine how this behavior differs from that of the "jock" character, an embodiment of hegemonic masculinity. This research reached the conclusion that each of these two...

Going beyond previous statements, a way is presented which allows statements about smallest possible black holes. It turns out that they exist (theoretically) and that they represent a new stable elementary particle (called G-boson in this work), which shows connections to dark matter and makes dark energy necessary to explain astronomical observations, independent of its existence required in macroquantum theory. This results in logical sequences in the Big Bang, which make it appear in a somewhat different context than previously known.:Table of Contents 1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Preliminary consideration on the basis of Planck units 4. The boundary force 5. Boundary force and black holes, the G-boson 6. Properties of the G-boson 7. Origin of the G-bosons, the dark matter and energy 8. What does this mean for the big bang? 9. Astronomical findings 10. Summary

En mécanique des fluides (CFD), l'adaptation de maillage anisotrope est reconnue pour sa capacité à réduire le ratio entre le nombre de degrés de liberté et la précision du calcul. Cependant, son application dans le cas d'écoulements compressibles avec des chocs pose les problématiques suivantes : (i) les schémas numériques d'ordre élevé de type shock capturing retombent à l'ordre un dans les chocs, (ii) les senseurs utilisés pour l'adaptation prescrivent dans les chocs des tailles qui tendent vers zéro. Il est donc nécessaire de prescrire une taille minimale. On perd alors tout l'intérêt d'une adaptation anisotrope. On apporte une réponse à ces problématiques en considérant une adaptation anisotrope multi-échelles du maillage basée sur le modèle de maillage continu. On alors montre que le processus adaptatif converge dans les chocs si le schéma numérique utilisé est non compressif. La prescription d'une taille minimale n'est plus nécessaire. On retrouve également un ordre deux de convergence dans tout le domaine, même en présence de chocs. Si on se donne des informations supplémentaires (fonctionnelle précise à observer, équation aux dérivées partielles, schéma numérique utilisé pour la résoudre) les méthodes génériques précédentes ne sont plus op- timales dans la distribution des degrés de liberté. On étudie cette problématique dans le cas particulier des équations d'Euler pour des fonctionnelles scalaires. Ce type d'étude est très bien adapté pour le calcul de grandeurs d'intérêt comme la portance ou la traînée en aérodynamique. On propose une estimation d'erreur a priori pour le contrôle de l'erreur d'approximation sur une fonctionnelle. Cette estimation est ensuite minimisée sur l'espace des maillages continus afin de décrire le maillage anisotrope optimal. Enfin, on applique l'adaptation multi-échelles à la prédiction haute-fidélité du bang sonique.

For about 20 years now, observations of 6Li in several old metal-poor stars inside the halo of our galaxy have been reported, which are largely independent of the stars’ metallicity, and which point to a possible primordial origin. The observations exceed the predictions of the Standard Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis model by a factor of 500. In the relevant energy range, no directly measured S-factors were available yet for the main production reaction 2H(α,γ)6Li, while different theoretical estimations have an uncertainty of up to two orders of magnitude. The very small cross section in the picobarn range has been measured with a deuterium gas target at the LUNA acceler- ator (Laboratory for Underground Nuclear Astrophysics), located deep underground inside Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso in Italy. A beam-induced, neutron-caused background in the γ-detector occurred which had to be analyzed carefully and sub- tracted in an appropriate way, to finally infer the weak signal of the reaction. For this purpose, a method to parameterize the Compton background has been developed. The results are a contribution to the discussion about the accuracy of the recent 6Li observations, and to the question if it is necessary to include new physics into the Standard Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis model.

We study the impact of long lived strongly interacting particles on primordial nuclear abundances. Particularly we look at the case of anti-squark quark bound states called mesinos. These mesinos are similar to massive nucleons in that they have the same spin and isospin. Like nucleons, the mesinos take part in nucleosynthesis and are bound into nuclei. We incorporate the mesinos into the various stages of BBN, from the QCD phase transition, to their capture of nucleons, to their eventual decay. We identify the mechanisms by which the mesinos could impact primordial abundances and show which actually do so. We nd that for the predicted mesino abundance, only one mechanism exists that has the potential of generating an observable signature.

Ce travail porte sur le développement de méthodes numériques innovantes pour la conception aéro-acoustique optimale de forme des configurations supersoniques. Ce manuscrit présente tout d'abord l'analyse et le développement des approches numériques pour la prévision du bang sonique . Le couplage du calcul CFD tridimensionnel en champ proche prenant en compte la décomposition multipolaire de Fourier et la propagation atmosphérique basée sur un algorithme de tracé de rayons est amélioré par l’intégration d'un processus automatique d' adaptation anisotrope de maillage. La deuxième partie de ce travail se concentre sur l’élaboration et l'application des techniques de conception pour l'optimisation d'une configuration aile-fuselage supersonique. Un module de conception inverse, AIDA , fournit à partir d'une signature acoustique cible au sol à faible bang sonique la géométrie de la configuration correspondante. Pour améliorer a la fois les performances acoustique et aérodynamique, des techniques d'optimisation directes de forme sont utilisées pour résoudre des problèmes d'optimisation mono et multi- disciplinaires et une analyse détaillée est réalisée. Des stratégies innovantes basées sur la coopération et les jeux compétitifs sont enfin appliquées au problème d'optimisation multidisciplinaire offrant une alternative aux algorithmes traditionnels MDO . L’hybridation de ces deux stratégies ouvre la voie a une nouvelle façon d'explorer le front de Pareto de manière efficace. Celle-ci est mise en application sur un cas pratique. / This work addresses the development of original numerical methods for the aero-acoustic optimal shape design of supersonic configurations. The first axis of the present research is the enhancement of numerical approaches for the prediction of sonic boom. The three dimensional CFD near-field prediction matched using a multipole decomposition approach coupled with atmospheric propagation using on a ray-tracing algorithm is improved by the integration of an automated anisotropic mesh adaptation process. The second part of this work focuses on the formulation and development of design techniques for the optimization of a supersonic wing-body configuration. An inverse design module, AIDA, is able to determine an equivalent configuration provided a target shaped signature at ground level corresponding to a low-boom profile. In order to improve both the aerodynamic and the acoustic performance, direct shape optimization techniques are used to solve single and multi-disciplinary optimization problems and a detailed analysis is carried out. At last, innovative strategies based on cooperation and competitive games are then applied to the multi-disciplinary optimization problem providing an alternative to traditional MDO algorithms. Hybridizing the two strategies opens a new efficient way to explore the Pareto front and this is shown on a practical case.

This graduation thesis deals with use of unconventional optical fiber with the intention of photonic crystal fiber. There are described types of photonic crystal fiber, their physical, optical and transfer characteristics. There is explained what are the photonic crystals, principle of their function and possible types of crystals. There are also detailed types of photonic fiber commonly used in the optical fiber branch. There is also explained photonic crystal fiber its structure a hierarchy of its types. In this thesis are described and demonstrated different kinds of photonic optical fiber and their use. There is demonstrated principle of one-dimensional periodical structure of Bragg fiber using simulation software. There can be seen graphical comparison of the simulated optical fiber core to commonly obtainable fiber. Outcome of this graduation thesis should be explanation of function of photonic crystal fiber and possibility of finding new type of fiber with optimal dispersion characteristics for use in fiber optics.

The thesis analyzes the thinking, legacy and the second life of the work of a prominent mathematician, cosmologist and the Catholic priest Georges Lemaître. The patterns of his thinking (expecting the intelligibility of the cosmos, assuming the hidden nature of God for research of natural science, seeing indeterminism in the evolution of the cosmos and separating the scientific and religious approach to reality) are presented on the basis of sources and literature based on Lemaître's texts and texts of scholars who dealt with his life and work. Everything is further complemented by the opinions of authors writing about the broader contexts of the history of cosmology and its interferencee with religion. Those long-term tendencies are drawn in more detail and further connected and compared with more general European ideas (the book of nature, the question of human free will, light as a backdrop of creation, appreciating the simplicity of hypotheses). Special emphasis is placed on the religious connotations of Lemaître's thinking - these are also presented with regard to the development of time, to which insights are further applied using modern models of the relationship between science and religion. It is the temporal transformation of that relationship within Lemaître's life path and the resulting...

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