“Inscribing Community” examines Greek inscriptions from Rome, between the first and fourth centuries CE, in order to understand the spaces and presentation of multicultural communities within the topography of the city. Literary sources, from Martial to Aelius Aristides, cite Rome’s multiculturalism as a defining feature of the city. These literary sources, however, separate Rome’s diverse population from the city’s built environment. For all the presentation of the city as a culturally diverse capital, did its multicultural population contribute to the topography of the city? Understanding the relationship between the city’s multicultural population and landscape comes as a challenge given the difficulties of tracing identity within material culture and the flawed preservation of Rome’s archaeological record. For this dissertation, I turn to Greek inscriptions – as both social historical texts and archaeological objects – in order to examine the organization and spaces of multicultural communities in Rome. Greek inscriptions, despite the cultural popularity of the language, remained a rarity in the landscape of Rome, accounting for less than 5% of the existing epigraphic record of the city. Within the center of Rome, inscribed Greek represented a cultural practice of the eastern half of the empire, where Greek functioned as the administrative language. When the Greek epigraphic record is mapped onto the topography of Rome, three distinct clusters of inscriptions can be seen in the areas of the Sacra Via, the Baths of Trajan, and the southern Transtiberim region. The contents of the inscriptions within these areas not only demonstrate the existence of communities organized by people from the different parts of eastern Mediterranean but also reveal their physical impression on the city. The three sites mark the only known structures and spaces devoted to multicultural communities in the urban topography of Rome. The Greek inscriptions of these three sites, when examined together, reveal the tension between motivation and perception in imperial Rome. Individuals and communities created inscriptions in Greek as an expression of their identities and native cultures. Yet, the display of inscriptions made the texts perceptible objects within the landscape of Rome, which anyone in the city might interpret in their own way. At each of the sites, imperial power mediated this tension, affecting their presentation and articulation of identity. Whether displayed in the center of the city or its periphery, Greek inscriptions in Rome represent eastern cultural identity that can also serve as a message of imperial dominance.

O banho do paciente em estado crítico constitui uma atividade que exige ordenamento das diversas etapas, dadas as características e peculiaridades. O aparato tecnológico peculiar das unidades de alta complexidade permite a monitoração, mas dificulta o acesso e mobilização do paciente. As repercussões oxi-hemodinâmicas do banho no paciente adulto internado em estado crítico no contexto relativo à etiologia/dano foram investigadas por meio dessa revisão sistemática de literatura, que objetivou identificar a existência de evidências científicas sobre as referidas repercussões naquela população e; verificar a possibilidade de estabelecimento de critérios para indicação do banho em diferentes situações clínicas. Foram considerados estudos primários e secundários com metodologia explícita, sem recorte temporal ou idiomas predeterminados. Os critérios de inclusão envolveram a mensuração de variável hemodinâmica ou oximétrica no decurso do banho de adultos críticos internados em meio hospitalar. Foi utilizada uma adaptação da estratégia PICO, o PIO, donde: P (pacientes, problema) = \"Intensive Care Units\" e variações; I (intervenção) = banho e variações; O (desfecho) = \"Hemodynamic Phenomena\" / \"Oxygen Consumption\" e variações. Foram pesquisadas: as bases eletrônicas CINAHL, DEDALUS; EMBASE, COCHRANE, LILACS, PubMed/MEDLINE; manualmente as bibliotecas das Escolas de Enfermagem da Universidade Federal Fluminense e Federal do Rio de Janeiro; referências cruzadas das publicações e; artigos relacionados do Pubmed e ISI. Os 44597 resultados iniciais das bases eletrônicas foram exportados para um programa de gerenciamento de referências, submetidos a filtros sucessivos, resultando em 23 publicações que, somadas a duas monografias obtidas em bibliotecas convencionais, perfez 25 referências. Após leitura na íntegra e reuniões de consenso foram descartadas 19, totalizando uma amostra de 6 publicações. Resultados explicitaram a baixa publicação sobre a temática, com predomínio de estudos nacionais. Dada a heterogeneidade e fragilidade dos estudos não foi possível um mapeamento consistente de todas as respostas oximéricas e hemodimâmicas importantes para os pacientes em questão. Os desfechos mais abordados foram a saturação venosa mista de oxigênio e o índice cardíaco, representantes respectivos dos segmentos. À exceção da saturação, não se identificaram diferenças importantes quando comparadas aos baselines. A saturação declinou durante o banho e se restabeleceu 30 minutos ao término. Conclui-se que medidas operacionais parecem atuar como fatores de risco: banho em menos de 4 h após a cirurgia cardíaca, posicionamento prolongado em decúbito lateral e tempo de banho superior a 20 minutos ou; fator de proteção: manutenção da temperatura da água em 40°C. Quanto à evidência dos achados, por derivarem de quase-experimentos, foram qualificados em nível C por Oxford e pontuados entre 11 e 18 pelo check list de Downs & Black que, mostrou associação entre maiores pontuações e melhores controles de validades internas. Sugere-se a utilização de estratégias que maximizem os indícios de proteção e de outras que minimizem os indícios de risco / The bath of the patient in critical state is an activity that requires several stages of planning, because of the characteristics and peculiarities. The peculiar technological apparatus of high complexity units allow for monitoring, but difficult access and mobilization of the patient. The oxy-hemodynamic effects of bath in adult patients hospitalized in critical condition in context on etiology / damage were investigated by this systematic review of literature, which aimed to identify the existence of scientific evidence about these impacts on that population and; to verify the possibility of establishment of criteria for baths indication in different clinical situations. Primary and secondary studies with explicit methodology, without clipping on languages or predetermined time were considered. The inclusion criteria involved the measurement of hemodynamic or oxymetric variable during the bath of adults hospitalized in critical care units. It was used an adaptation of the PICO strategy, the PIO, where: P (patients, problem) = \"Intensive Care Units\" and variations, I (intervention) = bath and variations, O (outcome) = \"Hemodynamic Phenomena\" / \"Oxygen Consumption \"and variations. Were investigated: the electronic databases CINAHL, DEDALUS, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, LILACS, PubMed / MEDLINE; manually the libraries of the Nursing Schools of Universidade Federal Fluminense and Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; cross references of publications and; related articles of Pubmed and ISI. The 44,597 initial results of the electronic databases were exported to a program for managing references, submitted to successive filters, resulting in 23 publications which, added to two monographs obtained in conventional libraries, totalize 25 references. After reading full publications and having consensus meetings, 19 studies were discarded, totalizing a sample of 6 publications. Results explained the low publication on the subject, with a predominance of national studies. In view of the fragility and heterogeneity of the studies, it was not possible to do a consistent mapping of all the important oximetric and hemodynamic answers for these patients. The further discussed outcomes were the mixed venous oxygen saturation and heart rate, representatives of the respective segments. With the exception of saturation, it was not identified important differences when compared to the baselines. The saturation declined during the bath and was restored 30 minutes at the end. It is concluded that operational measures seem act as risk factors: bath in less than 4 hours after cardiac surgery, prolonged positioning in lateral decubitus and showers time over 20 minutes or; a protective factor: maintenance of water temperature at 40 ° C. As the findings were derived from quasi-experiments, their evidences were qualified to level C for Oxford and scored between 11 and 18 by the check list of Downs & Black, that showed an association between higher scores and better control of internal validity. It is suggested the use of strategies that maximize the indications of protection and other that minimize the indications of risk

O banho do paciente em estado crítico constitui uma atividade que exige ordenamento das diversas etapas, dadas as características e peculiaridades. O aparato tecnológico peculiar das unidades de alta complexidade permite a monitoração, mas dificulta o acesso e mobilização do paciente. As repercussões oxi-hemodinâmicas do banho no paciente adulto internado em estado crítico no contexto relativo à etiologia/dano foram investigadas por meio dessa revisão sistemática de literatura, que objetivou identificar a existência de evidências científicas sobre as referidas repercussões naquela população e; verificar a possibilidade de estabelecimento de critérios para indicação do banho em diferentes situações clínicas. Foram considerados estudos primários e secundários com metodologia explícita, sem recorte temporal ou idiomas predeterminados. Os critérios de inclusão envolveram a mensuração de variável hemodinâmica ou oximétrica no decurso do banho de adultos críticos internados em meio hospitalar. Foi utilizada uma adaptação da estratégia PICO, o PIO, donde: P (pacientes, problema) = \"Intensive Care Units\" e variações; I (intervenção) = banho e variações; O (desfecho) = \"Hemodynamic Phenomena\" / \"Oxygen Consumption\" e variações. Foram pesquisadas: as bases eletrônicas CINAHL, DEDALUS; EMBASE, COCHRANE, LILACS, PubMed/MEDLINE; manualmente as bibliotecas das Escolas de Enfermagem da Universidade Federal Fluminense e Federal do Rio de Janeiro; referências cruzadas das publicações e; artigos relacionados do Pubmed e ISI. Os 44597 resultados iniciais das bases eletrônicas foram exportados para um programa de gerenciamento de referências, submetidos a filtros sucessivos, resultando em 23 publicações que, somadas a duas monografias obtidas em bibliotecas convencionais, perfez 25 referências. Após leitura na íntegra e reuniões de consenso foram descartadas 19, totalizando uma amostra de 6 publicações. Resultados explicitaram a baixa publicação sobre a temática, com predomínio de estudos nacionais. Dada a heterogeneidade e fragilidade dos estudos não foi possível um mapeamento consistente de todas as respostas oximéricas e hemodimâmicas importantes para os pacientes em questão. Os desfechos mais abordados foram a saturação venosa mista de oxigênio e o índice cardíaco, representantes respectivos dos segmentos. À exceção da saturação, não se identificaram diferenças importantes quando comparadas aos baselines. A saturação declinou durante o banho e se restabeleceu 30 minutos ao término. Conclui-se que medidas operacionais parecem atuar como fatores de risco: banho em menos de 4 h após a cirurgia cardíaca, posicionamento prolongado em decúbito lateral e tempo de banho superior a 20 minutos ou; fator de proteção: manutenção da temperatura da água em 40°C. Quanto à evidência dos achados, por derivarem de quase-experimentos, foram qualificados em nível C por Oxford e pontuados entre 11 e 18 pelo check list de Downs & Black que, mostrou associação entre maiores pontuações e melhores controles de validades internas. Sugere-se a utilização de estratégias que maximizem os indícios de proteção e de outras que minimizem os indícios de risco / The bath of the patient in critical state is an activity that requires several stages of planning, because of the characteristics and peculiarities. The peculiar technological apparatus of high complexity units allow for monitoring, but difficult access and mobilization of the patient. The oxy-hemodynamic effects of bath in adult patients hospitalized in critical condition in context on etiology / damage were investigated by this systematic review of literature, which aimed to identify the existence of scientific evidence about these impacts on that population and; to verify the possibility of establishment of criteria for baths indication in different clinical situations. Primary and secondary studies with explicit methodology, without clipping on languages or predetermined time were considered. The inclusion criteria involved the measurement of hemodynamic or oxymetric variable during the bath of adults hospitalized in critical care units. It was used an adaptation of the PICO strategy, the PIO, where: P (patients, problem) = \"Intensive Care Units\" and variations, I (intervention) = bath and variations, O (outcome) = \"Hemodynamic Phenomena\" / \"Oxygen Consumption \"and variations. Were investigated: the electronic databases CINAHL, DEDALUS, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, LILACS, PubMed / MEDLINE; manually the libraries of the Nursing Schools of Universidade Federal Fluminense and Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; cross references of publications and; related articles of Pubmed and ISI. The 44,597 initial results of the electronic databases were exported to a program for managing references, submitted to successive filters, resulting in 23 publications which, added to two monographs obtained in conventional libraries, totalize 25 references. After reading full publications and having consensus meetings, 19 studies were discarded, totalizing a sample of 6 publications. Results explained the low publication on the subject, with a predominance of national studies. In view of the fragility and heterogeneity of the studies, it was not possible to do a consistent mapping of all the important oximetric and hemodynamic answers for these patients. The further discussed outcomes were the mixed venous oxygen saturation and heart rate, representatives of the respective segments. With the exception of saturation, it was not identified important differences when compared to the baselines. The saturation declined during the bath and was restored 30 minutes at the end. It is concluded that operational measures seem act as risk factors: bath in less than 4 hours after cardiac surgery, prolonged positioning in lateral decubitus and showers time over 20 minutes or; a protective factor: maintenance of water temperature at 40 ° C. As the findings were derived from quasi-experiments, their evidences were qualified to level C for Oxford and scored between 11 and 18 by the check list of Downs & Black, that showed an association between higher scores and better control of internal validity. It is suggested the use of strategies that maximize the indications of protection and other that minimize the indications of risk

Το θέμα των ρωμαϊκών λουτρών προσανατολίσητκε σε δύο κύριες κατευθύνσεις: α)στη μελέτη και την παρουσίαση των συγκεκριμένων κατασκευών γενικά και β) στην εστίαση στις περιπτώσεις που έχουν ανεβρεθεί στον ελλαδικό χώρο. Επιχειρείται μια γενική εισαγωγή σε όρους εξέλιξης των κατασκευών αυτών στο χρόνο, αναφορές στην ορολογία, την καταγωγή τους και στο ιστορικό τους πλαίσιο. Πραγματοποιείται ανάλυση του σχεδιασμού των ρωμαϊκών λουτρών, της οικοδομικής τους και των κατασκευαστικών τους χαρακτηριστικών. Tέλος, υπό μελέτη τίθενται τα ρωμαϊκά λουτρά στον ελλαδικό χώρο, όπου με τη μορφή χαρτών και παράθεσης πηγών για την περιπτωσιολογία, όπως αυτή διαμορφώνεται από τα αρχαιολογικά ευρήματα, αποδίδεται γλαφυρότερα η συνολική εικόνα του θέματος κατηγοριοποιημένα κατά το δυνατόν. / The subject is horiented at two basic directions: a) the study and presentation of roman baths in general and b)the focus in the documented archaelogical cases in Greece. A general approach and introduction is attempted in terms of in-time development of those structures, terminology, origin and historical context. The design of roman baths, their structural elements and building techniques are some focal points under discussion. Roman baths in Greece are beeing studied. In the form of maps and literature connotations for the reported archaelogical evidences the conclusions are drawn under the prism of an - as possible - general categorization, sina que non for a complete study.

Submitted by Debora Cristina Paulela null (deborapaulela@fmb.unesp.br) on 2016-04-26T19:50:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação final 25 abril 2016 - Debora Paulela.pdf: 12506409 bytes, checksum: 45cdb3803d7c8e715c69e23e171fff62 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-28T19:03:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 paulela_dc_me_bot.pdf: 12506409 bytes, checksum: 45cdb3803d7c8e715c69e23e171fff62 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:03:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 paulela_dc_me_bot.pdf: 12506409 bytes, checksum: 45cdb3803d7c8e715c69e23e171fff62 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Introdução. Banho no leito é um procedimento executado rotineiramente pela equipe de enfermagem, para atender às necessidades de higiene e conforto. Infere-se a técnica convencional, com uso de baldes, bacias, água, sabonete, luvas e compressas, contribuir para aumento das taxas de infecção hospitalar. A tecnologia descartável para banho no leito propõe prevenir contaminação de uma área corporal com microrganismos provenientes de outra, assim como infecções cruzadas. Objetivo. Avaliar a efetividade dos banhos no leito convencional e descartável sobre a microbiota do paciente hospitalizado, assim como a estimativa de tempo de execução e custo dos mesmos. Métodos. Pesquisa clínica, prospectiva, caso-controle, randomizada, aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa e Registro Brasileiro de Ensaio Clínico (ReBEC). Realizou-se este estudo na Unidade de Acidente Vascular Cerebral do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, com amostra de 40 pacientes acamados e randomizados em dois grupos com 20 participantes: grupo A (controle - banho no leito convencional) e grupo B (intervenção - banho no leito descartável). A tecnologia avaliada foi da marca Bag Bath®. Invólucro contendo oito compressas pré-umidificadas com água, surfactantes não iônicos, vitamina E, dexpanthenol, conservantes e fragrâncias, destinadas uma para cada área do corpo. Resultados. Pode-se comprovar a efetividade da tecnologia descartável para banho no leito, sobre a evolução da microbiota da pele de pacientes hospitalizados. Uma vez que, 90% dos participantes que receberam exclusivamente a intervenção, tiveram a pele protegida de bactérias colonizadoras, ao contrário dos submetidos ao banho no leito convencional, que apresentaram 80% das culturas positivadas. Análise estatística demonstrou que, enquanto a carga microbiana dos participantes do Grupo B reduziu com a intervenção descartável, aumentou significantemente nos do Grupo A, que haviam recebido banhos no leito convencional (p<0,001). Conclusões. O banho no leito com uso de tecnologia descartável, da marca testada, mostrou-se significantemente efetivo sobre a carga microbiana da pele de pacientes hospitalizados, quando comparado ao banho convencional. Refutou-se as hipóteses do banho no leito descartável apresentar tempo de execução e custo menores, quando comparado com o convencional. Recomenda-se a realização de novos estudos sobre essas variáveis, por entende-las importantes no dimensionamento de recursos humanos em enfermagem, assim como na decisão por escolhas de insumos hospitalares. / Introduction. Bed bath is a procedure performed routinely by nursing staff to meet the needs of hygiene and comfort. A conventional technique is inferred, using buckets, basins, water, soap, gloves and pads, contributing to increased hospital infection rates. The disposable bed bath technology proposes to prevent contamination of a body area with microorganisms from another, and cross-infection. Goal. Evaluate the effectiveness of the baths in conventional and disposable bed on the microbiota of hospitalized patients, as well as the estimated run time and cost thereof. Methods. Clinical, prospective, case-control, randomized research, approved by the Research Ethics Committee and Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trial (Rebec). We conducted this study in Stroke Unit of the Hospital of the Botucatu School of Medicine, with sample of 40 bedridden patients randomized into two groups with 20 participants: group A (control - bath in the conventional bed) and group B (intervention - bath in disposable bed). The technology of the brand Bag Bath was evaluated®. Containing eight pads pre-moistened with water, nonionic surfactants, Vitamin E, Dexpanthenol, preservatives and fragrances, one for each intended area of the body. Results. One can prove the effectiveness of disposable technology for bed bath on the evolution of microflora of the skin of hospitalized patients. Since 90% of participants who received only the intervention had skin protected from colonizing bacteria, unlike subjected to the bath in the conventional bed, which showed 80% of positive cultures. Statistical analysis showed that, whereas the microbial load of the participants in Group B decreased with disposable intervention, increased significantly in Group A, who had received baths in conventional bed (p <0.001). Conclusions. Bed bath with the use of disposable technology, tested brand, proved to be significantly effective on the microbial load of the skin of hospitalized patients, when compared to conventional bath. The hypothesis of disposable bed bath present shorter run time and lower costs when compared with the conventional has been refuted. It is recommended to carry out further studies on these variables, to understand their importance on the design of human resources in nursing, as well as the decision by hospital supplies choices. / FAPESP: 2014/25099-2

Orientador: Alessandro Lia Mondelli / Resumo: Introdução. Banho no leito é um procedimento executado rotineiramente pela equipe de enfermagem, para atender às necessidades de higiene e conforto. Infere-se a técnica convencional, com uso de baldes, bacias, água, sabonete, luvas e compressas, contribuir para aumento das taxas de infecção hospitalar. A tecnologia descartável para banho no leito propõe prevenir contaminação de uma área corporal com microrganismos provenientes de outra, assim como infecções cruzadas. Objetivo. Avaliar a efetividade dos banhos no leito convencional e descartável sobre a microbiota do paciente hospitalizado, assim como a estimativa de tempo de execução e custo dos mesmos. Métodos. Pesquisa clínica, prospectiva, caso-controle, randomizada, aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa e Registro Brasileiro de Ensaio Clínico (ReBEC). Realizou-se este estudo na Unidade de Acidente Vascular Cerebral do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, com amostra de 40 pacientes acamados e randomizados em dois grupos com 20 participantes: grupo A (controle - banho no leito convencional) e grupo B (intervenção - banho no leito descartável). A tecnologia avaliada foi da marca Bag Bath®. Invólucro contendo oito compressas pré-umidificadas com água, surfactantes não iônicos, vitamina E, dexpanthenol, conservantes e fragrâncias, destinadas uma para cada área do corpo. Resultados. Pode-se comprovar a efetividade da tecnologia descartável para banho no leito, sobre a evolução da microbiota da pele d... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Introduction. Bed bath is a procedure performed routinely by nursing staff to meet the needs of hygiene and comfort. A conventional technique is inferred, using buckets, basins, water, soap, gloves and pads, contributing to increased hospital infection rates. The disposable bed bath technology proposes to prevent contamination of a body area with microorganisms from another, and cross-infection. Goal. Evaluate the effectiveness of the baths in conventional and disposable bed on the microbiota of hospitalized patients, as well as the estimated run time and cost thereof. Methods. Clinical, prospective, case-control, randomized research, approved by the Research Ethics Committee and Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trial (Rebec). We conducted this study in Stroke Unit of the Hospital of the Botucatu School of Medicine, with sample of 40 bedridden patients randomized into two groups with 20 participants: group A (control - bath in the conventional bed) and group B (intervention - bath in disposable bed). The technology of the brand Bag Bath was evaluated®. Containing eight pads pre-moistened with water, nonionic surfactants, Vitamin E, Dexpanthenol, preservatives and fragrances, one for each intended area of the body. Results. One can prove the effectiveness of disposable technology for bed bath on the evolution of microflora of the skin of hospitalized patients. Since 90% of participants who received only the intervention had skin protected from colonizing bacteria, unlike subjec... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:38:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_felipe_geraldo_pappen.pdf: 1221798 bytes, checksum: 72f7cef0d47255d268dc994513126704 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-21 / Practices of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus control are problematic in many livestock production systems and have worldwide increased. In the south region of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, where beef cattle are breed, dip baths are the main option for acaricide treatments. Thus, the aim of this study consist in: (i) to know the epidemiological aspects of dip baths use for R. (B.) microplus control in south of Brazil, (ii) to evaluate chemical sensibility of R. (B.) microplus in beef farms with cattle dip baths, (iii) to evaluate dip baths structure and maintenance conditions, and (iiii) to evaluate tick control handlings procedures. An epidemiologic inquiry was applied to 110 beef farmers holding plunge cattle dips, which were located in eight tows in the south region. The obtained results showed that dip baths were unable on 27.3% (30/110) of the properties,mainly due to the presence of resistance to most of the acaricide classes (40% - 12/30). Dip baths have been active in 72.7% (80/110) and amitraz is the most used acaricide in 82.5% (66/80) of these farms, followed by associations of pyrethroids and organophosphates in 16.2% (13/80), and nonassociated pyrethroids in 1.3% (1/80) of properties. Suitable number of engorged female ticks to laboratory sensibility test were obtained in 17.5% (14/80) of farms, demonstrating that 42.9% (6/14) of tick populations were sensible to amitraz, while 85.7% (12/14) were susceptible to associations, and none was sensible to pyrethroids. Moreover, in vitro tests revealed that dip baths solutions were only efficient in 35.7% (5/14) of them. Although the dip baths presents a mean age of 35 years, most farmers have no claims of physical infrastructure issues. The main criterion for the decision of the immersion baths application is the visualization of the immature ticks on cattle in 66% (53/80) of the properties and five or more applications per year were performed in 65% (52/80) of them. Moreover, the simultaneous use of other acaricides on injectable forms and pour-on, and the extension of the parasitism period to the winter months suggested that tick control in the region is reason for concern. It was also concluded that pyrethroids have been replaced by amitraz in last years, and nowdays this acaricide is being replaced by associations of pyrethroids with organophosphates, a viable alternative for most of the farms according to the in vitro tests. / O controle do carrapato Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus é problemático em vários sistemas de criação, estando disseminados os casos de resistência por todo o mundo. A situação também é preocupante na região sul do Rio Grande do Sul, que por sua vez utiliza o banheiro de imersão como principal método de aplicação de acaricidas em propriedades de criação de bovinos de corte. Assim, o presente trabalho teve os seguintes objetivos: (i) conhecer os aspectos relacionados à utilização dos banheiros de imersão para o controle do carrapato R. (B.) microplus; (ii) avaliar a sensibilidade de R. (B.) microplus destas propriedades; (iii) avaliar as características e condições de estrutura física dos banheiros de imersão; e (iiii) avaliar itens de manejo relativos ao controle do carrapato. Para tanto, um questionário epidemiológico foi aplicado em 110 propriedades de criação de bovinos de corte com banheiro de imersão, distribuídos em oito municípios da região de estudo. Constatou-se que em 27,3% (30/110) delas, o banheiro carrapaticida encontra-se desativado, principalmente em virtude do surgimento de resistência aos princípios ativos disponíveis (40% - 12/30). Naquelas em que o banheiro de imersão está carregado (72,7% - 80/110), o amitraz é o ingrediente ativo mais utilizado (82,5% - 66/80), seguido das associações de piretróides com organofosforados (16,2% - 13/80) e dos piretróides não associados (1,3% - 1/80). Obteve-se número suficiente de teleóginas para a avaliação de sensibilidade em laboratório em 17,5% (14/80) das propriedades, constatando-se que 42,9% (6/14) das populações eram sensíveis ao amitraz, 85,7% (12/14) às associações de piretróides com organofosforados, e, nenhuma aos piretróides não associados. Os testes in vitro também revelaram que as caldas utilizadas eram eficazes em apenas 35,7% (5/14) dos casos. Embora os banheiros de imersão da região possuam, em média, 35 anos de existência, e alguns problemas conservação tenham sido constatados, a maioria dos proprietários alega possuir estrutura física adequada. O critério para a realização dos banhos é a visualização de formas imaturas do carrapato sobre o bovino em 66% (53/80) das propriedades e são realizadas cinco ou mais aplicações em 65% (52/80) delas. Além disso, a utilização simultânea de outros ingredientes ativos nas formas injetável e pour-on, e a extensão do período de parasitismo aos meses de inverno sugerem que a situação do controle do carrapato na região está se agravando. Também conclui-se que os piretróides foram ao longo dos últimos anos substituídos pelo amitraz, que por sua vez vem dando lugar às associações de piretróides com organosfosforados, uma alternativa viável para a maioria das propriedades segundo os testes in vitro.

Les amibes sont des organismes unicellulaires eucaryotes, de 10 à 300 µm, pouvant vivre sous forme parasite ou évoluer librement dans les sols et les milieux aquatiques ou encore adopter l’une ou l’autre forme en fonction de l’environnement. Certaines amibes libres sont hautement pathogènes pour les animaux et l’homme, en particulier Naegleria fowleri qui se développe dans les eaux naturellement chaudes à des températures comprises entre 27 et 45°C. Cette espèce est responsable d'une encéphalite généralement mortelle, la méningo-encéphalite amibienne primitive (MEAP), dont un cas a été recensé en Guadeloupe en 2008. Un enfant de 9 ans ayant contracté la maladie est décédé quelques jours après un bain dans les eaux chaudes de Dolé, sur la commune de Gourbeyre. Notre travail de Thèse à l’Institut Pasteur, en collaboration avec l’ARS, a permis d’initier un programme de recherche sur ces amibes pathogènes très peu connues sur notre territoire, afin de mieux évaluer le risque lié aux baignades dans les sources géothermales de la Guadeloupe. Nous avons développé et mis au point une méthode de détection et de dénombrement des amibes faisant appel à la biologie moléculaire qui est aujourd’hui appliquée en routine au sein de notre laboratoire. Depuis Janvier 2011, un suivi mensuel a révélé la présence des amibes thermophiles et de l’amibe pathogène dans presque tous les sites analysés (Ravine Chaude, Bains de La Lise et Bain du Curé à Pigeon, Bains Jaunes, Bain de Dolé, Bain de Capes, Bain des Amours, Bain de la rivière Grosse-Corde, Chute du Carbet, Bain de Morphy et Bain chaud de Matouba), à l’exception des eaux chaudes soufrées et/ou salées de Sofaïa et de l’Anse Thomas à Bouillante. Le séquençage des produits de PCR obtenus et déposés dans Genbank nous a permis de confirmer l’appartenance de cette souche de N. fowleri, au type 3 Euro-américain, identique à celui détecté lors de l’accident de 2008 (Moussa et al. 2013). Le nombre d’amibes pathogènes retrouvées varie de 2 à 30 amibes/litre selon les bains, sans dépasser la limite de 100 amibes/litre recommandée par les autorités sanitaires. En dépit de ces faibles concentrations, une surveillance régulière des bassins est nécessaire. Sur l’ensemble de l’année 2011-2012, l’espèce pathogène N. fowleri a été la plus fréquemment rencontrée par rapport aux espèces non pathogènes N. lovaniensis et Hartmanella sp. Ces données de surveillance ont amené l’ARS et les communes concernées à organiser une campagne de sensibilisation à destination des populations locales et touristiques, reposant sur l’installation de panneaux de prévention à proximité des principaux sites où N. fowleri a été retrouvée.La présence régulière de N. fowleri tout au long de l’année dans la plupart des bains chauds et notamment dans les bains les plus fréquentés, a orienté notre travail sur la recherche de l’origine de leur contamination. Nous avons découvert que les sources géothermales ne sont pas contaminées à leur émergence, mais que les amibes proviennent de la terre en amont des bassins. Ce résultat qui montre que le sol est le réservoir naturel des amibes, nous a permis de proposer aux collectivités un moyen de lutte efficace en canalisant l’eau depuis l’émergence jusqu’au bassin, sans passer par le sol. / Amoebas are eukaryotic unicellular organisms, measuring from 10 to 300 µm, being able to live under a parasite form or to evolve freely in soils and aquatic media. They can even adopt either form depending of the environment. Some free living amoebas are highly pathogenic for animals and humans, especially Naegleria fowleri which develops in naturally hot waters at temperatures between 27 and 45°C. This species is responsible for an encephalitis generally lethal, the primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), a case of which occured in Guadeloupe in 2008. A 9-year-old child having contracted the disease, died a few days after a bath in the hot waters of Dolé, in Gourbeyre. Our Thesis at the Institut Pasteur of Guadeloupe, in association with the ARS, initiated a research program on these pathogenic amoebas poorly known in our territory, to better estimate the risk to contract the disease while bathing in geothermal recreational waters of Guadeloupe. We developed and worked out a method of detection and enumeration of amoebas using the molecular biology, which is currently applied in routine in our laboratory. Since January, 2011, a monthly monitoring of the baths revealed the presence of thermophilic free living amoebas and pathogenic amoeba in almost all the analyzed sites (Ravine Chaude, La Lise, Bain du Curé à Pigeon, Bains Jaunes, Bain de Dolé, Bain de Capès, Bain des Amours, Bain de la rivière Grosse-Corde, Chutes du Carbet, Morphy and the hot bath of Matouba), with the exception of sulphurated and/or salty hot waters of Sofaïa and the Anse-Thomas in Bouillante. The sequencing of the PCR products obtained were deposited in Genbank and confirmed that the Guadeloupean N. fowleri belonged to the Type-3 Euro-American, identical to that detected in the patient in 2008 (Moussa et al. 2013). The number of pathogenic amoebas varied from 2 to 30 amoebas / liter according to the baths, without exceeding the limit of 100 amoebas / liter recommended by the health authorities. In spite of this rather low concentration the baths require a regular surveillance. On the full year 2011-2012, the pathogenic species N. fowleri was the most frequently encountered species followed by N. lovaniensis and Hartmanella sp. These data of the surveillance led the ARS and the municipalities concerned to organize an awareness campaign destinated to the local and tourist population, based on the installation of prevention panels near the main sites where N. fowleri was found. The regular presence of N. fowleri during the year in most of the hot baths, especially the most frequented ones, leads us to look for the origin of their contamination. We discovered that geothermal springs are not contaminated at their emergence, but that amoebas come from the soil upstream the baths. This result which shows that soil is the natural reservoir of amoebas, allowed us to propose to the authorities effective means of prevention by installing pipes to carry the water from the emergence to the bath, without touching the soil.

Spa in the Czech Republic With a focus on spa Jeseník, Luhačovice, Třeboň and Františkovy Lázně As the subject of my work I chose the Czech Republic spa. I look at the spa environment as a social phenomenon that affects many areas of social life and has a great tradition in Czech culture. With its unique atmosphere and the composition of the clients who visit them, they are more than just popular places by tourists or health facilities but they have also influence on the life of the living there and spa visitors. The work is intended to serve as a general base that could be suitable for further exploration of this area, and therefore tries to cover as many areas of the issue as possible. I try to work with examples from history to point out the role of the spa in the past and how they gradually transformed into what they are today. I also look at services that are offered at the spa and the structure of clients who come to the spa. My field of interest was also the formation of spa towns and life in them. This area is distinguished from others for a large number of changing spa clients. In my work I also did a probe between clients and employees of spa Jeseník, Luhačovice, Třeboň and Františkovy Lázně. With it, I was able to outline some of the differences between the various spas. Spas in the...

Cette étude réalisée dans le cadre d’une thèse de doctorat a pour sujet : Les structures hydrauliques chez les Eduens à l’époque antique. Les sites de Bibracte et d’Augustodunum-Autun. Analyse complémentaire des sites éduens de Bourgogne. Elle se fonde à la fois sur des travaux de terrain (sous forme de prospections pédestres et de fouilles archéologiques) et sur des recherches documentaires. Les 813 structures hydrauliques recensées sont réparties sur 37 sites éduens comprenant les deux capitales de cité successives, Bibracte, puis Augustodunum-Autun, des agglomérations secondaires, des villages, des établissements ruraux, des sanctuaires et des stations thermales. Il s’agit d’abord de définir les caractéristiques physiques de ces aménagements hydrauliques destinés à l’adduction d’eau, au stockage et à l’évacuation des eaux usées. Cette recherche permet de distinguer les techniques de construction ou de fabrication et d’identifier les savoir-faire locaux et les influences gréco-romaines. Enfin, la confrontation des équipements hydrauliques entre les différents types de sites (densité, lieux d’implantation), permet d’évaluer le mode de gestion de l’eau à l’échelle d’une cité. C’est le cas notamment entre Bibracte et Augustodunum où des différences très nettes apparaissent. Un important volet de cette recherche est consacré à l’examen de l’aqueduc de Montjeu. Si cette étude révèle la diversité des solutions adoptées pour maîtriser cette eau d’une catégorie de site à l’autre, elle souligne également les traits communs avec divers sites de Narbonnaise et de l’empire romain. / This study, carried out in the context of a PhD thesis, has as its subject: Hydraulic structures of the Eduens in roman period. The sites of Bibracte and Augustodunum-Autun. Additional analysis of the eduen sites of Burgundy. It is based, at one and the same time, on ground works (in the form of exploration on foot and archaeological scavings) and documentary research. The 813 hydraulic structures listed are spread out over 37 éduen sites including the two successive capital cities Bibracte, later Augustodunum-Autun, secondary towns, villages, rural settlements, sanctuaries and baths. It consists firstly in defining the physical characteristics of the hydraulic facilities destined for the bringing of water, its storage, and the evacuation of waste water. This research enables us to distinguish the techniques of construction or manufacture and to identify local know-how and greco-roman influences. Finally, the comparison of hydraulic equipment between different types of sites, (density, location) enables us to evaluate the management of water on the scale of a city. This is notably the case between Bibracte and Augustodunum where very clear differences appear. An important section of this research has therefore been devoted to the examination of the aqueduct at Montjeu. If this research reveals the diversity of solutions adopted for water management from one category of site to another, it also underlines the features in common with other sites of Narbonnaise and the roman empire.