This study explores a category of expressions akin to not yet, already, still and no longer, called Phasal Polarity (PhP) expressions. They encode the domains of phasal values, polarity and speaker expectations and have previously been described in European languages (van der Auwera 1998) and in a small, genealogically diverse sample (van Baar 1997). Using reference grammars as the primary source of information, the aim of this crosslinguistic study is to describe PhP expressions in a sample of East Bantu languages. It is found that the distribution and behaviour of PhP expressions in East Bantu differ from both European languages and the genetically diverse sample of van Baar. The markers are found to be morphologically diverse and of varied crosslinguistic frequency. Furthermore, the verbal morphotax indicates that the markers are, or are in the process of, being incorporated into the tense-aspect systems of their respective language. / Denna studie utforskar en kategori av utryck besläktade med inte än, redan, fortfarande och inte längre, som kallas Phasal Polarity (PhP) expressions. De uttrycker fas, polaritet och talar förväntningar och har tidigare beskrivits i en studie av europeiska språk (van der Auwera 1998) och i en småskalig, genetiskt mångfaldig studie (van Baar 1997). Med referensgrammatikor som primärkälla ämnar denna studie undersöka PhP expressions i ett urval av språk i underfamiljen Östbantu. Resultaten visar att PhP expressions i Östbantu har annorlunda distribution och användning jämfört med europeiska språk och van Baars urval. Markörerna varierar avseende morfologi och tvärspråklig frekvens. Verbens morfotax indikerar att markörerna har, eller håller på att, inkorporeras i respektive språks system.

The beginning of the eighteenth century marks the start of economic relations between the colonists of the Cape and the Bantu. As early as 1702 a quarrel about the bartering of cattle had broken out between parties of Whites and Bantu, each of which had made their way, from opposite directions, into the area between the Gamtoos and the Kei Rivers. The Bantu, who were encountered in the Eastern Cape, belonged to the Xhosa-speaking tribes. They were cattle farmers who also practised some agriculture, but this was considered a subsidiary activity which was left to the women. Their economy was a self-sufficient subsistence one with each family an almost entirely self-supporting unit. Each relied on its own cattle and crops and built its own dwellings. To serve its own requirements, each family made domestic utensils out of wood, grass and clay. Iron implements were, however, made by special smiths.

Please read the abstract in the dissertation Copyright / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Political Sciences / unrestricted

Masters of Art / This mini-thesis seeks to understand how the colonial and apartheid state imagined the African child in South Africa through education policies and their associated hidden curriculum. It asks what educational project was deemed suitable for the African child and how did this project configure her future? At the core of this enquiry is a preoccupation to understand how institutions, their curricula and objects rid themselves of colonial precepts. In working through this, I employ Blythswood Institute as a provocation to think and to historicise the education of African children, such as those at Blythswood, in three moments: colonialism and the founding of Blythswood in 1877; apartheid and the passing of the Bantu Education Act of 1953, and the post-apartheid times of democratic South Africa.

There is a high degree of morphosyntactic microvariation with respect to the number and position of object markers found across Bantu languages. This paper examines variation in object marking in Swahili, against the backdrop of variation in object marking in Bantu more broadly. Verb forms in Standard Swahili are well-known to typically only permit one pre-stem object marker. However, here we show that there are isolated cases of post-verbal marking of objects from both a synchronic and diachronic perspective. The paper focuses on two case studies. Firstly, ‘Old Swahili’ – that is, the language of classical Swahili poetry – where examples of typologically unusual emphatic object marker doubling are found. Secondly, we show that post-verbal object marking is in fact also found in Standard (Modern) Swahili, namely in second person plural marking, in post-verbal locative markers and with non-verbal predication. However, we also show that the relationship between these forms, the Old Swahili paradigm of object marker doubling, and post-verbal object marking in Bantu more widely – in particular post-verbal plural addressee marking – is complex.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The deliberate and sometimes unwitting complicity of psychology with apartheid social formations has received little attention in the psycho-historical literature. This, study in an attempt to break the silence, offers a descriptive characterization of South African psychology by tracing its origins, evolution, formalization and development to its ethnoscientific, colonial and apartheid roots. The study begins with an examination of the globalization of Euro-American psychology. The proliferation and domination of Euro-American psychology closely correlates with the emergence and globalization of colonial power that is intimately connected to the missionary discourses of conquest and conversion and to the doctrines of scientific racism. Western explorers, soldiers, missionaries, and social scientists are among the figures who participated in the occupation and conversion of the 'Dark Continent' of Africa. Within the context of colonialism, psychology became an enterprise of conquest and conversion that endeavoured to understand how people of colour, 'marginal beings', could be transformed into active subjects The history of South African psychology provides an illuminating illustration of how psychological discourse and practice may be employed for the purposes of oppressive social engineering. Besides projecting psychological intervention as vital to the alleviation of economic, social and industrial problems, psychologists utilized their expert roles in the Carnegie Poor White Study, in the Air-force and in industry and objects of Western racial and economic exploitation. The history of South African psychology provides an illuminating illustration of how psychological discourse and practice may be employed for the purposes of oppressive social engineering. Besides projecting psychological intervention as vital to the alleviation of economic, social and industrial problems, psychologists utilized their expert roles in the Carnegie Poor White Study, in the Air-force and in industry to rationalize and bolster White economic and political hegemony. The racial overtones that characterized the establishment of a professional association represents a startling example of how apartheid ideology was reproduced within the profession itself Unfortunately, oppressive discourse appears to continue to inform the research agenda, practices and theoretical concerns of many South African psychologists, thereby creating the impetus for the present crisis within the discipline. The crisis relates to, among other issues, the failure of Euro-American psychology to represent the psychological experiences of people of colour. Attempts at resolving the crisis are stymied by the production and reproduction of conceptual paradoxes within the fields of family therapy, community psychology and cross-cultural psychology, fields that are often portrayed as the solution to the crisis. Despite the increasing levels of theoretical complexity and ideological scrutiny each of these fields offer, South African psychology still faces various epistemological challenges and communieentric biases. A content analysis of 977 articles that appear in the South African Journal of Psychology, Psychologia Africana, the Journal of Behavioural Science, Psychology in Society, Humanitas. Psygram and the South African Psychologist confirms that the crisis in psychology continues. Details obtained from the analytical review show South African psychology, between 1948 and 1988, to be characterized by five features. First, Whites and males affiliated to the open liberal universities and Afrikaans universities dominate knowledge-production in the discipline. Blacks and women authors, especially those affiliated to the historically Black universities, tend to occupy mainly co-authorship positions at the level of publication. Second, the majority of articles reviewed are written in English. Third, whereas the bulk of articles analysed are empirical in nature, there is an increasing trend towards theoretical articles that examine the ideological and philosophical premises of the discipline. Fourth, empirical studies tend -to select subjects from both male and female gender groups, who are mainly White, and mostly affiliated to institutional settings. Fifth, research is dominated by an emphasis on conventional areas such as psychometrics, research methodology, industrial psychology and educational psychology. The more recently evolved fields such as community psychology and the psychology of oppression receive little attention. By moving to a point beyond critique and characterizations, the study concludes with an exploration of the dynamic quest for liberatory psychology, central to which is the formulation of an emancipatory agenda. An emancipatory agenda may well propel progressive psychologists towards systematically addressing the silences within the field, securing the centralization of Blacks and women at the levels of knowledge production and political representation and creating liberatory epistemologies.

This thesis aims to understand the experiences of the Somali Bantu and the Uyghur ethnic group. This study compares the differences and similarities in these groups' political representation and human rights access. Moreover, the method used to conduct this research is the Comparative Analysis Method. The Somali Bantu struggle with social and political marginalisation by Somalia's 4.5 formula and unfair representation due to the clan-based system. Meanwhile, the Uyghurs experience symbolic representation within the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Furthermore, both minority groups are marginalised and discriminated against due to cultural, religious and social differences from the majority group; the Social Dominance Theory (SDT) is applied to understand these dynamics. Finally, the study examines alleged human rights violations by applying several international human rights documents, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

No description available.

African music and its musicians from the Pharaonic periods to Mali to the Mississippi Delta to the South Bronx have contributed some of the most lasting and influential cultural creations known. The music and musicians of Africa have been studied as early as the early 18th century. As interest in African music grew so did the discipline of ethnomusicology. Ethnomusicology has sought to understand, interpret and catalog the various areas of African music. In the United States interest in the music as a continuation of African culture was also sought after and investigated as an important area of research. The main objective of this project is to help expand the methodological approaches in the study of African Diasporan musical cultures and their practitioners. The author undertook a critical examination of the previous works on the subject made by both Continental and Diasporan African scholars, in addition to fieldwork in the United States and Africa (Ghana). Through considering the work songs of Pharaonic Egypt, the cosmogram of the Bantu-Kongo and the life of John Coltrane in particular this proposed work articulates new methodological tools in the research of African music and musicians. / African American Studies

The situation of Somali Bantu refugees has been studied in the USA and, to a lesser degree, in the refugee camps of Kakuma and Dadaab, but not in self-settled urban contexts in East Africa. This qualitative study, a needs assessment of the Somali Bantu refugee community in Nairobi, Kenya, contributes towards filling that gap in the literature. Participant observation and semi-structured interviews with both Somali Bantu refugees and staff of refugee-serving NGOs in Nairobi provided rich ethnographic data. Research questions focused on perceived needs and assets of refugees, community support structures, and NGO services available to Somali Bantu refugees. The results of the study showed how systems of marginalization and oppression found within Somalia are reproduced within the urban refugee environment of Nairobi. It also revealed how this marginalization was exacerbated through the systems set up by refugee-serving NGOs. However, the study also demonstrated refugee agency and aspirations, revealing strategies employed by individual refugees to improve their situation as well as multi-local and transnational kinship networks of mutual support.