Kidney bean proteins and peptides can be developed to serve as an important ingredient for the formulation of high quality foods or therapeutic products that may positively impact on body function and human health. The main goal of this thesis was to determine the in vitro structural and functional characteristics of major proteins and enzymatic protein hydrolysate of red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Selective aammonium sulfate precipitation of the kidney bean proteins yielded 88% globulin and 7% albumin.The globulin and albumin are glycoproteins that contained ~4% and 45% carbohydrate contents, respectively. Physicochemical and functional characteristics of the globulin fraction, such as, gelation concentration, foam stability, emulsion capacity, and emulsion stability were superior to those of albumin. Reducing SDS-PAGE revealed vicilin with molecular weight of ~45 kDa as the major globulin in kidney beans. Circular dichroism spectroscopy of the purified vicilin showed reductions in α-helix, and β-pleated sheet conformations upon addition of NaCl or changes in pH. Likewise, the tertiary structures as observed from the near-UV CD spectra were also changed by shifts in pH conditions and NaCl addition. Far UV-CD showed increased β-sheet content up till 60oC from room temperature, but a steady loss in the tertiary structure as temperature was further increased; however, β-sheet structure was still detectable at 80oC. Differential scanning calorimetry thermograms showed a prominent endothermic peak with denaturation temperature at around 90oC, attributed to thermal denaturation of vicilin. Alcalase hydrolysis of kidney bean globulin produced multifunctional peptides that showed potential antihypertensive properties because of the in vitro inhibition of activities of renin and angiotensin I converting enzyme as well as the antioxidant properties. The <1 and 5-10 kDa peptide fractions exhibited highest (p<0.05) renin inhibition and the ability to scavenge 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical, inhibit peroxidation of linoleic acid and reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+. Based on this study, incorporation of kidney bean globulin as an ingredient may be useful for the manufacture of high quality food products. Likewise, the kidney bean protein hydrolysates, especially the <1 kDa fraction represent a potential source of bioactive peptides for the formulation of functional foods and nutraceuticals.

Kidney bean proteins and peptides can be developed to serve as an important ingredient for the formulation of high quality foods or therapeutic products that may positively impact on body function and human health. The main goal of this thesis was to determine the in vitro structural and functional characteristics of major proteins and enzymatic protein hydrolysate of red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Selective aammonium sulfate precipitation of the kidney bean proteins yielded 88% globulin and 7% albumin.The globulin and albumin are glycoproteins that contained ~4% and 45% carbohydrate contents, respectively. Physicochemical and functional characteristics of the globulin fraction, such as, gelation concentration, foam stability, emulsion capacity, and emulsion stability were superior to those of albumin. Reducing SDS-PAGE revealed vicilin with molecular weight of ~45 kDa as the major globulin in kidney beans. Circular dichroism spectroscopy of the purified vicilin showed reductions in α-helix, and β-pleated sheet conformations upon addition of NaCl or changes in pH. Likewise, the tertiary structures as observed from the near-UV CD spectra were also changed by shifts in pH conditions and NaCl addition. Far UV-CD showed increased β-sheet content up till 60oC from room temperature, but a steady loss in the tertiary structure as temperature was further increased; however, β-sheet structure was still detectable at 80oC. Differential scanning calorimetry thermograms showed a prominent endothermic peak with denaturation temperature at around 90oC, attributed to thermal denaturation of vicilin. Alcalase hydrolysis of kidney bean globulin produced multifunctional peptides that showed potential antihypertensive properties because of the in vitro inhibition of activities of renin and angiotensin I converting enzyme as well as the antioxidant properties. The <1 and 5-10 kDa peptide fractions exhibited highest (p<0.05) renin inhibition and the ability to scavenge 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical, inhibit peroxidation of linoleic acid and reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+. Based on this study, incorporation of kidney bean globulin as an ingredient may be useful for the manufacture of high quality food products. Likewise, the kidney bean protein hydrolysates, especially the <1 kDa fraction represent a potential source of bioactive peptides for the formulation of functional foods and nutraceuticals.

Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de suplementos lipídicos disponíveis em diferentes formas (soja em grão moído, óleo de soja, e sais de cálcio - SC) no consumo de matéria seca total; comportamento ingestivo; desempenho corporal; parâmetros de fermentação ruminal; características de carcaça; desenvolvimento e composição corporal; e na qualidade da carne de novilhas mantidas em pastagens de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu suplementadas em duas frequências (diária ou segunda, quarta e sexta - SQS). O experimento foi realizado nos meses de julho a novembro de 2007. Foram utilizadas novilhas mestiças (1/4 Nelore x 1/4 Santa Gertrudis x 1/2 Braunvieh), alimentadas com três suplementos lipídicos na quantidade de 0,75% do peso corporal. Os dados foram analisados em delineamento inteiramente casualisados com os tratamentos em arranjo fatorial (3x2 - três suplementos lipídicos e duas frequências alimentares). O consumo de matéria seca total foi maior nos meses de agosto e outubro em relação ao mês novembro. Houve efeito das formas de fornecimento da fonte lipídica sobre o consumo em kg de matéria seca total, forragem e nutrientes. Durante o período seco e início das águas os animais obtiveram ganhos médios totais de 0,577g dia-1, que não foram influenciados pelas suplementos lipídicos e frequências de suplementação utilizadas. A redução na frequência de suplementação alterou o tempo de pastejo em função dos suplementos lipídicos. Não houve influência dos suplementos lipídicos e das frequências de suplementação sobre o balanço de compostos nitrogenados, na síntese e eficiência de proteína microbiana. Houve influência das formas de fornecimento dos suplementos lipídicos sobre os valores de pH ruminal. A menor frequência de suplementação proporcionou diferenças nas concentrações de nitrogênio amoniacal ruminal... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This research aimed to evaluate total dry matter intake, feeding behavior, growth performance, rumen fermentation parameters; carcass characteristics, development and body composition, and meat quality responses of steers grazing Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu supplemented at two frequencies (daily or Monday, Wednesday and Friday - MWF), under different forms of lipid supplements (soybean grain, soybean oil, and calcium salts - CS). This research was conducted throughout a four month period during the dry season (July to November 2007). Crossbred heifers were used (1/4 Nellore x 1/4 Santa Gertrudis x 1/2 Braunvieh) fed with three lipid supplements in the amount of 0.75% of body weight. The experiment was completely random, using a 3x2 factorial arrangement (3 supplements and 2 supplementation frequencies). The total dry matter intake was higher in August and October compared to November. There was effect of the lipids forms supplied on total dry matter, forage and nutrients intake. During the dry season and beginning of the wet season the animals showed average daily gain of 0.577 g day-1, which were not affected by dietary lipid supplementation and frequencies used. The kind of lipid diet under reduction on the frequency of supplementation alter grazing time. There was no influence of diet lipid and frequencies supplementation on nitrogenous compounds, in the synthesis and efficiency of microbial protein. There was influence of the lipids forms diets on values of rumen pH. Supplementation provided under frequency differences in the concentrations of ammonia in the rumen. There was influence of the lipids forms diets on weight hot carcass, and weight and dress percentage. Supplementation with dietary lipids under different forms and frequencies does not provide differences in body composition... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientadora: Telma Teresinha Berchielli / Coorientador: Ricardo Andrade Reis / Banca: Alexandre Amstalden Moraes Sampaio / Banca: Ana Cláudia Ruggieri / Banca: Marco Antonio Alvares Balsalobre / Banca: Juliano José de Resende Fernandes / Doutor

My diploma work deals with the topic of The preparation of coffee and its culture which is becoming interesting issue in our modern society and it is connected with modern lifestyle. The aim of my diploma work is exploring people's knowledge of coffee, coffee culture and also of the right preparation of coffee beverages, their health effects and some alternative methods of making coffee. Next point is to survey people's attitudes and social influences on coffee culture. Theoretical part of my work is mainly focused on coffee as a plant, processing of coffee beans, making coffee and coffee culture. The facts have been excerpted from available specialized literature and online resources. I have also used my theoretical knowledge based on my experience with SCAE Speciallity Coffee Association of Europe, that has the seat in London. Empirical research can be used as an inspiration for setting up a coffee bar. My diploma work can serve as a resource for creating specialized publication aimed at either wide public interested in coffee culture or at professional barists.

The theoretical part of the diploma thesis titled "The Effect of Raw Materials and Technology on the Sensory Quality of Chocolate" describes the commodity and the related legislation, the raw materials used for the production of chocolate, the substitutes for some basic raw materials, and the production procedures. The theoretical part also describes the significance of chocolate for human nutrition and analyses the defects that may occur in chocolate. The objective of the practical part is to ascertain the opinions of a selected group of consumers on the selected sorts of chocolates. The results are divided into two parts. In the first part I carried out a collective evaluation (men and women together), and in the second part I evaluated the results separately for each gender (men separately from women) in order to find out any differences in the sensory evaluation of this commodity between the groups. The evaluators' preferences between three sorts of dark chocolates of the same brand with a different cocoa quantity were tested and evaluated by means of a ranking test. The preferences between two sorts of dark chocolates with orange flavour produced by two different producers were evaluated by means of a pair test. I also carried out and evaluated a questionnaire survey aimed at ascertaining the liking for various sorts of chocolates with different composition.

Alguns resíduos gerados na indústria de biodiesel podem constituir o passivo ambiental desta atividade, sendo a utilização agrícola uma alternativa para o manejo dos mesmos. Com o objetivo de avaliar a possibilidade de utilização da borra oleosa ácida de soja e do farelo de mamona em associação com adubos minerais solúveis ou com adubo orgânico (cama de aviário) e o efeito residual destas misturas no desenvolvimento e rendimento de plantas e nas características do solo, foi conduzido um experimento em vasos, a céu aberto, na Faculdade de Agronomia (UFRGS), utilizando-se um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico arênico, com três cultivos: milho (outono de 2009), trigo (inverno de 2009) e milho (outono de 2010). Foram determinados a matéria seca e os macronutrientes das plantas e feita a análise química do solo. Constatou-se que a utilização dos resíduos borra oleosa ácida e farelo de mamona, tanto nas formas de adubos organo-minerais como de misturas com adubo orgânico, complementados com adubos solúveis, possibilitou o adequado desenvolvimento das plantas. O efeito residual dos resíduos foi baixo, devido às perdas de N solúvel, e a adição repetida de resíduos e/ou de suas misturas com adubo orgânico propiciou aumento dos teores de matéria orgânica do solo, podendo ser utilizados como condicionadores de solo sem prejudicar o desenvolvimento das plantas. / The residues generated in the biodiesel production are the environmental drawback for this activity. Their agricultural use can be a good way to manage these residues. In order to evaluate the possibility to use the soapstock or the castor beans (Ricinus communis L.) residual meal (after solvent extraction) mixed with organic and/or mineral fertilizers, a pot experiment was conducted in an open area, at the Faculty of Agriculture of the Federal University of the Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. A low fertility sandy soil was used and three crops of corn and wheat were grown in the years 2009/2010. The plant´s dry matter and macronutrients’ contents were determined, and soil samples analyzed. It was observed adequate plant growth with the use of the residues, either as a mixture with poultry litter or mineral fertilizer. Their residual effect, however, was very small. Repeated use of the organic materials increased soil organic matter, without harmful effects on plant growth.

The culture of caupi (Vigna unguiculata) represents an important alternative in the suppliment of the proteins necessities of small agriculturists in the Northeast region of Brazil. In this work the effect of the severe mosaic, (Cowpea severe mosaic virus - CPSMV), was determined, on the production and content of chlorophyll of plants of caupi, cv. Sempre verde in conditions of controlled inoculations and evaluation of the job of the inductor of Acibenzolar-S-metil resistance (ASM) as an option to reduce the losses of the culture caused by the illness. For analysis of the losses two experiments at distinct times had been lead. In these experiments the plants had been submitted the inoculations at two different times, being first to the 14 or 19 days and second to the 29 or 34 days after plantation (DAP). The effect of the illness on the content of chlorophyll was evaluated comparing it concentration of chl orophyllin leves of plants inoculated with leves of plants not inoculated, using a portable measurer (SPAD). To evaluate the potential of the ASM as alternative for the reduction of the severity of the severe mosaic one evaluated the number of string beans for plant and the weight of grains of plants dealt and not treated (seeds and/or aerial part) with ASM. The losses in the income had varied of 42 91 %, being that the more precocious the inoculations most drastic had been the losses, suggesting that measured of control, as the reduction of the population of the vectors must be concentrated in the initial phases of the culture. The reduction in the productivity of plants of caupi can be explained in part, for the reduction of the number of plants for parcel, therefore many plants inoculated to the 14 or 19 DAP had died in result of the infection and for the reduction of the concentration of chlorophyll that it was observed in the inoculated plants. The treatment of plants of caupi with ASM, (seed and/or aerial part), did not promote reduction of the severity of the illness nor the increase of the productivity of the plants. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / O cultivo do caupi (Vigna unguiculata) representa uma importante alternativa no suprimento das necessidades protéicas de pequenos agricultores na região Nordeste do Brasil. Neste trabalho foi determinado o efeito do mosaico severo, (Cowpea severe mosaic vírus - CPSMV), sobre a produção e teor de clorofila de plantas de caupi, cv. Sempre Verde em condições de inoculações controladas e avaliação do emprego do indutor de resistência Acibenzolar-S-metil (ASM) como uma opção para reduzir as perdas da cultura ocasionadas pela doença. Para análise das perdas foram conduzidos dois experimentos em distintas épocas. Nesses experimentos as plantas foram submetidas a inoculações em duas épocas diferentes, sendo a primeira aos 14 ou 19 dias e a segunda aos 29 ou 34 dias após o plantio (DAP). O efeito da doença sobre o teor de clorofila foi avaliado comparando-se a concentração de clorofila em folhas de plantas inoculadas com folhas de plantas não inoculadas, empregandose um medidor portátil (SPAD). Para avaliar o potencial do ASM como alternativa para a redução da severidade do mosaico severo avaliou-se o número de vagens por planta e o peso de grãos de plantas tratadas e não tratadas (sementes e/ou parte aérea) com ASM. As perdas no rendimento variaram de 42 a 91 %, sendo que quanto mais precoce as inoculações mais drásticas foram as perdas, sugerindo que medidas de controle, como a redução da população dos vetores devem ser concentradas nas fases iniciais da cultura. A redução na produtividade de plantas de caupi pode ser explicada em parte, pela diminuição do número de plantas por parcela, pois muitas plantas inoculadas aos 14 ou 19 DAP morreram em decorrência da infecção e pela redução da concentração de clorofila que foi observada nas plantas inoculadas. O tratamento de plantas de caupi com ASM, (semente e/ou parte aérea), não promoveu redução da severidade da doença nem o aumento da produtividade das plantas.

The Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boh 1833) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) is known popularly as weevil of beans being one of the more important pests of stored grains. The pest control is performed basically using efficient chemical insecticides, however, they cause harm to men, fauna and flora, in the surroundings, being non-specific. In the search for alternative and less aggressive control, we study the action of infochemicals in the control of the Zabrotes subfasciatus. The study of reproductive aspects and of the intra- and interespecific communication had been carried out as well as the identification of the chemical constituents of the extracts of males and females of Zabrotes subfasciatus. The sequence of courtship and mating of the Z. subfasciatus had been first observed, which resulted in an etogram. After that the selective behavior of the female in relation to the partner and the differences of the sexual reasons that had influenced in the reduction of the number of mating were analyzed. For studies of the intra and interspecific communication, the study had been conducted through olfatometric and electroanthenographic tests. Using olfatometry, it was confirmed that the females are responsible for the release of the sexual pheromone, which exerted attractiveness only toward the males. The plant hostess did not influence in the production of the pheromone. Extracts prepared with dichloromethane had been more efficient in the attractiveness than hexanic extracts, but were less attractive than the alive females. In the electroantenography tests only the males had answered in a positive way to the treatments that consisted of alive females and extracts of females, females plus beans, using dichloromethane as solvent, in order to strengthen the idea of the female being the releaser of the sexual pheromone. The extracts of males and females had been analyzed through GC-MS, to know their chemical contents. Extracts of females had presented greater amount and variety of chemical compounds than the extracts of the males. In the extracts of females, a homologous series of hydrocarbons, alcohols, carboxylic acids, esters and ethers had been found. Morphology differences between the bristles of males and females of Z. subfasciatus were observed. The females present ramified and voluminous bristles, while the males possess filiform bristles / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / O Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boh 1833) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) é conhecido vulgarmente como caruncho do feijão sendo uma das principais pragas de grãos armazenados. O controle dessa praga é feito basicamente utilizando-se inseticidas químicos que são eficientes no controle mas é altamente tóxicos ao homem e ao meio ambiente. Na procura por alternativas de controle menos agressiva, estudamos a ação dos infoquímicos no controle do Zabrotes subfasciatus. O estudo comportamental para esclarecimento de aspectos reprodutivos e da comunicação intra e interespecificas foram realizados assim como a identificação dos constituintes químicos presentes nos extratos de machos e fêmeas dessa praga. Foram observada primeiramente a seqüência de corte e cópula do Z. subfasciatus o qual resultou em um etograma. Em seguida foi analisado o comportamento seletivo da fêmea em relação ao parceiro e as diferenças das proporções sexuais que influíram na diminuição do número de acasalamentos. Para estudos da comunicação intra e interespecífica, foram realizados testes olfatômetricos e eletroantenográficos. Utilizando olfatometria foi confirmado ser as fêmeas as responsáveis pela liberação do feromônio sexual, o qual exerceu atratividade apenas nos machos. A planta hospedeira não influenciou na produção do feromônio. Extratos obtidos em diclorometano foram mais eficientes na atratividade que extratos obtidos em hexano, mas não mais atrativo que as fêmeas vivas. Nos testes eletroantenográficos apenas os machos responderam de maneira positiva aos tratamentos; fêmeas vivas e extratos de fêmeas, fêmeas mais feijão utilizando como o solvente o diclorometano, reforçando a ideia da fêmea ser o sexo liberador do feromônio. Os extratos de machos e fêmeas foram analisados em (CG-EM). Extratos de fêmeas apresentaram maior quantidade e variedade de compostos químicos que os extratos dos machos. Em extratos de fêmeas foram encontrados uma serie homologa de hidrocarbonetos e compostos oxigenados como; álcoois, ácidos carboxílicos , ésteres e éteres. Constatou-se que há diferenças quanto à morfologia das cerdas de machos e fêmeas de Z. subfasciatus. As fêmeas apresentam cerdas mais ramificadas e volumosas enquanto os machos possuem cerdas filiformes

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:43:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:07:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 06166.pdf: 3240531 bytes, checksum: 4104476275b9d0bf7a27427ff116d1ee (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Universidade de Sao Paulo - CF/USP

Submitted by Claudia Rocha (claudia.rocha@udesc.br) on 2018-03-01T13:14:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV16MA221.pdf: 709992 bytes, checksum: 01719d263cce161954dd5a4f4c6a9805 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-01T13:14:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV16MA221.pdf: 709992 bytes, checksum: 01719d263cce161954dd5a4f4c6a9805 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-19 / Grain yield in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is highly affected by abiotic factors such as low soil fertility, water deficiency and high temperatures. The development of new cultivars, more efficient in the absorption of water and nutrients, has been the objective of the vegetal improvement. In this sense, the improvement of the root system, morphology, architecture and root distribution has been focused. The objective of this work was to determine the main component of the genetic variance of the root distribution in beans and to define selection strategies for the improvement of this character. An experiment comprising 40 genetic constitutions, 12 segregating populations in the F4, F5 and F6 generations and 4 fixed populations (parents) was developed during the agricultural years of 2014/15 and 2015/16. The treatments were arranged in increased blocks of Federer with 3 replicates. When the genetic constitutions showed full flowering, profiles were perpendicular to the sowing line and a gradient was placed for the quantification of the root system. The root distribution was evaluated in the binary system (denomination of presence (1) and absence (0) of the roots in each grid of the gradient). An analysis of variance and contrasts of non-orthogonal means (P < 0.05) were performed to test the hypothesis of the study. Both the segregating progenies and the parents have equal root distribution between the evaluation years, 2014/15 and 2015/16. The F4 progenies do not differ in relation to the root distribution when compared to their parents. The progenies (F4, F5 and F6) when compared also did not present significant differences. Throughout the segregating generations, the maintenance of the populations by self-fertilization and consequently the increase of the loci in homozygous resulted in the maximum expression of inbreeding. Thus, considering the predominance of the additive genetic variance and aiming at the formation of a pure line, it is recommended that the root distribution in bean be evaluated from the F4 generation / O rendimento de grãos na cultura do feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) é altamente afetado por fatores abióticos como baixa fertilidade do solo, deficiência hídrica e altas temperaturas. O desenvolvimento de novas cultivares, mais eficientes na absorção de água e nutrientes, tem sido objetivo do melhoramento vegetal. Nesse sentido, tem-se dado enfoque a melhoria do sistema radicular, da morfologia, arquitetura e distribuição radicular. O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar o principal componente da variância genética da distribuição radicular em feijão e definir as estratégias de seleção para o melhoramento deste caráter. Para tanto, um experimento compreendendo 40 constituições genéticas, sendo 12 populações segregantes nas gerações F4, F5 e F6 e 4 populações fixas (genitores) foi desenvolvido durante os anos agrícolas de 2014/15 e 2015/16. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em blocos aumentados de Federer com 3 repetições. Quando as constituições genéticas apresentaram pleno florescimento foram abertos perfis perpendiculares à linha de semeadura e colocado um gradiente para a quantificação do sistema radicular. A distribuição da raiz foi avaliada no sistema binário (denominação de presença (1) e ausência (0) das raízes em cada quadrícula do gradiente). Foi realizada uma análise de variância e contrastes de médias não ortogonais (P < 0,05), para testar as hipóteses do estudo. Tanto as progênies segregantes quanto os genitores apresentam distribuição radicular igual entre os anos de avaliação, 2014/15 e 2015/16. As progênies F4 não apresentam diferença em relação ao caráter distribuição radicular quando comparadas aos seus genitores. As progênies (F4, F5 e F6) quando comparadas também não apresentam diferenças significativas. Ao longo das gerações segregantes, a manutenção das populações por autofecundação e consequentemente o aumento dos locos em homozigose proporcionaram a máxima expressão da endogamia. Assim, visto a predominância da variância genética aditiva e visando a formação de uma linha pura, recomenda-se que o caráter distribuição radicular em feijão seja avaliado a partir da geração F4