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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Grid-scale battery energy storage systems

Hill, Cody Aaron 17 December 2013 (has links)
This report presents an overview of the engineering considerations involved in the design of grid-scale battery energy storage systems. Grid-scale is defined here as systems over 1 MW in rated power, typically operated by a utility, independent power producer, or Independent System Operator (ISO). The physical components of a BESS are presented and explained, including power electronics, an introduction to various commercially available battery technologies, necessary control systems, and balance of plant hardware. Also presented are a variety of real-world applications of battery energy storage systems, showing how the specific application determines what mix of technology will be selected when designing the system, as well as explaining the foundation for the control algorithms. / text
2

Operation and control strategies for battery energy storage systems to increase penetration levels of renewable generation on remote microgrids

Such, Matthew Clayton 19 November 2013 (has links)
A critical requirement of any remote microgrid is its capability to control the balance between electric generation and load within the confines of the microgrid itself. The integration of significant amounts of “as available” renewable generation to any electric grid (macro or micro) makes it more difficult to maintain this balance and can result in large frequency deviations on a microgrid. Ancillary services provide the resources required to maintain the instantaneous and ongoing balance between generation and load. Battery energy storage systems (BESS) can provide regulating reserves, a type of ancillary service, by modulating active power for frequency control, referred to as load frequency control (LFC), to reduce frequency deviations caused by sudden changes in renewable generation. Historically, the most common methodology for reducing frequency disturbances exacerbated by wind plants with BESS systems is ramp rate control and more recently lead compensation. This thesis proposed a modified lead compensator for use in microgrid applications. A PSS®E microgrid model, based upon existing validated models, was developed to test the effectiveness of the LFC controllers used to dispatch the BESS as a regulating resource to allow increased wind energy penetration levels on remote microgrids. A model of the remote microgrid of the island of Maui, Hawaii was chosen as the basis for the designs. Daily wind power data from 2012 was classified and indexed on an hourly basis by severity of variation. The worst hour for power variation from the wind plants was identified from this indexing and used as the basis for simulating the LFC controllers. The results compared the effectiveness of droop, ramp rate, lead compensation, and modified lead compensation controllers in reducing the variability in the grid frequency caused by changes in wind power generation. An RMS of variation with respect to an average over different time windows was used as the comparison metric. The combined modified lead compensator with ramp rate control showed the best performance of the overall system behavior. / text
3

Battery energy storage systems in Sweden : A national market analysis and a case study of Behrn sport arena

Andersson, Agnes January 2018 (has links)
The renewable energy sources increase the volatility on theelectricity market. To manage the quick variations battery energystorage systems (BESS), together with other storing solutions, willbe required in the future. Depending on which level in the grid thebattery is placed, it can serve different purposes. In this report amarket analysis is conducted, which examine the performance ofbattery storages installed in Sweden. Further on, a simulation, withPV-panels and a battery, was performed at Behrn Arena in Örebro. From the market analysis it was shown that the majority of therespondents had used, or will use, their battery for peak shaving.This function is particularly meaningful for customers with a powertariff, which is the case for Behrn Arena. The simulated systemdecreased their yearly cost due to the power tariff with 70 000 SEKand the total electricity bill decreased with 155 000 SEK. For the batteries to be more profitable in the future, the batteryprice needs to decrease or the number of revenue streams need toincrease. One revenue with great potential is frequency regulation,which has proven its efficiency in other countries.
4

Top-down cost assessment and market regulatory conditions affecting BESS feasibility in the Spanish framework : Exploring the viability of utility-scale stand-alone Battery Energy Storage Systems in Spain

Abelló Sunyer, Pere January 2023 (has links)
This thesis report provides a comprehensive analysis of the regulatory landscape governing Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) in Spain and offers insights into their operational optimization and economic viability. The study centers on a 40 MW BESS and explores three distinct case studies, each representing varying system durations (one, two, and four hours) and two different electricity price scenarios (2019 and 2022). A techno-economic analysis encompassing all scenarios concludes the investigation. The research findings reveal that BESS projects can be financially lucrative when operating under the 2022 scenario, particularly when participating in Spain's Wholesale and Secondary Regulation service (aFRR) markets. Notably, as the system duration increases, project profitability also rises, with Net Present Values (NPVs) amounting to 29.6 M€, 50.4 M€, and 80.6 M€ for one-hour, two-hour, and four-hour BESS durations, respectively. However, this trend is not consistent, as observed in the 2019 scenario, where the opposite holds true due to significantly lower prices in both Wholesale and Secondary Regulation service markets, resulting in negative NPVs that increase with longer BESS durations (specifically, -3.3 M€, -6.9 M€, and -17.7 M€ for one-hour, two-hour, and four-hour BESS durations, respectively). In terms of optimal dispatching strategy, the study identifies consistent patterns across all case studies and scenarios. The BESS prioritizes participation in the Secondary Regulation service due to its higher remuneration compared to arbitrage activities in the Wholesale market. Despite Spain's efforts to promote the adoption of BESS technologies, several barriers exist that could impede their deployment. Key challenges include the absence of Capacity Markets (CM), restrictions on BESS participation in technical constraints and black-start markets, and the lack of remunerated markets for Frequency Control Reserve (FCR) and voltage control. In summary, this study highlights the need for a more investor-friendly environment characterized by greater revenue stream certainty and streamlined administrative processes. / Denna avhandling ger en omfattande analys av den reglerande landskapskontexten som styr batterilagringssystem (BESS) i Spanien och ger insikter om deras drifts- och ekonomiska livskraft. Studien fokuserar på en 40 MW BESS och utforskar tre olika fallstudier, var och en representerar varierande systemtider (en, två och fyra timmar) och två olika elprisscenarier (2019 och 2022). En teknisk-ekonomisk analys som omfattar alla scenarier avslutar undersökningen. Forskningsresultaten visar att BESS-projekt kan vara ekonomiskt lönsamma när de verkar enligt 2022-scenariot, särskilt när de deltar i Spaniens grossist- och sekundärregleringstjänst (aFRR) marknader. Inte minst ökar lönsamheten i projektet när systemtiden förlängs, med nuvärdet (NPV) uppgår till 29,6 M€, 50,4 M€ och 80,6 M€ för BESS-varaktigheter på en timme, två timmar respektive fyra timmar. Denna trend är dock inte konsekvent, som observerats i 2019-scenariot, där motsatsen gäller på grund av betydligt lägre priser både på grossist- och sekundärregleringsmarknaderna, vilket resulterar i negativa NPV-värden som ökar med längre BESS-varaktigheter (specifikt -3,3 M€, -6,9 M€ och -17,7 M€ för BESS-varaktigheter på en timme, två timmar respektive fyra timmar). När det gäller optimal distributionsstrategi identifierar studien liknande mönster i alla fallstudier och scenarier. BESS prioriterar deltagande i sekundärregleringstjänsten på grund av dess högre ersättning jämfört med arbitrageaktiviteter på grossistmarknaden. Trots Spaniens ansträngningar att främja antagandet av BESS-teknologier finns det flera hinder som kan hämma deras utrullning. Viktiga utmaningar inkluderar frånvaron av kapacitetsmarknader (CM), begränsningar för BESS-deltagande i tekniska begränsningar och svartstartmarknader, samt avsaknaden av marknader med ersättning för frekvensreglering (FCR) och spänningsreglering. Sammanfattningsvis belyser denna studie behovet av en mer investerarvänlig miljö präglad av större säkerhet i intäktsströmmar och förenklade administrativa processer.
5

Implementation of battery energy storage systems in the Swedish electrical infrastructure / Implementering av batterilagringssystem i den svenska elinfrastrukturen

Arnberg, Gustav January 2022 (has links)
Detta examensarbete utreder den tekniska och ekonomiska passbarheten av batterilagringssystem (BESS) inom den svenska el infrastrukturen. Syftet är att konstruera tre olika affärsfall för att representera den tekniska och den ekonomiska passbarheten av BESS inom den svenska el infrastrukturen, specifikt med uppkoppling mot distributionsnätverket på den regionala nivån, 6 kilovolt till 132 kilovolt (kV). Affärsfallen adresserar dem tekniska funktioner och kunder inom infrastrukturen som utifrån en litteraturstudie anses vara dem mest attraktiva att bygga ett affärsfall utifrån. Litteraturstudien utreder den svenska el infrastrukturens struktur samt dess existerande och uppkommande utmaningar. Studien utforskar även hela spektrumet energilagringssystem (ESS) för att rättfärdiga valet av litium-jon BESS. Litium-jon BESS är närmare undersökt, där systemets operativa parametrar samt komponenter är kartlagda. Vidare undersöks dem tekniska funktionernas tekniska krav och ekonomiska incitament i en marknadsanalys. Slutligen utforskas regler och lagar omkring BESS implementering i den svenska el infrastrukturen samt placeringen och de kostnader för att bygga en BESS anläggning. De tre affärfallen som är konstruerade i denna studie är: Kombinationen av frekvensrelaterade nätverksstödtjänster för en fristående BESS-tillgångsoperatör. Avbrottsfri strömtillförsel för ett datacenter. Skala effekttoppar och kombination av frekvensrelaterade nätverksstöddtjänster för en industri. Litium-jon BESS anses vara den mest tillämpliga tekniken på grund av dess snabba responstid, höga effekt- och energidensitet samt skalbarheten för att passa majoriteten av de tekniska funktioner som undersökts inom studien. Affärsfallens ekonomiska passbarhet utvärderas efter två ekonomiska indikatorer, nuvärdesberäkning (NPV) samt återbetalningstiden. Affärsfall nummer tvås tekniska funktion erbjuder ingen möjlighet att generera en inkomst vilket gör att den kommer bli utvärderad efter kostnad för service, där utgifterna är uppdelade utöver projektets livstid genom linjär amortering. Vidare används linjär amortering för att räkna ut kostnaden per kilo sparat CO2 utöver livstiden på projektet. Både affärsfall 1 (NPV= 231,0 MSEK, återbetalningstid= 7,8 år) samt affärsfall 3 (NPV= 17,3 MSEK, återbetalningstid= 8,8 år) visar en lönsamhet där affärsfall 2 ger en kostnad för service mellan 5,4 och 5,8 MSEK/år och där kostnaden per sparat kilo CO2 mellan 20,9 och 22,7 SEK/kg CO2. Denna studie fokuserar på de tre största distributionsnätverksoperatorerna (DNO) inom distributionsnätverket på en regional nivå: Vattenfall, Eon och Ellevio. Lönsamheten av de undersökta affärsfallen är starkt kopplade till placeringsområde inom nätverket, spänningsnivån och typ av DNO. Möjlighet att koppla upp BESS till en existerande transformatorstation på anläggningen för affärsfall två och tre minskar investeringskostnaden samt driftkostnaderna vilket vidare förbättrar dess lönsamhet. Affärsfall ett behöver gå igenom en noggrann bedömning för att försäkra sig om lönsamheten. NPV samt återbetalningstiden kan påverkas i affärsfall ett och tre på grund av den ständigt förändrande frekvensregleringsmarknaden där priserna är volatila på grund av nya marknadsinitiativ. Att konstruera ett BESS affärsfall medför att flertalet osäkerheter bör räknas in, såsom de ekonomiska incitamenten som inte visar någon garanti på att vara fortsatt lönsamt. Det höga priset på litium-jon batterier saktar ner attraktiviteten av affärsfallen och måste vidare sjunka för att främja ett lönsamt affärsfall. Andra ESS som flödesbatterier och vätgaslagringssystem visar god passbarhet att bli implementerad i den svenska el infrastrukturen men måste vidare utveckla sin tekniska och kommersiella mognadsgrad innan dem kan vara konkurrenskraftiga med litium-jon BESS.  Examensarbetet är utfört i samarbete med Omexom Infratek Sverige AB med målet att bidra till en större förståelse av BESS roll i den svenska el infrastrukturen och vidare bidra till att konstruera ett tekniskt erbjudande för Omexom Infratek Sverige AB. / This master thesis investigates the technical and economic feasibility of battery energy storage systems (BESS) in the Swedish electrical infrastructure. The aim is to construct three business cases to represent the technical and economic feasibility of BESS implementation in the Swedish electrical infrastructure in the distribution network on the regional level, 6 kilovolts to 132 kilovolts (kV). The business cases address the technical functions and customers within the infrastructure that is recognized through a literature study to build the most attractive and incentivized business cases from. The literature study investigates the Swedish electrical infrastructure’s structure and its existing and upcoming challenges. It investigates the spectrum of energy storage systems (ESS) to justify the choice of the lithium-ion (Li-ion) BESS. The Li-ion BESS is closer examined, where the systems operational parameters and components are mapped out. Furthermore, the technical functions technical requirements and economic incentives are investigated in a market analysis. Lastly, considerations regarding regulations and permits, the placement of BESS within the infrastructure and its surrounding costs is evaluated. The three business cases that are constructed within the thesis are:  Combination of frequency related grid support services for a standalone BESS asset operator. Uninterruptable power supply for a data center. Peak shaving and a combination of frequency related grid support services for an industrial plant.  The, Li-ion BESS is considered to most applicable technology due its fast response time, high power and energy density and scalability to suit the majority of technical functions investigated in the thesis. The business cases economic feasibility is evaluated after two economic indicators, the net present value (NPV) and the payback period. Business case two’s technical function offers no possible revenues and is evaluated as a cost for service where the expenses is divided throughout the project lifetime through linear amortization and the cost per saved kg CO2 is calculated over the lifetime of the BESS. Both business case 1 (NPV= 231.0 MSEK, payback period= 7.8 years) and case 3 (NPV=17.3 MSEK, payback period= 8.8 years) show profitability where business case 2 gives a cost per service between 5.4 and 5.8 MSEK/year and cost per saved kg CO2 between 20.9 and 22.7 SEK/kg CO2.  This thesis focuses on the three largest distribution network operators (DNO) in the distribution network on a regional level: Vattenfall, Eon, and Ellevio. The profitability of the business cases investigated are strongly connected to the location in the network, the voltage connection level, and the type of DNO. Being able to connect to an existing substation on site as for business cases 2 and 3 will lower the capital and operational costs and further improve the profitability. Business case 1 needs a thorough assessment of placement in the electrical infrastructure in Sweden to assure profitability. The NPV and payback period in business cases 1 and 3 could conflict with the interchanging frequency regulation market where prices are rather volatile due to new market initiatives. Therefore, looking forward, building a BESS business case to be implemented comes with lots of uncertainties as the economic incentives shows no guarantee to continuously be profitable. The high price of Li-ion batteries is slowing down the attractiveness of the business cases and need to further decrease to promote profitable business cases. Other ESS technologies as flow batteries and hydrogen storage systems show good applicability to be implemented in the Swedish electrical infrastructure but needs to develop its technical and commercial maturity until it can become competitive with Li-ion BESS.  The master thesis is performed in conjunction with Omexom Infratek Sverige AB with the aim to contribute to a broader understanding of the role of BESS in the Swedish electrical infrastructure and to help building BESS technical offers for Omexom Infratek Sverige AB.
6

Optimal Operation of Battery Energy Storage Systems in Radial Distribution Networks

Behnood, Aref January 2019 (has links)
In recent years, power systems are facing with various challenges arising from the increased share of renewable energy systems. Among all sections of power systems, distribution grids are affected the most since the majority of renewable energy sources are connected to distribution grids. As the penetration of Variable Energy Sources increases in electric grids, energy storage systems have become more influential. In this context, this thesis presents a new algorithm for the optimal operation of Battery Energy Storage Systems in distribution grids. The proposed algorithm aims to define the optimal operation of Battery Energy Storage Systems considering the network topology, the output power of Variable Energy Sources and the electricity prices from the one-day ahead electric market as well as real time control of the batteries through smart appliances. In order to do this, firstly a comprehensive study on the existing Optimal Power Flow methods is carried out. Then, AR-OPF which is a novel Optimal Power Flow method for radial distribution systems is presented and the required mathematical constraints, equations and parameters of Battery Energy Storage Systems for modelling in distribution systems are described. Then, the problem formulation and the proposed algorithm are discussed in detail. Further to energy storage as the main function of Battery Energy Storage Systems, the impact of the proposed method on other functions of Battery Energy Storage Systems such as voltage control, grid support and loss reduction will be investigated. In order to do so, the proposed algorithm is applied to the IEEE 34 node test system as a case study. This will be carried out through defining several different scenarios. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is performed on the size of the existing batteries and the electricity price. The thesis will be concluded by the findings and possible future works.
7

Regulation and Control of AC Microgrid Systems with Renewable Generation and Battery Energy Storage System

Zhao, Huiying January 2018 (has links)
No description available.
8

Chytré dobíjení EV a BESS pro zvýšení FV hostingové kapacity distribučních sítí / EV smart charging and BESS in increasing the PV hosting capacity of distribution networks

Filip, Robin January 2021 (has links)
Diplomová práce se zabývá dopadem nabíjení elektrických vozidel a bateriových úložišť na schopnost distribučních sítí nízkého napětí absorbovat fotovoltaické systémy. Převážně venkovské, příměstské a převážně městské regiony s různými stupni penetrace nekontrolovaně i kontrolovaně nabíjených elektromobilů jsou analyzovány Monte Carlo simulacemi. Hostingová kapacita je také analyzována, jestliže jsou elektrická vozidla jak nahrazena, tak doplněna domácími bateriovými úložišti. Práce je zakončena krátkou analýzou využitelnosti BESS.
9

Small-Signal Stability, Transient Stability and Voltage Regulation Enhancement of Power Systems with Distributed Renewable Energy Resources

Kanchanaharuthai, Adirak 30 January 2012 (has links)
No description available.
10

Techno-Economic Analysis of Solar and Battery Systems : A Comprehensive Analysis of Key Parameters

Lundholm, Sofia January 2023 (has links)
Sweden has experienced a significant increase in installed solar power capacity between 2010 and 2020, driven by decreasing installation costs, government subsidies and widespread public interest. However, Sweden's geographical distribution of electricity generation and consumption presents challenges for the national grid. Recent instability in the electricity supply due to the war in Ukraine has prompted increased interest in residential battery energy storage systems (BESS) as a means to enhance energy resilience and reduce electricity bills. The rapid growth of the European residential BESS market is expected to continue, driven by the need for flexibility and energy-shifting services in response to increasing renewable energy production. BESS can provide economic benefits to households with installed PV systems through peak shaving, allowing them to store excess electricity during periods of high production and use it during peak demand. This thesis investigates photovoltaic (PV) and BESS performance and profitability for Swedish households under various conditions. The study considers parameters such as system costs, energy prices, grid tariffs and dynamic battery management strategies to investigate the profitability of the systems. The research aims to provide guidelines for households to maximize the benefits of their PV and BESS installations and minimize their dependence on the grid. The effectiveness and practicality of the developed method are demonstrated through verification in two real-world installations. The study’s findings demonstrate that electricity prices, household consumption and roof orientation highly influence the profitability of PV systems. If future electricity prices align with present forecasts, installations on north-facing roofs will not be profitable under any circumstances investigated in this study. A distinct correlation is also discernible between larger loads and improved economic viability for PV and BESS installations, while a smaller battery capacity results in higher economic viability. This reveals that BESS profitability currently is limited due to high installation costs. However, the potential for future BESS profitability is shown if battery costs are reduced and more advanced battery dispatch strategies are developed. / Sverige har upplevt en betydande ökning av installerad solkraftskapacitet mellan åren 2010 och 2020, drivet av faktorer som minskande installationskostnader, statliga bidrag och ett brett folkligt intresse. Geografiska skillnader mellan elproduktion och konsumtion i Sverige innebär utmaningar för elnätet. Instabilitet i elförsörjningen till följd av kriget i Ukraina har ökat intresset för batterilagringssystem i bostäder som ett medel för hushåll att öka deras energiresiliens och minska elkostnaderna. Den snabba tillväxten på den europeiska marknaden för batterilagringssystem förväntas fortsätta, drivet av behovet av flexibilitet i elnätet och energiomställningstjänster till följd av ökad produktion av förnybar energi. Batterilagringssystem kan ge ekonomiska fördelar för hushåll med installerade PV-system genom utjämning av effekttoppar, vilket gör att överskottsenergi kan lagras under perioder av hög produktion och användas under toppbelastning. Denna rapport undersöker prestanda och lönsamhet för solcells- och batterisystem för svenska hushåll under olika förhållanden. Studien utforskar betydande parametrar såsom systemkostnader, energipriser, nättariffer och dynamiska batterihanteringsstrategier för att undersöka lönsamheten för systemen. Detta ämnar till att ge riktlinjer för hushåll att maximera fördelarna med solcells- och batteri-installationer och minimera dess beroende av elnätet. Effektiviteten och praktikaliteten av den utvecklade metoden demonstreras genom verifiering i två verkliga installationer. Resultaten visar atta elpriser, hushållsförbrukning och takorientering i hög grad påverkar lönsamheten hos solcellsanläggningar. Om framtida elpriser stämmer överens med nuvarande prognoser kommer installationer på tak mot norr inte att vara lönsamma under några omständigheter som undersökts i denna studie. En tydlig korrelation kan också urskiljas mellan större elkonsumtion och förbättrad ekonomisk lönsamhet för PV och batteri-installationer, medan en mindre batterikapacitet resulterar i högre ekonomisk lönsamhet. Detta visar att batteriers lönsamhet för närvarande är begränsad på grund av höga installationskostnader. Potentialen för framtida lönsamhet för batterier visas dock om batterikostnaderna sänks och mer avancerade batterihanteringsstrategier utvecklas.

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