Orientador: Admar Costa de Oliveira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-24T13:58:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Chaud_SaulaGoulart_M.pdf: 332493 bytes, checksum: 6af27b91ff356a97613c1bb79f7747a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1998 / Resumo: O presente trabalho teve por objetivo verificar se a marcação com nitrogênio 15 (15N) de feijão integral, liofilizado, marcado isotopicamente com 1,385 átomos%, é a mesma na proteína e frações protéicas extraídas do feijão, assim como verificar a diluição isotópica do 15N ocorrida na digestibilidade in vitro, pela autodigestão das enzimas utilizadas. As proteínas foram extraídas com NaCl 0,5M em pH 7,0. Na avaliação da digestibilidade in vitro, utilizou-se o método da hidrólise pela pepsina mais pancreatina. As marcações isotópicas na farinha integral de feijão, o extrato protéico total, a fração globulina e a fração albumina foram, respectivamente: 1,394±0,011; 1,403±0,012; 1,399±0,007 e 1,399±0,028 átomos% de 15N, não sendo encontrada diferença estatística entre as mesmas (P>0,05). Entretanto, foram encontradas diferenças significativas (P<0,05) entre as marcações acima citadas e a marcação isotópica encontrada para o resíduo da extração, que foi de 0,969±0,084 e o nitrogênio originalmente solúvel, que apresentou um valor de 0,923±0,007 átomos% 15N. O digerido da farinha integral apresentou um valor de 1,026±0,014 átomos% de 15N, o que indica que efetivamente ocorreu autodigestão relativamente alta das enzimas utilizadas para a obtenção da digestibilidade in vitro, uma vez que não estão marcadas e, conseqüentemente, foram em parte responsáveis pela diluição isotópica encontrada. A diluição isotópica encontrada nas substâncias nitrogenadas existentes no digerido do branco da farinha integral, indicou que tais substâncias são marcadas em menor magnitude do que o próprio grão e suas proteínas, o que também influiu no resultado do digerido da farinha integral. O digerido do extrato protéico total apresentou um valor de 1,067±0,009. Os valores estão indicando a existência de diluição isotópica dos digeridos da farinha integral e do extrato protéico total, em relação à marcação isotópica da farinha e frações protéicas originais, aparentemente devido à autodigestão das enzimas e, em parte, ao nitrogênio originalmente solúvel da amostra, conforme descrito. A fim de monitorar os processos de extração e fracionamento das proteinas, foi determianda a metionina disponível in vitro, utilizando-se a reação do nitroprussiato de sódio. Os valores encontrados foram: farinha integral 0,30±0,04; extrato protéico 0,41±0,01; albumina 0,37±0,01 e globulina 0,41±0,05 g/100g proteína, que estão de acordo com resultados usualmente encontrados na literatura. Como conclusão geral, pôde ser inferido que os índices de qualidade protéica, como a digestibilidade e o valor biológico por balanço de nitrogênio e diluição isotópica, não serão afetados no caso de proteínas extraídas do feijão com NaCl 0,5M, uma vez que a marcação isotópica (15N) da farinha integral e frações protéicas não diferiram (p > 0,05). No caso de se trabalhar com farinhas integrais, estes índices poderão apresentar resultados irreais, uma vez que as marcações isotópicas tanto do nitrogênio do resíduo de extração como do nitrogênio originalmente solúvel foram menores / Abstract: The aim of the present work was to verify if the isotope labelling with nitrogen 15 (15N) obtained in whole lyophilized beans, which had been labelled isotopically with 1.385% of 15N atoms of the total, was the same in the protein and protein fractions extracted from the beans. The aim was also to verify isotopic dilution of 15N, which occurs during in vitro digestibility through selfdigestion of the enzymes used. Proteins were extracted using 0.5M NaCl at pH 7.0. In order to assess digestibility in vitro the hydrolysis method was applied using pepsin plus pancreatine. The isotope labelling of the whole bean flour, the total protein extract, the globulin fraction and the albumin fraction were, respectively: 1.394±0.011; 1.403±0.012; 1.399±0.007 and 1.399±0.028% of 15N atoms. No statistical difference was found between these data (P>0.05). Nevertheless, significant differences (P<0.05) were found between the isotopic labelling mentioned above and those found for the extraction residue which was 0.969±0.084 and the original soluble nitrogen which showed a value of 0.923±0.007% 15N atoms. The in vitro digested part of the whole flour showed a value of 1.026±0.014 atoms of 15N, which indicates a relatively high selfdigestion by the enzymes used in the in vitro digestibility, since they had not been labeled and consequently were in part responsible for the isotopic dilution found. The isotopic dilution found in the nitrogen substances of the blank of the digested whole flour showed that such substances were less marked than the grain and its proteins which also had an influence on the digested fraction of the whole flour. The digested fraction of the total protein extract showed a result of 1.067±0.009. The values pointed out to the occurrence of isotopic dilution of the digested fractions of the whole flour and the total protein extract, in relation to the isotope label of the original flour and protein fractions, which is apparently due to selfdigestion by the enzymes used and to the original soluble nitrogen as a flour, as already described. In order to control the extraction and fragmentation processes of proteins, the in vitro methionine available was determined, using the reaction of sodium nitroprusside. The values found were: whole flour 0.30±0.04; protein extract 0.41±0.01; albumin fraction 0.37±0.01 and globulin fraction 0.41±0.05 g/100g protein, which correspond to results usually found in the literature. Concluding, it can be inferred that the protein quality indexes, such as digestibility and biological value using nitrogen balance and isotopic dilution, will not be affected in the case of bean proteins extracted by 0.5M NaCl, since isotopic labelling (15N) of the whole flour and protein fractions did not differ (p>0.05). However, in the case of whole flours, these indexes might produce false results, since the isotope labelling of both residual nitrogen extraction and the original soluble nitrogen were lower than those referred above / Mestrado / Mestre em Ciência da Nutrição

Water is one of the production factors that limit the most the output of cultivated plants. In regions in which the rain distribution is irregular, it may occur significant losses in the output of cultures. In these cases, the supplemental irrigation is a technology that can be used to reduce the risks of low production, not to mention to propitiate a greater number of crops during the year. This dissertation was developed on the experimental area of Fazenda Liberdade, situated in the municipal district of Santiago, RS. The aim of this work was to evaluate the behavior of the beans and corn cultures in order to obtain growth, development and production parameters under different irrigation strategies, and to verify which strategy results in the highest productivity for the region of Santiago, RS. Bean cultivars FT Nobre and corn AGN 2012 were used. The irrigation manipulation was based on a prefixed shift of irrigation, with an interval of 5 days. The irrigation blades applied along the vital cycle of the cultures were done based on the database of evapotranspiration measured in evapometric Mini-Tank, that being 60%, 80%, 100%, and 120% of the value of evotranspiration (ETo) as reference. In a fifteen days period the growth and development parameters were measures, such as the leaf area index (LAI) and the plants height; in a period of ten days the covered surface for the beans was measured. The productivity components were determined for both cultures in the crop. It was also verified the efficiency in water use (EWU). The results were submitted to variance analysis and to the F test at 5% probability level. The averages were compared among each other by the Tuckey Test at 5% probability level. The results obtained show that no statistically significant differences occurred in the growth and development parameters for both cultures. There were statistically significant differences for most productivity components of beans; these differences were less evident with corn. The cultures submitted to the irrigation strategy of 80% of ETo show greater expansion. The LAI determination for beans may be done through covered surface measurements from time to time. The greatest grain production for beans was obtained with the irrigation strategy of 80%, and for corn it occured with the irrigation strategy of 100%, followed by greater values of EWU. The implementation of supplemental irrigation elevates the productivity of the cultures studied in the West-frontier region of Rio Grande do Sul for the conditions, considered characteristics of the period and factors. / A água é um dos fatores de produção que mais limita os rendimentos das plantas cultivadas. Em regiões em que a distribuição das chuvas é irregular, podem ocorrer perdas significativas no rendimento das culturas. Nesses casos a irrigação suplementar é uma tecnologia que pode reduzir os riscos de baixa produção, além de propiciar um maior número de safras durante o ano. O presente trabalho foi realizado em área em área experimental da Fazenda Liberdade, situada no município de Santiago, RS. Teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento das culturas de feijão e milho, para obter parâmetros de crescimento, desenvolvimento e produção sob diferentes estratégias de irrigação e verificar a estratégia que resulte na maior produtividade fornecendo a região de Santiago, RS. Utilizaram-se as cultivares de feijão FT Nobre e de milho AGN 2012. O manejo da irrigação baseou-se no turno de rega prefixado, com intervalo de 7 dias. As lâminas de irrigação aplicadas ao longo do ciclo vital das culturas foram efetuadas com base nos dados de evapotranspiração medidos em Mini-Tanque evaporimétrico, sendo de 60%, 80%, 100% e 120% do valor da evapotranspiração de referência (ETo). Em períodos quinzenais foram medidos os parâmetros de crescimento e desenvolvimento, tais como, o índice de área foliar (IAF) e a altura de plantas; em períodos decendiais mediu-se a superfície coberta para o feijão. Na colheita foram determinados para ambas as culturas os componentes de produtividade. Verificou-se também a eficiência do uso da água (EUA). Os resultados foram submetidos a análise da variância e o Teste F ao nível de 5% de probabilidade de erro. As médias foram comparadas entre si pelo Teste de Tuckey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade de erro. Os resultados obtidos mostram que não ocorreram diferenças estatisticamente significativas nos parâmetros de crescimento e desenvolvimento para ambas as culturas; ocorreram diferenças estatisticamente significativas para a maioria dos componentes de produtividade do feijão; para o milho as diferenças foram menos evidenciadas. As culturas submetidas à estratégia de irrigação de 80% da ETo apresentam maior expansão. A determinação do IAF do feijão pode ser a partir de medidas de superfície coberta ao longo do tempo. A maior produção de grãos para o feijão foi obtida na estratégia de irrigação de 80% e para o milho ocorreu na estratégia de irrigação de 100%, seguidas de maiores valores de EUA. O uso da irrigação suplementar eleva a produtividade das culturas de feijão e milho na região fronteira-oeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul para as condições, características do período e fatores considerados.

The association between root-nodulating bacteria and leguminous plants is advantageous due to their ability to alter atmospheric nitrogen into a useful form in a process known as biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). Research has shown that BNF is the most efficient way to supply the large amounts of nitrogen needed by plants to produce high-yielding crops. As a result, there have been numerous studies into the diversity and identity of the associated nitrogen-fixing bacterial symbionts. Recent advances in molecular microbiology together with the isolation of rhizobia from previously uninvestigated legumes have led to major revisions of rhizobial taxonomy, most notably the inclusion of bacteria from the ß-Proteobacteria in the genera Burkholderia and Ralstonia. In this study, the diversity of root nodule bacteria associated with Phaseolus coccineus and Phaseolus vulgaris species in South Africa was investigated. A selection of rhizobial isolates were characterised by SDS-PAGE of whole cell proteins and rep-PCR DNA fingerprint analyses. These results were supplemented by partial 16S rDNA sequencing of a select number of isolates to confirm their identity. Where isolates displayed unexpected genus associations, partial nodA sequencing was performed to determine whether these were incidental contaminants or true nodulators. Based on 16S rDNA sequence analysis, the majority of isolates investigated were fast-growers belonging to the genus Rhizobium. A few isolates showed close relationship to species of the ß-Proteobacteria genus, Burkholderia. Both the SDS-PAGE analyses and the combined rep-PCR analyses were able to resolve isolates down to strain level, but the comparison of the SDS-PAGE and 16S rDNA sequencing data confirmed that bacterial discrimination using SDS-PAGE is not useful at the genus level and higher, as isolates showing affinity to Burkholderia were mingled with isolates showing similarity to Rhizobium. These isolates were separate from the Rhizobium isolates in the combined rep-PCR dendrogram. While there were discrepancies between results obtained from SDS-PAGE and rep-PCR analyses, results from the combined rep-PCR analysis correlated with many of the results obtained in the SDS-PAGE analysis. Both geographic location and host plant species appear to have affected the grouping of isolates. Many clusters consisted of isolates from the same location or the same host plant species in both the SDS-PAGE dendrogram as well as the combined rep-PCR dendrogram. The nodA sequencing demonstrated that the majority of isolates tested contain the nodA gene indicating that they are capable of nodulation. There was a large strain diversity observed for the isolates of this study and a number of the root-nodulating bacteria of the Phaseolus spp. appear to constitute several novel nodulating genotypes. / Dissertation (MSc (Microbiology))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Microbiology and Plant Pathology / unrestricted

No description available.

The dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important grain legume that is used for human consumption worldwide. In Africa and other parts of the World, legume diets contribute tremendously to protein and energy requirements of consumers. Dry beans provide about 16- 33% protein, dietary fibre (between 14 and 19%), starch, minerals and vitamins. Dry beans have a long storage life and can be cooked as whole grains, fried or dehulled and splitted for production of dhal and salads. There is a tremendous variability in the dry bean varieties. It is believed that consumer preferences for dry beans are influenced by factors such as seed size, seed colour, cooking time and flavour. Although, substantial research has been done on physicochemical properties, description of sensory properties that differentiate bean varieties specifically in terms of liked or disliked flavours was lacking. Sensory evaluation is one of the methods used for evaluating product quality and it can be used to describe the sensory properties of a product (i.e. descriptive sensory evaluation) and determines its acceptability by consumers (i.e. consumer acceptability or preferences). Physicochemical properties and descriptive sensory evaluation of six dry bean varieties (Jenny, Kranskop, PAN 148, AC Calmont, PAN 150 and Mkuzi) from Mpumalanga (MP) and Free State (FS) locations of South Africa were determined. Significant (p<0.05) variety, location as well as location x variety interaction effects were found for both physicochemical and sensory properties of beans. Of the six bean varieties, Jenny (FS), Mkuzi and PAN 148 (MP) beans had relatively long cooking times (>60 min) using a Mattson Bean Cooker. PAN 150 beans from both locations were described as bitter, soapy and metallic with a raw bean flavour. Mkuzi beans were mostly described as having a soapy mouthfeel. Jenny (MP), Kranskop (MP&FS) were sweet, soft and with a cooked bean flavour. Consumer sensory evaluation revealed that beans with sweet, soft and cooked bean flavours were the most preferred. Beans that took long to cook and those that were described as bitter, soapy and metallic in the mouth, received low consumer ratings on a 9-point hedonic scale. The total polyphenol content of PAN 150 (MP), along with Jenny and AC Calmont from MP was determined to find out whether the bitterness was associated with its polyphenol concentration. PAN 150 beans had the lowest concentration of total polyphenols compared to the two other varieties, suggesting that factors other than total polyphenol content caused the bitterness of these beans. A follow up investigation of mineral profiles in whole bean flour of all six bean varieties from the two locations was done to find out whether differences in mineral content e.g. iron (Fe) contributed to bitterness and metallic mouthfeel of certain beans. Results showed significant (p< 0.05) variety differences for phosphorous (P) and significant (p< 0.05) location differences for magnesium (Mn) only. Fe and copper (Cu) contents did not contribute to bitterness or metallic mouthfeel of PAN 150 beans. For maximum consumer acceptability, farmers should concentrate on the production of beans that have characteristics similar to Kranskop (MP&FS), PAN 148 (FS) and Jenny (MP) beans. As bean hardening was suspected in Jenny (FS), PAN 148 (MP) and Mkuzi (MP), the importance of storing beans at proper temperatures (e.g. less than 35ºC) and relative humidity (e.g. < 75 %) should be emphasized to minimize the development of the hard-to-cook defect over long storage periods. / Dissertation (MSc(Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Food Science / unrestricted

Orientador: Yong K. Park / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T14:53:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lima_AliceFujita_M.pdf: 897627 bytes, checksum: 3a8e323d6f68e62513bf09906ac96620 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Resumo: Há evidências de que o consumo de soja beneficia a saúde contribuindo para a prevenção de doenças crônicas devido as isoflavonas presentes nessa leguminosa. Essas isoflavonas têm sido intensamente estudadas devido suas propriedades biológicas, tais como: atividade estrogênica e anti-estrogênica, anti-carcinogênica, antioxidante, antifúngica e anti-hemolítica. A soja possui três tipos de isoflavonas agliconas: daidzeína, genisteína e gliciteína. As mesmas isoflavonas quando glicosiladas são chamadas daidzina, genistina e glicitina. A enzima b-glicosidase é capaz de transformar isoflavonas glicosiladas em agliconas. Há evidências que as isoflavonas glicosiladas não são absorvidas pelo intestino somente as agliconas são absorvidas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar b-glicosidases de fungos filamentosos e b-glicosidase de leguminosas. A partir da extração enzimática foram selecionadas as de maior atividade enzimática, uma enzima de feijão fava (Phaseolus lunatus) com 0,71U/mL e outra enzima de Aspergillus niger com 0,77U/mL. Foi então feita caracterização bioquímica dos extratos brutos enzimáticos. O extrato bruto de feijão fava apresentou pH e temperatura ótimos a pH 5,5 e 60°C, respectivamente. Mostrou-se estável em uma faixa ampla de pH entre 5,0 a 9,0 e temperatura de 40°C a 55°C. O extrato bruto de Aspergillus niger teve pH e temperatura ótimos a pH 5,0 e 60°C, respectivamente. Mostrou-se estável a uma temperatura de 40°C a 55°C e em pH de 4,0 a 9,0. As enzimas, vegetal e microbiana, foram parcialmente purificadas. A b-glicosidase de feijão fava foi purificada 4 vezes em coluna CM-Sepharose com 77,05% de recuperação e atividade específica de 0,18U/mg de proteína. Apresentando 5 bandas na eletroforese SDS-PAGE. A b-glicosidade de A. niger foi purificada 14 vezes em coluna CM-Sephadex C-50 com 2,2%de recuperaçãoe atividade específica de 17U/mg de proteína e apresentou 4 bandas na eletroforese. O estudo da aplicação das enzimas variando o substrato e sua concentração, tempo de reação, tipo e quantidade da enzima para a conversão das isoflavonas glicosiladas em agliconas mostrou-se que todos esses fatores podem influenciar a conversão. Pode-se concluir que enzimas de Phaseolus lunatus e Aspergillus niger convertem isoflavonas glicosiladas (daidzina e genistina) em isoflavonas agliconas (daidzeína e genisteína) / Abstract: There are evidences that the consumption of soy products provides benefits that may help prevent against chronic diseases due to the isoflavones present in these seeds. The isoflavones have been intensively studied due to their biological properties, such as: estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activities, anti-carcinogenic, antioxidative, antifungal and antihemolytic activities. The soybeans have three types of isoflavones aglycones: daidzein, genistein and glycitein. In the b-glucosidase form, they become: daidzin, genistin and glicitin. Several workers reported that the enzyme b-glucosidase is able to convert isoflavone glycosides to aglucones. Others artic1es showed that the isoflavone glycosides are not absorbed in the gut, only the aglucones are absorbed. The aim of this work was to study P-glucosidase from filamentous fungus and b-glucosidase from leguminous seeds. It was selected enzymes which had the highest activity, the enzyme from lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus) with 0.71U/mL and other enzyme from Aspergillus niger with 0.77U/mL. The crude extract from lima beans showed optimum activity at pH 5.5 and 60°C, respectively. It's had high thermo stability and pH range of action was between 5.0 and 9.0 and temperature was 40°C to 55°C. The crude extract from Aspergillus niger had maximum activity at pH 5.0 and 60°C and it's also showed high thermo stability at 40°C to 55°C and stable in pH between 4.0 to 9.0. The following steps were purified vegetal and microbial enzymes. The b-glucosidase from lima beans was purified 4 times by CM-Sepharose column and obtained 77.05% of recovered and specific activity of 0.18U/mg of protein. The SDS-P AGE e1ectrophoresis gave 5 bands. The P-g1ucosidase from A.niger was purified 14 times by CM-Sephadex C 50 column and obtained 2.2% of recovered and specific activity of 17U/mg of protein. The electrophoresis gave 4 bands. After that, were studied applications of enzymes measuring the profile of isoflavones: changing the substrate and their concentration, reaction time, type and amount of enzyme to convert isoflavone glycosides in aglucones and were observed that all factors influenced the conversion. In conclusion enzymes from Phaseolus lunatus and Aspergillus niger hydrolyzed the isoflavone glycosides (daidzin and genistin) to yield isoflavone aglucones (daidzein and genistein) / Mestrado / Mestre em Ciência de Alimentos

Não consta resumo na publicação / Biological and immunological properties of phytohemagglutins from two brazilian varieties of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) were studied. Through immunoprecipitation in agar gel, immuoenzymatic assays (ELISA) and eletrophoretic behavior after affinity chromatography purification it was shown that the lectins are similar. Both lectins when given to rats are toxic. They reduce growth and intestinal dissacharidase activity. They also able to smooth the \"microvillous\" of the enterocyte and to induce the appearance of autophagosomes in the enterocyte citoplasm. All this modification result in a reduced rate of carbohydrates absorption either in \"vitro\" or \"in vivo\".

Orientador: Edson Luiz Mendes Coutinho / Coorientador: Milton José Cardoso / Banca: Carolina Fernandes / Banca: José Eduardo Cora / Banca: Takashi Muraoka / Banca: Adolfo Valente Marcelo / Resumo: O feijão-caupi é uma leguminosa importante socioeconomicamente para o Norte e Nordeste do Brasil, sendo fonte de proteína para a alimentação dessas populações. No entanto, a cultura apresenta baixa produtividade de grãos, o que se atribui a vários fatores, em especial, o manejo inadequado da adubação. Realizou-se este experimento em condições de campo, objetivando avaliar a influência da adubação com fósforo e zinco no estado nutricional da cultura e na produtividade de grãos do feijão-caupi, em um Plintossolo Háplico distrófico com baixos teores de fósforo (3,0 mg dm-3) e zinco (0,1 mg dm-3). O delineamento experimental consistiu em blocos casualizados, utilizando cinco doses de fósforo (0; 40; 80; 120 e 160 kg ha-1 de P2O5)e três doses de zinco (0; 1 e 3 kg ha-1 de Zn), usando como fonte o superfosfato triplo e o sulfato de zinco, respectivamente. As doses de P e Zn foram aplicadas a lanço na área total da parcela. Os resultados evidenciam que a adubação com fósforo e zinco aumentou a produtividade de grãos, sendo a máxima produtividade de grãos (1648 kg ha-1) obtida com a combinação de 125 kg ha-1 P2O5 e 2,6 kg ha-1 de Zn. A adição de fósforo e zinco aumentou as concentrações desses nutrientes nos grãos. O nível crítico de fósforo no solo e na folha são 6,3 mg dm-3 (Mehlich-1) e 2,01 g kg-1, respectivamente / Abstract: The cowpea is an important socioeconomically legume to the North and Northeast of Brazil, thus becoming an excellent source of protein for feeding of the population. Grain yield is influenced by several factors, in particular the inadequate fertilization. This field experiment was conducted with the objective for evaluating on a in out the effects field conditions, to evaluating the combined effects of phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn), fertilization on the plant nutritional status and grain yield of cowpea in dystrophic haplic Plinthosol (3.0 mg dm-3 of P and 0,1 mg dm-3). The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks, with five rates of P (0, 40, 80, 120, and 160 kg ha-1P2O5), and three rates of Zn (0, 1, and 3 kg ha-1 Zn), using as sources the triple superphosphate and zinc sulphate, respectively . The fertilizers were broadcasted in the total area of the plot obtaining the The results show that fertilization with P e Zn increased grain yield, obtaining the maximum grain yield (1648 kg ha-1) with the combination of 125 kg ha-1 P2O5 and 2.6 kg ha-1 Zn. The addition of P and Zn increased the concentrations of these nutrients in the grains. The critical level of phosphorus in soil and leaf are 6.3 mg dm-3 (Mehlich-1) and 2.01 g kg-1, respectively / Doutor

Orientador: Carlos Alexandre Costa Crusciol / Coorientador: Rogério Peres Soratto / Banca: Eduardo Favero Caires / Banca: Orivaldo Arf / Banca: Valter Casarin / Banca: Juliano Carlos Calonego / Resumo: No Brasil existem extensivas áreas com acidez do solo. Nesta áreas sob sistema plantio direto existe a necessidade de aplicação de materiais corretivos de acidez. Em curto prazo, os desconhecido como a aplicação de calcário e gesso agrícola em superfície afetam os atributos físicos, a matéria orgânica do solo e culturas não tradicionais. Dentro deste enfoque, o trabalho foi desenvolvido na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, pertencente à Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - UNESP, Campus de Botucatu (SP), dando continuidade a um projeto de pesquisa que vem sendo conduzido desde 2002, com o objetivo de avaliar a aplicação superficial de calcário e gesso nos atributos químicos, físicos e na matéria orgânica, bem como na nutrição, na produtividade das culturas do milho, crambe e feijão-caupi, nos anos agrícolas 2010/11 e 2011/12. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com 4 repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por: controle, aplicação de calcário (2.700 + 2.000 + 2.000 kg ha-1), aplicação de gesso (2.100 + 2.100 + 2.100 kg ha-1), e aplicação de calcário + gesso [(2.700 + 2.100 kg ha-1) + (2.000 + 2.100 kg ha-1) + (2.000 + 2.100 kg ha-1)], aplicados em outubro de 2002, novembro de 2004 e outubro de 2010. No verão foi utilizada a cultura do milho, e na entressafra a cultura do crambe seguida do feijão-caupi. Foram realizadas as seguintes avaliações: atributos químicos do solo aos 12 e 24 meses após a última aplicação dos insumos; fracionamento físico da matéria orgânica do solo e ... / Abstract: Brazil has extensive area with acid soils. This areas under no-till system exists the necessity to apply soil acidity correctives materials. In the short term, the effects of superficial liming is restricted to the upper soil layers. The use of phosphogypsum is an alternative to improve the root environment in the subsurface, and can be used in acid soils as a liming supplement. However, it remains unknown how the surface application of limestone and gypsum affects the physical attributes, soil organic matter and non-traditional crops. The experiment was carried out in an experimental area, in the city of Botucatu (SP, Brazil), continuing a research project that has been conducted since 2002, to evaluate the long-term effects of surface application of lime and gypsum on chemical and physical properties, and organic matter, as well as in plant nutrition and yield components and grain yield of corn, crambe and cowpea, in the crop seasons 2010/11 and 2011/12. The experimental design was a randomized block with 4 replications. The plots were as follows: original condition and application of limestone (2.700 + 2.000 + 2.000 kg ha-1), gypsum (2.100 + 2.100 + 2.100 kg ha-1) and limestone + gypsum [(2.700 + 2.100 kg ha-1) + (2.000 + 2.100 kg ha-1) + (2.000 + 2.100 kg ha-1)], applied in October 2002, November 2004 and October 2010. As summer crop was used corn, and in the off season crambe followed by cowpea. The following evaluations were performed: chemical soil attributes at 12 and 24 months after the last application of inputs; physical fractionation of soil organic matter and soil physical attributes at 24 months after the last application of inputs; and yield components and crop yield. The surface application of limestone, with or without gypsum, were effective in reducing soil acidity to a depth of 0.20 m. The Ca2+ and Mg2+ levels in the soil increased in the surface and subsurface with liming. The Ca2+ ... / Doutor

Thesis (M.A. Agricultural Management (Crop Science)) -- University of Limpopo, 2016 / Guar bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L. Taub) is a drought tolerant leguminous crop usually grown for its seed which has a special gum (galactomannan) used in the food and the mining industries. The study aimed at evaluation of yield potential and agronomic management of 14 determinate and indeterminate guar accession lines sourced from the Australian Tropical Crops and Forages collection grown under dry-land conditions of Limpopo province and assessing their response to phosphorus and inoculation. Two different experiments, one on variety evaluation and the other on response to P fertilizer and inoculation were conducted during 2006/7 and 2007/8 growing seasons at Syferkuil and Tompi Seleka in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. There were significant differences amongst the 14 guar accession lines at Syferkuil during 2006/7 and 2007/8 and Tompi Seleka during 2007/8 growing seasons. Tompi Seleka showed higher potential for guar bean production over Syferkuil on the basis of grain yield. Seed yield from the two locations during the two seasons ranged from 326 kg ha-1 by variety Stonewall to 2340 kg ha-1 by variety Durgapurasaffed. At Syferkuil in 2006/7 Brooks variety recorded the highest seed yield of 1103 kg ha-1 while Hall achieved lowest seed yield of 353 kg ha-1. During 2007/8 at Syferkuil, TRCF 95203 recorded the highest seed yield of 701 kg ha-1 and Stonewall recorded lowest of 326 kg ha-1. At Tompi Seleka in the same season, the highest yield was recorded with Durgpurasaffed variety that recorded 2340 kg ha-1 and lowest Stonewall with 720 kg ha-1. The varieties which consistently performed well and were within the top five performing lines at the two locations were Durgapurasaffed, TRCF CSIRO and Brooks. The accession lines at Tompi Seleka experiment gave higher dry matter and seed yields than at Syferkuil, suggesting their preference for hot environments. In the second experiment, the response of two guar bean varieties to phosphorus level and inoculation was evaluated. Variety did not influence seed yield. Application of phosphorus (P) at 60 kg ha-1 plus inoculation significantly increased seed yield. At Tompi Seleka 2007/8 season, 60 kg ha-1 of P application achieved seed yield 37% higher than the control treatment. In the same season at Syferkuil the highest seed yield was also recorded at 60 kg ha-1 P application and was 57% xiii more than lowest seed yield from the control treatment. Grain yield significantly increased during 2006/7 as influenced by P application rate of 30 kg ha-1 compared to zero P fertilizer while there was no significant different between P rates during 2007/8 season at this site. The results from the study showed good response P application in the range of 30 to 60 kg ha-1. Inoculation significantly increased seed and dry matter yield at all sites. Variety X P levels and variety X inoculation interactions significantly influenced seed yield and dry matter at all sites. Both varieties achieved the highest seed yield at 60 kg ha-1 and the lowest was with the control at Syferkuil for both varieties. At Tompi Seleka, the control and application 30 kg ha-1 of fertilizer gave similar seed yield for both varieties. At Syferkuil in 2006/7 and Tompi Seleka in 2007/8 both Stonewall and Cedric were higher with inoculation but in 2007/8 Cedric had lower seed yield with inoculation at Syferkuil. The Phosphorus X inoculation interaction was significant with combination of 60 kg P ha-1 and inoculation giving significantly higher seed yield than the 0 kg P ha-1 and no inoculation. Future experiments should consider inclusion test in these guar accession under dryland conditions, levels of P higher than 60 kg P ha-1, include nodulation data, quality evaluation of guar seed and conducting basic growth margin analysis on P and inoculation of guar. / ACIAR Project