El siguiente proyecto se basa en la elaboración de un ponche de habas con cascara de cacao y panela, los cuales son ingredientes con altos valores nutricionales para acompañar un desayuno o una lonchera saludable para los niños y niñas de 4 a 15 años en su etapa de desarrollo. Asimismo, este producto fue diseñado para combatir la falta de tiempo que suelen tener los padres de familia por temas de trabajo u otra actividad y será distribuido en Lima Metropolitana. Nuestro proyecto de negocio consiste en la venta de una bebida nutritiva de fácil acceso para nuestro público objetivo, los canales que se utilizaran son el online y las bodegas. Asimismo, el producto se ofrecerá en una presentación de 350 ml con un precio económico de 5.00 soles. Finalmente, en el presente trabajo se explicará el modelo y plan de negocio utilizado, el concierge realizado, el plan de operaciones, recursos humanos, marketing, responsabilidad social empresarial, financiero y el aprendizaje que hemos obtenido en todo el transcurso del proyecto. / The following project is based on the preparation of a bean punch with cocoa husk and panela, which are ingredients with high nutritional values to accompany a healthy breakfast or lunch box for children from 4 to 15 years old in their developmental stage. Also, this product was designed to combat the lack of time that parents usually have due to work or other activities and will be distributed in Metropolitan Lima. Our business project consists of the sale of a nutritious drink that is easily accessible to our target audience. The channels that will be used are the online and the store. Likewise, the product will be offered in a 350 ml presentation with an economic price of 5.00 soles. Finally, this work will explain the business model and plan used, the concierge made, the operations plan, human resources, marketing, corporate social responsibility, financial and learning that we have obtained throughout the project. / Trabajo de investigación

The theoretical part of the master’s thesis is focused on a brief botanical characterization of the cacao tree and its most famous varieties discussed. Furthermore, the chemical composition of cocoa beans is described with an emphasis on theobromine and caffeine. There is also mention of the cocoa beans the cocoa bean processing technology for cocoa liquor and cocoa powder, which are then used in food industry. Additionally there is a shorta short description of the legal requirements relating to cocoa. In this part are also two chapters are devoted to the description of instrumentation of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The experimental part deals with analyzes of cocoa powder, cocoa beans, cocoa liquor and waste cocoa beans sold as a "tea mixture". A total of 10 legislation-recommended parameters have been identified in the listed raw materials, such as caffeine, theobromine and sucrose, heavy metal and potassium, fat content etc. The highest content of theobromine was determined in cocoa powder 178.363 mgl-1, caffeine in cocoa beans 16.096 mgl-1. All samples analyzed contained a little amount of sucrose as expected, the highest concentration was found in the tea mixture samples in both the water: ethanol sample of 84.069 mgl-1, and the sample solution in water of 65.897 mgl-1.

Diploma thesis is focused on cocoa beans volatile compounds from various region (Tanzania, Haiti, Ecuador, Madagascar and Peru) and chocolate bars made of them. The main aim was to judge diferences between samples according to geographycal origin. At the same time, samples of chocolates with different content of cocoa solids (50%, 70% „organic“, 70%, 78%, 90%) and a sample of cocoa powder from the common market were analyzed. Volatiles were identified and semiquantified by HS-SPME-GC-MS. A total of 86 volatile substances were identified, they were divided into 7 groups according to the nature of the odor: fruit tones (17), nut and chocolate (16), astringent and sour (12), unspecified (14), sweet nad honey (10), earthy (9) and floral (8). The data were transformed into a 2D graph by analyzing the main component according to selected distinguishing varibles. The difference in the volatile substances of cocoa beans depending on the geographical origin were confirmed using principal component analysis.

Phytoestrogens are very intensively studied in recent years because they show different pharmacological effects on human health. For example, it was demonstrated that phytoestrogens reduce the risk of certain cancers (breast, prostate or colon), act as antioxidants in the body and affect the activity of certain enzymes. In addition, also it was demonstrated number of positive effects of soybean phytoestrogens on the health status of women in the menopause, such as reducing the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease or osteoporosis. Various technologically processed soy beans are important part of the feed rations mainly for high-lactating dairy cows, because they are a valuable source of the energy and high-quality protein, despite their negative effect on reproductive performance. Phytoestrogens consumed from the feed rations are hydrolyzed in the rumen of dairy cow and together with their metabolites are absorbed in the small intestine into the blood. They can be excreted from the body in urine or milk. From this perspective, cow's milk may become a source of phytoestrogens substances, especially equol in the human nutrition. On the other hand, some research results suggest possible potential risks associated with phytoestrogens intake in the diet on human health. At the some age (infants and young children) and group (vegetarians) categories may be dietary intake of phytoestrogens undiserable. According to most experts, a beneficial effect on human health prevail the potential risks. However, the risks associated with phytoestrogens intake in food can not be ignored and therefore phytoestrogens are still actual problem in the field of scientific research.

Pulses (common beans and cowpeas) provide a major alternative source of protein, and the rapid rise in food prices has led to an increase in the consumption of inexpensive pulses. The slow growth in pulse production has, however, led to a decline in availability. Thus, to overcome this decline in production, this study concern in expanding pulse production in Mozambique by using the agricultural research survey known as TIA. In addition, this study identified and analysed the critical drivers influencing production, as well as constraints and opportunities to expand pulse production in Mozambique. In studying the participation of smallholder farmers in pulse markets, the Heckman two-step approach was applied to avoid sample selection bias. In the first step a Probit model was estimated to capture the household’s decision of whether or not to participate in the market. The second step comprised of an OLS estimation to determine the significance of variables that contribute to the level of pulse sold. At national level, results indicate that the majority of households receive price information, but few households receive information on fertilizers and improved seed use. Most households also have poor access to credit and improved extension services, and low levels of membership of agricultural associations. A very small percentage of household farmers are engaged in pulse production, with male farmers more dedicated to the production of common beans and female farmers more dedicated to the production of cowpeas. In terms of market participation, the results reveal that female-headed households are less likely to participate in pulse markets. The critical factors that discourage entry into the pulse market are distance to the market and yield loss. The factors that give incentives to smallholders to participate in the pulse market are land size, price information and pulse price. The trade volume of common beans is relatively high and is affected by land size, pulse price and price information. In contrast, the trade volume of cowpeas is highly affected by bicycle ownership and ownership of livestock for animal traction. Cowpea prices also have a positive effect on the volume of cowpeas sold. Yield loss is a major factor that negatively affects the pulse trade, while land size has a negative effect on the volume of cowpeas sold. Land availability and price information provide good opportunities, in Mozambique, for expanding pulse production. The expansion of pulse production is however constrained by household access to public goods and services such as extension services, credit and membership to an agricultural association. Moreover, the expansion of pulse production in the country is also constrained by the absence of the use of productive technologies such as improved seed and fertilizer. Based on the results of the study, the recommendations are to expand extension services, improve access to improved technology, facilitate access to agricultural finance, and improve infrastructure and storage facilities. This would facilitate and give incentive to smallholder to expanding pulse production in Mozambique. / Dissertation (MSc Agric)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / unrestricted

Der Anbau von Gemüsebohnen im Haus- und Kleingarten ist einfach und unkompliziert. Die Broschüre beantwortet Fragen zur Standortwahl, Aussaat und Düngung und unterstützt bei der Sortenwahl.

Certain varieties of snap bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L. , seeds are very susceptible to cracks that develop naturally across the cotyledons during pre-harvest, storage, or germination. This phenomenon is commonly known as cotyledonal cracking and may cause serious yield reductions on plants developing from affected seeds. Cotyledonal cracking susceptibility of six white and six colored seeded varieties of snap beans were compared. Considerable differences were found in cracking susceptibility, but there was little or no relationship between seed coat color and cracking susceptibility. An experiment was conducted to determine if a metabolic stress of the plant during the time of pod set could be involved in cotyledonal cracking. Blossoms were tagged on individual plants beginning with the day of first blossom, and tagging was continued for 21 days as blossoms emerged . Individual pods were harvested at maturity and maintained under controlled conditions throughout a simulated weathering treatment to follow. Seeds of each pod were classified according to the amount of cotyledonal cracking sustained. It was concluded that if a stress were involved, it apparently affected the seed several days after pod initiation and that an increase in cotyledonal cracking was negatively correlated to an increase in the number of pods set during one day. Simulated weathering tests were made of seeds remaining in the pod and seeds from the same varieties that were shelled. The results indicated that the pod provides about equal cotyledonal cracking protection for all varieties tested. Apparently the pod is not an important cause of cracking resistance in certain varieties of snap beans. Seed coat permeability was measured and compared for the 12 varieties . A technique was employed by which the bean seed coat served as a semipermeable membrane between a distilled water and a sucrose solution. Sucrose dilution was measured refractometrically and the rate of water penetration calculated. There was little relationship between seed coat permeability and cracking susceptibility among the varieties. The rate of imbibition and drying for seeds of six varieties having varying degrees of cracking susceptibility was tested. Imbibition and drying conditions were closely controlled and weight changes were recorded at regular intervals during imbibition and drying. Results indicated that some of the varieties expressing the most rapid moisture changes were also the most resistant to cracking. It was concluded that the rate of change of seed moisture was not the primary factor controlling cotyledonal cracking susceptibility. Rate of imbibition was tested for two susceptible and two resistant varieties. When the pre-imbibition seed moisture was above 10 percent, a ll varieties imbibed water freely. When pre-imbibition moisture was below 10 percent, several seeds of resistant varieties became slowly permeable while nearly all seeds of the susceptible varieties imbibed freely. This suggested the possibility that a hard seed tendency of the resistant varieties may be one source of protection against cotyledonal cracking. Preliminary data suggested that the seed coats of susceptible varieties remain permeable even at moisture levels below 10 percent, while many seed coats of the resistant varieties become rather impermeable at low moisture levels. Microscopic examination of cotyledonal cracks from four different varieties indicated that the splitting occurred across cotyledonal cell walls more rapidly than between cell walls. This suggested that a weakness of the intercellular middle lamella is not responsible for cotyledonal cracking susceptibility. Further microscopic examination and comparison of the cotyledonal cell structure of two susceptible and two resistant varieties failed to show any structural differences between varieties that could account for differences in cotyledonal cracking susceptibility.

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