Numerous cases of premature concrete deterioration due to alkali-silica reaction and/or delayed ettringite formation have developed within highway infrastructure in the state of Texas over the past two decades. Although experimental research and in-situ load testing on an international scale has indicated that moderate levels of deterioration are unlikely to pose a threat to structural safety, the discovery of reinforcing bar fracture in Japan due to ASR-related expansion has called into question the integrity of heavily damaged structures. A two-part experimental program was conducted at The University of Texas at Austin relating to ASR/DEF-induced reinforcing bar fracture. Work conducted under TxDOT Project 0-6491 included the fabrication and monitoring of four concrete specimens. Methods were employed to simulate a fracture of the transverse reinforcement within the time frame of the study and the applicability of various NDT monitoring techniques to detect bar fracture was evaluated. Furthermore, a number of reinforcing bar samples were tested and analyzed to investigate (1) the development of reinforcing bar cracking due to the bending operation and (2) the progression of cracks after application of an expansive opening force on bars with 90° bends. Research findings and conclusions form a preliminary assessment on the potential for reinforcing bar fracture within affected infrastructure in Texas. / text

No description available.

The subject of this dissertation is the life and career of \(Nakano Seig\bar{o}\), a Japanese journalist and politician born in Fukuoka-city on the southwestern island of \(Ky\bar{u}sh\bar{u}\) in 1886. Initially a liberal and a democrat, Nakano became enamored with European-style fascist movements in the 1930s and tried to start a similar political mass movement in Japan. Advocating a hard-line \(vis-\grave{a}-vis\) America and England, Nakano supported Japan’s entry into WW2. As early as mid-1942, however, he understood that Japan could not win the war and demanded that the government sue for peace – a position that put him into direct opposition with Japan’s military. After being imprisoned briefly for his attempt to bring down the \(T\bar{o}j\bar{o}\) cabinet in the summer of 1943, Nakano committed ritual suicide in October of the same year. The dissertation focuses on Nakano’s enchantment with European fascist movements – Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy in particular - and his attempts to launch a similar movement in Japan. Nakano’s attraction to fascism was, in part, a reaction to the international economic and political trends following the Great Depression but also reflected his life-long admiration for charismatic political leaders. His fascist leanings were also the result of a complex political calculation that aimed to exploit the appearance of the masses on Japan’s political stage. The thesis argues that Nakano’s attempt to launch a popular mass movement modeled on the European fascist movements failed both because Nakano’s parties (first the \(Kokumin D\bar{o}mei\), 1931-6 and then the \(T\bar{o}h\bar{o}kai\), 1937 – 1943) lacked ideological cohesion as well as truly totalitarian scope and because Nakano refused to resort to political violence as a means to achieve his political ends. / East Asian Languages and Civilizations

No description available.

Salladsbarer i livsmedelsbutiker är något som ökat avsevärt i Sverige de senaste åren. Även i andra länder är det populärt, och främsta anledningen till detta är bekvämligheten och strävan efter ett hälsosammare matval. Syftet med detta examensarbete var att undersöka risker och rutiner kopplade till livsmedelsbutikernas salladsbarer, samt att ge en bild av konsumenternas attityd till den nya trenden. Informationsförordningen är en sammanslagning av två EU-direktiv, som ingående beskriver regler om hur livsmedel ska märkas. I december år 2014 utökades informationsförordningen med fler krav från EU. De nya kraven innebar t.ex. att allergener och infrysningsdatum för kött och fisk skulle märkas tydligare. Det är enligt denna förordning viktigt att butikspersonalen arbetar med tydliga regler och rutiner för att upprätthålla de krav som ställs på salladsbaren. Genom en kvalitativ och en kvantitativ undersökning har data, rörande butikspersonalens kunskaper samt konsumentens attityd gentemot salladsbaren, samlats in. I den kvalitativa undersökningen deltog sju personer från olika kedjor inom livsmedelsbranschen, vars ansvarsområde är salladsbaren i deras egen hembutik. Totalt intervjuades, i enkätform, femtiofem konsumenter i livsmedelsbutikerna. Frågorna innehöll bl.a. tycke och förtroende till salladsbar, samt tillsatser i mat. Resultatet av undersökningen visar att personalen har en god kunskap om rutiner och risker kopplade till salladsbaren. Konsumenterna i studien visar ett lägre förtroende till livsmedelsbutikernas, och salladsbarens produktsäkerhet. Majoriteten av respondenterna var utan allergi till något livsmedelsinnehåll, men uppskattade inte tillsatser. Slutsatsen av denna undersökning visade på en god kunskap hos personalen, men ett lägre förtroende hos konsumenten till butikens produktsäkerhet. Detta resultat som är inte generaliserbart p.g.a. de få deltagarna. / Salad bars in Swedish grocery stores have increased in frequently in the last few years. Many other countries have also followed the new hot trend, and the main reason of this increase is the convenience and the pursuit of a healthy meal. The purpose of this study was to examine the risks and routines of the salad bars in Swedish grocery stores, and look into the customer’s attitude against the concept. The Regulation of Information merges two EU directives, and includes rules on how the foods must be handled. In December 2014 the Regulation of Information increased with more claim from the EU. The new claims implied for example that allergens and the date of freezing, for meat and fish, must be labeled more legible. According to this Regulation, the staff in grocery stores must clearly show that the rules are being followed, with help of logs and rules of hygiene. The results of the study show that the staff has a good knowledge regarding routines and risks connected to the salad bar. The consumers in the study show a relatively low confidence in food stores' products. The majority has no form of food allergy, but did not appreciate additives in the food. The conclusion of the study shows that the staff has good knowledge in product safety, but unfortunately the customers’ don´t think so. The result isn’t generalizable – you´ll need more participants in the study to generalize.

Στην παρούσα εργασία εξετάζεται η μοντελοποίηση στοιχείων από οπλισμένο σκυρόδεμα και συγκεκριμένα υποστυλώματα μονολιθικά αλλά και ενισχυμένα με την μέθοδο των πεπερασμένων στοιχείων. Τα δοκίμια τα οποία εξετάζονται έχουν υποβληθεί σε ανακυκλιζόμενη φόρτιση στο Εργαστήριο Κατασκευών του Τμήματος Πολιτικών Μηχανικών του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών και τα αποτελέσματα των πειραματικών δοκιμών χρησιμοποιούνται για τον έλεγχο της αξιοπιστίας των αναλύσεων. Τα μοντέλα που κατασκευάστηκαν έχουν την δυνατότητα να λαμβάνουν υπόψιν την σχετική ολίσθηση μεταξύ του χάλυβα οπλισμού και του σκυροδέματος και επομένως και την εξόλκευση των ράβδων οπλισμού από το πέδιλο. Ωστόσο στα ενισχυμένα δοκίμια εξετάζονται διαφορετικοί τρόποι μοντελοποίησης της διεπιφάνειας μεταξύ παλαιού και νέου σκυροδέματος. Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο της εργασίας παρουσιάζονται ορισμένα γενικά θεωρητικά θέματα σχετικά με τις ενισχύσεις και επισκευές στοιχείων από οπλισμένο σκυρόδεμα και κυρίως υποστυλωμάτων. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο αναφέρονται λίγα πράγματα για την μέθοδο των πεπερασμένων στοιχείων και στην συνέχεια γίνεται μια σύντομη περιγραφή του προγράμματος πεπερασμένων στοιχείων ANSYS και των δυνατοτήτων που έχει. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο υπάρχει λεπτομερής περιγραφή των παραδοχών καθώς και των στοιχείων που χρησιμοποιούνται για την μοντελοποίηση στοιχείων από οπλισμένο σκυρόδεμα. Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο πραγματοποιείται μία βιβλιογραφική ανασκόπηση με σκοπό την τεκμηρίωση παραδοχών που χρησιμοποιούνται για την καλύτερη πρόβλεψη της συμπεριφοράς στοιχείων από οπλισμένο σκυρόδεμα. Στο πέμπτο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζονται δύο αναλυτικές προσεγγίσεις του φαινομένου της εξόλκευσης των ράβδων οπλισμού από το πέδιλο. Η περιγραφή των πειραματικών δοκιμών που πραγματοποιήθηκαν στο Εργαστήριο Κατασκευών του Τμήματος Πολιτικών Μηχανικών του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών, τα αποτελέσματα των οποίων χρησιμοποιούνται, για τον έλεγχο της αξιοπιστίας των αναλύσεων, πραγματοποιείται στο κεφάλαιο έξι. Στο έβδομο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα των αναλύσεων που πραγματοποιήθηκαν για τρία μονολιθικά δοκίμια. Επιπλέον εξετάζεται και ένας εναλλακτικός απλοποιητικός τρόπος μοντελοποίησης με τον οποίο θεωρείται πλήρης συνάφεια χάλυβα – σκυροδέματος. Χρησιμοποιώντας την παραδοχή αυτή, αγνοείται το φαινόμενο της εξόλκευσης των ράβδων από το πέδιλο. Για το λόγο αυτό πραγματοποιείται και μια αναλυτική προσέγγιση της πρόσθετης μετατόπισης λόγω της εξόλκευσης και προκύπτουν τα τελικά αποτελέσματα τα οποία είναι αντίστοιχα με αυτά στα οποία γίνεται θεώρηση σχετικής ολίσθησης χάλυβα – σκυροδέματος. Στο όγδοο κεφάλαιο εξετάζονται πέντε ενισχυμένα δοκίμια. Παρουσιάζονται τρεις διαφορετικοί τρόποι μοντελοποίησης της διεπιφάνειας μεταξύ παλαιού – νέου σκυροδέματος γίνονται, ενώ προσομοιώνεται και η δράση βλήτρου κάνοντας χρήση ειδικών πολυγραμμικών ελατηρίων. Στην συνέχεια παρουσιάζονται τέσσερις διαφορετικού τρόποι για την έμμεση προσομοίωση της επίδρασης της ανακύκλισης στην συμπεριφορά της διεπιφάνειας. Επιπλέον εξετάζεται και η επίδραση της ανακυκλιζόμενης φόρτισης στην δράση του βλήτρου. Τα αποτελέσματα συγκρίνονται τόσο με τα αντίστοιχα πειραματικά όσο και με αυτά στα οποία αγνοείται η επίδραση της ανακύκλισης. Τέλος στο ένατο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζονται τα τελικά συμπεράσματα που προέκυψαν καθώς και οι προτάσεις για μελλοντική έρευνα. Τα συμπεράσματα που προέκυψαν από την παρούσα εργασία είναι αρχικά, ότι η επιδραση του φαινομένου της εξόλκευσης στην συμπεριφορά των υποστυλωμάτων είναι αρκετά σημαντική. Ωστόσο τα αποτελέσματα που προέκυψαν από την ανάλυση που συμπεριλάμβανε το φαινόμενο αυτό καθώς και τα αντίστοιχα που προέκυψαν από τον συνδυασμό της απλοποιητικής ανάλυσης (πλήρη συνάφεια χάλυβα – σκυροδέματος) σε συνδυασμό με την αναλυτική μέθοδο είναι αρκετά ικανοποιητικά και προσεγγίζουν σχετικά καλά την περιβάλλουσα που προκύπτει από τα πειραματικά αποτελέσματα. Από τα αποτελέσματα που προέκυψαν για τα ενισχυμένα δοκίμια φαίνεται η επίδραση των χαρακτηριστικών της διεπιφάνειας στην συμπεριφορά των ενισχυμένων στοιχείων καθώς και η συμβολή των βλήτρων τόσο στην γενικότερη συμπεριφορά όσο και στην μείωση της ολίσθησης στην διεπιφάνεια. Ωστόσο σύμφωνα με τα αποτελέσματα η επίδραση της ανακύκλισης της φόρτισης είναι αρκετά σημαντική και επηρεάζει την συμπεριφορά του στοιχείου. / This thesis examines the simulation of reinforced concrete elements. In particular, the finite element method is used to investigate the behaviour of monolithic and strengthened columns that were tested under cyclic loading in the Structural Laboratory of the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Patras. The reliability of the analytical models is examined by comparing experimental and numerical results. The numerical models created included modelling the sliding between the reinforcing steel and the concrete, the consequence of bar elongation and the total extension of a reinforcing bar at a particular point in relation to the surrounding concrete. Therefore, for strengthened specimens, different ways of modelling the interface between old and new concrete are examined. The first chapter presents some theoretical models for the strengthening and repair of reinforced concrete elements with particular reference to reinforced concrete columns. A brief review of the finite element method and the finite element program ANSYS is presented in the second chapter. The third chapter presents a detailed description of the basic assumptions and the elements that were used to model reinforced concrete members. A literature review is presented in the fourth chapter in order to explain assumptions and to describe the elements that were used for the models. Two analytical approaches for the phenomenon of bar elongation are presented in the fifth chapter. A description of the experimental tests performed in the Structural Laboratory of the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Patras and the experimental results that were used to examine the reliability of the numerical results is presented in chapter six. In the seventh chapter, the results of the analysis of three monolithic specimens are presented. In this way, a simplified method is examined by considering a perfect bond between the steel and the concrete. By using this assumption, the phenomenon of bar elongation is neglected. In addition, an analytical approach for the supplementary deflection due to bar elongation is presented and the total result, including the supplement deflection, is similar to that using the assumption of relative slip between the steel and the concrete. Five strengthened columns are investigated in the eighth chapter. Three different methods of modelling the interface between the old and the new concrete are proposed and the presence of dowels is simulated by using special multi-linear springs. Therefore, four different processes for the simulation of the effect of cyclic loading on the behaviour at the interface are proposed. Furthermore, the effect of cyclic loading on the behaviour of dowels is examined. The results are compared to the relevant experimental results and to results where the effects of cyclic loading are neglected. Finally, the ninth chapter presents results and recommendations for further research. One conclusion that arises from this thesis is that the effect of bar elongation on the behaviour of reinforced concrete columns is quite significant. It was found that the results from the analysis that took into account bar elongation due to relative slippage and the analysis using the simplified method (perfect bond between steel and concrete) in combination with the supplementary deflection due to the bar elongation calculated using analytical methods are similar to the experimental results. Using the results of the strengthened specimens that have been presented, the effect of the properties at the interface and the contribution of the dowels on the behaviour of the strengthened specimens and in the reduction of sliding on the interface can been noted. However, according to the results, it must be stressed that the effects of cyclic loading are significant and affects the behaviour of the model.

Physical habitat for instream biota derives from a combination of stream system structural and hydraulic phenomena. Consequently, the quantity and quality of physical habitat is dynamic both over time and in space along the river, laterally, longitudinally and vertically. Its characterization through stream assessment and classification leads to a better understanding of factors that determine and limit habitat extent and quality. This thesis investigates the effects of space and time on nearshore aquatic habitat in the gravel reach of Fraser River, British Columbia by employing a large river, stage-adaptive habitat classification system. The distribution and abundance of habitat are spatially quantified at the reach scale (32 km), and temporally quantified through a period of about 60 years at several adjacent gravel bars (7 km), and at approximately 500 m3 s-1 increments in discharge during the declining limb of the flood hydrograph at two well-developed gravel bars. Of the ten habitat types evaluated, the bar edge habitat type is most abundant by length and number of units. However, its relative importance is reduced when weighted by fish-habitat association characteristics. Preferred habitat types (channel nook, eddy pool and open nook) are frequent and available to aquatic organisms, and most common at well-developed bars and in zones of equilibrium long-term sedimentation. Preferred habitat was at a maximum 30 years ago when major new bars developed and the thalweg shifted, effectively increasing the amount of bar shoreline and nearshore habitat. This increase is due to substantial change in river planform morphology following a 30-year period of large annual floods. However, amounts of habitat did not increase exclusively during periods of higher than average flows, or decrease exclusively during periods of lower than average flows. Instead, habitat abundance response to flow may occur with a two- or three-year lag. Short term changes in stage are critical to amount of preferred habitat. Optimal discharge for maximum preferred habitat vailability is in the range of approximately 2500 m3 s-1 to 4000 m3 s-1, which approximates long term mean flow. As flow increases, the proportion of preferred habitat compared with total bar shoreline decreases. Comparison with the 2006 flow duration curve shows that 15 – 30 % of discharges are optimal for maximum fish density and biomass. These discharges occurred during April 27 to May 17 and July 14 to August 7, 2006.

The Tibetan Book of the Dead and the Jewish Tractate Mourning are important texts about death in their respective traditions. The Tibetan Book of the Dead is a manual read by the living to the deceased as the deceased journeys through the many realms of the after-life. It is an abstract, philosophical text. The Tractate Mourning on the other hand, is a highly empirical and pragmatic text that guides the living through their loss. It is concerned only with the living left behind and offers no guidance to the deceased. Despite this profound difference however, this thesis has as its objective to show that both traditions, as evidenced through these texts, share an underlying emotion: compassion. Through the concern shown to the deceased as he or she stumbles through the often terrifying realms of the after-life in the Tibetan tradition, and through the precise and detailed instructions given to the living in the Jewish tradition as the mourners are guided through their grief, both texts exhibit profound compassion.

Traditionally, men are expected to arrange their lifestyle in a way that allows them to obtain the “package deal” of a career, becoming a husband, and fatherhood. This study quantitatively studies the effects of partnering on gay and straight men as mediated through the bar scene, aiming to explore how bar participation alters their social networks and their perceptions of social expectations. The ultimate goal is to determine if gay and straight men report differing social expectations such as becoming a husband and father. This investigation explores their beliefs on commitment, monogamy, and parenthood and seeks to determine whether these beliefs differ due to sexuality. Collecting data about how the men participate in the bar scene and if their participation differs after partnering will help reveal differences in social network composition, social expectations, and commitment. The data were collected from people 18 and older through a web-based survey linked directly to particular bars and other community sites within one urban region of Kentucky. Bar participation between gay men and straight men, particularly when partnered, did not differ significantly, suggesting similarities in social network composition. Social expectations did not vary much between gay and single men, but the commitment each group reported was conceptually different. Ultimately, the study both supported and opposed previous literature concerning traditional gendered social expectation

The objective of this research project was to simulate the behavior of armor metals at high strain rates and large strains, using the Johnson-Cook visco-plastic model, while incorporating the formation of adiabatic shear bands. The model was then to be applied to three armor metals, namely maraging steel 300, high hardness armor (HHA), and aluminum alloy 5083-H131; supplied by the Canadian Department of National Defense and tested in compression at the University of Manitoba. The Johnson-Cook model can accurately simulate the behavior of BCC metal (steels) up to a point of thermal instability. Conditions for complete shear failure in the model match closely to conditions at which adiabatic shear bands formed in specimens tested experimentally. The Johnson-Cook model is not quite valid for FCC metals, such as aluminum, where strain rate and temperature effects are dependent on the strain while in the Johnson-Cook model, these parameters are separable.