Thesis (PhD)-- Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The emergence and re-emergence of viral human pathogens from wildlife sources in the recent past has led to increased studies and surveillance of wildlife for potentially zoonotic agents in order to gain a better understanding of the pathogens, their sources as well as events that may lead to viral emergence. Of the >1407 known human pathogens, 13% are classified as emerging or re-emerging, and 58% as zoonotic; 37% of the (re-)emerging and 19% of the zoonotic pathogens are RNA viruses, accounting for the majority of recently emerged infectious diseases with a zoonotic origin, such as HIV, Ebola, Hendra, Nipah, Influenza and SARS. This study focusses on potentially zoonotic viruses hosted by rodents (Muridae family), shrews (order previously known as Insectivora/Soricomorpha, now reclassified as Eulipotyphla) and bats (order Chiroptera). Rodents and bats represent the largest (~40%) and second largest (~25%) mammalian orders and both occur on every continent except Antarctica. Together, the three mammalian orders investigated represent the most relevant potential sources of new zoonoses. In this study I investigated the occurrence of astroviruses, arenaviruses, coronaviruses and hantaviruses in South African small mammal species belonging to the orders mentioned above. These viruses have either been implicated in recent emerging zoonotic events or are considered to have the potential to cause cross-species transmissions resulting in a zoonotic event. In the first part of the study specimens collected from various bat, rodent and shrew species were screened for viral sequences by broadly reactive PCRs; positive samples were characterised by sequencing and sequence analysis. A separate part of the study focussed on hantavirus disease in humans: a seroprevalance survey was conducted to determine the presence of hantavirus antibodies in the local population. Additionally, acutely ill patients with potential hantavirus disease were tested in an attempt to identify possible acute infections and define clinical hantavirus disease in South Africa. Screening of rodent and shrew specimens resulted in the identification of eight novel arenavirus sequences. Seven of the sequences are related to Merino Walk virus, a recently identified South African arenavirus, and the eighth sequence represents a novel lineage of Old World arenaviruses. Screening of bat specimens resulted in the identification of highly diverse novel astrovirus and coronavirus sequences in various South African bat species, including the identification of a viral sequence closely related to the recently emerged Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus. While the study did not identify hantavirus infections in any of the acutely ill patients, it found seroprevalences similar to those observed in Europe and West Africa. The results obtained highlight the importance of small mammals in the emergence of potential zoonoses and further reinforce the importance of viral surveillance of relevant wildlife species. Further in-depth studies of naturally infected reservoir host populations are required in order to gain a better understanding of virus-host dynamics and the events that lead to virus emergence. / German Research Foundation (DFG) (project number: KR1293/9-1/13-1) / The Polio Research Foundation and the NHLS Research / Harry Crossley Foundation, the Polio Research Foundation and Stellenbosch University for granting scholarships and bursaries for PhD.

This thesis is an ethnography of how places like mountain pastures (jailoos), hydro-electric dams and holy sites (mazars) matter in striving for a good life. Based on eighteen months of fieldwork in the Toktogul valley of Kyrgyzstan, this study contributes to theoretical questions in the anthropology of post-socialism, time, space, work and enjoyment. I use the term ‘moral geography’ to emphasize a spatial imaginary that is centred on ideas of ‘the good life’, both ethical and happy. This perspective captures an understanding of jailoos which connects food, health, wealth and beauty. In comparing attitudes towards a Soviet and post-Soviet dam, I reveal changes in the nature of the state, property and collective labour. People in Toktogul hold agentive places like mazars and non-personalized places like dams and jailoos apart, implying not one overarching philosophy of nature, but a world in which types of places have different gradations of object-ness and personhood. I show how people use forms of commemoration as a means of establishing connections between people, claims on land and aspirations of ‘becoming cultured’. I demonstrate how people draw on repertoires of epic or Soviet heroism and mobility in conceiving their life story and agency in shaping events. Different times and places such as ‘eternal’ jailoos and Soviet dams are often collapsed as people derive personal authority from connections to them. Analysing accounts of collectivization and privatization I argue that the Soviet period is often treated as a ‘second tradition’ used to judge the present. People also strive for ‘the good life’ through working practices that are closely linked to the Soviet experience, and yet differ from Marxist definitions of labour. The pervasively high value of work is fed from different, formally conflicting sources of moral authority such as Socialism, Islam and neo-liberal ideals of ‘entrepreneurship’. I discuss how parties, poetry and song bring together jakshylyk (goodness) as enjoyment and virtue. I show how song and poetry act as moral guides, how arman yearning is purposely enjoyed in Kyrgyz music and how it relates to nostalgia and nature imagery. The concept of ‘moral geography’ allows me to investigate how people strive for well-being, an investigation that is just as important as focusing on problem-solving and avoiding pain. It also allows an analysis of place and time that holds material interactions, moral ideals, economic and political dimensions in mind.

Sous la bannière de « l’être », le discours du Droit et son interprétation rallient hommes, embryons, robots, animaux, personnes morales et entreprises : il réunit ceux qui agissent tant dans le réel que dans la sphère juridique. En mobilisant concepts et techniques de qualification, le Droit leur réserve un destin différent. Un système cohérent s’élevant de l’être émerge. L’étude de la personnalité juridique, concept analytique et fondamental, permet d’observer le destin des êtres dans le monde juridique. Elle est une abstraction tantôt d’ordre égalitariste, lorsque des hommes en bénéficient, tantôt d’ordre finaliste, lorsque des groupements en jouissent. Tous les êtres du discours du Droit ne relèvent pas de la qualification de personne. Mais parce que l’existence est, pour les hommes, une expérience corporelle, le corps humain mérite exploration : son étude complète le système de l’être. Entre personne et chose, la qualification de l’enveloppe charnelle commande de distinguer le statut du corps vivant en « entier » de celui de ses émanations. Le pouvoir de la personne sur son corps est distinct de celui qu’elle exerce sur ses émanations. / Under the banner of « beings », men, embryos, robots, animals, legal persons and firms are named as such by the law and those who interpretate it. This word unites those who act both in the reality and within the legal « world ». Through its concepts and qualification technics, private law grants them a separate fate. A coherent system arises. The study of legal personnality, regarded both as an analytical and basic concept, reveals the fate of theses beings in private law. When granted to men, legal personnality is an egalitarian abstraction ; when granted to organizations it is a specialized abstraction. All « beings » in private law do not rise to the status of « person ». But human existence is a bodily experience. Only the study of the legal status of human body will complement the system. The status on the humain body differs whether the whole body or its elements are considered : it varies between property and person.

Scholars agree that global climate change is a major threat to the physical environment, affecting all aspects of life on the planet. However, the general public do not feel that climate change is a major risk or threat, especially to humans. It is important to understand the public’s perception and opinions of climate change as it affects and influences the creation and passing of climate change adaptation and mitigation policies. Specifically, little is known about public perceptions in regards to the greater health risk imposed by global climate change. This study examines the public's perception of health risks related to climate change in Broward County, Florida by using mixed methods. An online survey was conducted along with in-person interviews with the general public and a physician. The study found majority of respondents to believe climate change affects health, but lacked an understanding of how it is harmful to their health. It also found that gender affects their perceptions and political ideology appears to have an effect, but the effect of socioeconomic status on their perceptions were unable to be determined at this time. Broward is just developing policies to adapt and mitigate the health effects of climate change. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2017. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-08-01T11:33:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Júlio Carlos de Oliveira Moreira.pdf: 30136547 bytes, checksum: 347bd6ba131e4f99564827ee92f6bfce (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-01T11:33:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Júlio Carlos de Oliveira Moreira.pdf: 30136547 bytes, checksum: 347bd6ba131e4f99564827ee92f6bfce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-15 / Societies can be studied by analyzing various aspects. How individuals organize themselves politically; how they eat; how they treat the environment; how they have sex. I have chosen to analyze what the body of man can say about society. I seek to analyze throughout history, relevant aspects that characterized the importance of the man’s body. A trajectory of facts and opinions that guided the Western world. When one speaks about man’s body, even today, it is a term that is synonymous of the human body. Despite its privileged position in relationship to women for centuries, this modern man lives the extremes of society. It occupies the highest political and economic positions on the globe, but at the same time, also represents the largest contingent of prisoners in jails. The contemporary man is a being who lives social pressures due to the new roles assumed by the woman since the second half of the last century, besides other challenges imposed by the modern life. He tries to locate his position in this new society. A society of performance linked to the logic of consumption as Bauman and Byung-Chul teach us. As a social voyeur I gaze at the body of man to understand the logic that guides our behavior in the second half of the 21st century, where concepts like privacy change with the rising of social networks. A new society of exhibition, where the body becomes a commodity to be worked on to create an intended identity of the individual. And that generates dissatisfaction for those who do not reach the models idealized by that society. But also anxiety among those who have reached valued standards and do not wish to lose them / As sociedades podem ser estudadas analisando vários de seus aspectos. Como os indivíduos se organizam politicamente; como comem; como tratam o meio ambiente; como fazem sexo. Eu escolhi analisar o que o corpo do homem pode falar sobre a sociedade. Busco analisar ao longo da história, aspectos relevantes que caracterizaram a importância do corpo do homem. Uma trajetória de fatos e opiniões que nortearam o mundo ocidental. Quando se fala no corpo do homem, ainda hoje, ele é um termo sinônimo do corpo humano. Apesar de sua posição privilegiada em relação à mulher durante séculos, esse homem moderno vive os extremos da hierarquia social. Ocupa ao mesmo tempo os maiores cargos políticos e econômicos pelo globo, mas também representa o maior contingente de presos nas prisões. O homem atual é um ser que vive pressões sociais devido aos novos papéis assumidos pela mulher desde a segunda metade do século passado e desafios impostos pela vida moderna. Ele tenta localizar qual a sua posição nessa nova sociedade. Uma sociedade do desempenho atrelado à lógica do consumo como nos ensinam Bauman e Byung-Chul. Como um voyeur social miro o corpo do homem para entender as lógicas que norteiam o nosso comportamento nessa segunda metade do século XXI, onde conceitos como privacidade se alteram com o fortalecimento das redes sociais. Uma nova sociedade da exibição, onde o corpo passa a ser uma mercadoria a ser trabalhada para criar uma identidade pretendida do indivíduo. E que gera insatisfações para quem não atinge os modelos idealizados por essa sociedade. Mas também ansiedade entre aqueles que obtiveram os padrões valorizados e não desejam perde-los

Cette ethnographie est consacrée à l’analyse d’un fragment du parcours de rituels indigènes –toré, praiá et cure chamanique – dans le Nordeste du Brésil. Elle se fonde sur un travail de terrain mené entre 2010 et 2015 chez les indiens Pankararé (État de Bahia) et Pankararu (État du Pernambuco). L’objectif principal consiste à illustrer concrètement le processus régional de convergence rituelle à travers l’étude des transmissions entre ces deux populations. L’hypothèse est que ces transmissions conduisent à un triple peuplement. 1) Le premier est régional et ethnique : l’apprentissage et la performance du rituel du toré permet, pour des populations considérées caboclas et dénigrées pour leur absence de symboles extérieurs de l’indianité, l’acquisition du statut juridique, différenciateur et mélioratif de « population indigène ». 2) Ces enseignements consistent en la transmission de techniques ayant pour but l’établissement de contacts avec des entités invisibles locales, constitutives des actions rituelles. Les Pankararé, en tant que population réceptrice, découvrent à travers ces pratiques un panthéon d’entités locales légitimant la personnalisation de leurs pratiques rituelles, ce qui constitue un deuxième axe de peuplement, un peuplement cosmique. 3) Chez la population émettrice, ces transmissions interethniques de rituels ont pour conséquence une libéralisation des relations avec le monde invisible, ce qui provoque une multiplication considérable de ses habitants. De nouvelles catégories d’entités sont progressivement intégrées, possèdent des masques rituels et sont appelées lors des rituels domestiques ou collectifs. La description de ces trois formes de peuplement permet l’analyse des raisons et conditions des transmissions interethniques de rituels, de leur acceptation, succès, mais aussi de leurs conséquences et des innovations apportées. / This ethnography aims to analyze the journey of fragment of indigenous rituals – toré, praiá and shamanic cure – in Brazil Nordeste. It is based on a fieldwork carried between 2010 and 2015 within the Pankararé (State of Bahia) and the Panakaru (State of Pernambuco) indigenous people. The main objective of this dissertation is to illustrate the regional process of rituals’ convergence by studying the transmission between those two populations. The hypothesis at the core of this work is that these transmissions lead to a triple populating process. 1) The first one is a regional and ethnical process: the learning and performance of the toré rituals allows for population considered as caboclas and denigrated for the absence of exterior symbols of their indianness to obtain the legal status differentiating and ameliorating the situation for “indigenous populations”. (2) Those learnings consist in the transmission of techniques establishing contacts with local invisible entity, constitutive of rituals actions. Pankararé’s, as receptive populations, discover through those practices a pantheon of local entity legitimizing the personalization of their ritual practices. This constitutes a second realm of populating process, a cosmic populating. (3) Within the issuing population, those interethnic transmissions of rituals results in a relations’ liberalization with the invisible world, provoking a significant multiplication of its inhabitant. New categories of entity are progressively integrated, posses rituals mask and are called upon in collective and domestic rituals.The description of these three forms of populating process allows for the analysis of the motives and the condition behind interethnic rituals transmissions, of their acceptations, success, but also outcomes and innovations. / A presente etnografia se dedica à análise de fragmentos do percurso de rituais indígenas – toré, praiá e cura xamânica – no Nordeste do Brazil. Está baseada em trabalho de campo conduzido de 2010 à 2015 entre os índios Pankararé (Estado da Bahia) e Pankararu (Estado do Pernambuco). Seu objetivo principal é ilustrar o processo regional de convergência ritual através do estudo das transmissões entre esses dois grupos. Desenha-se a hipótese de que essas transmissões teriam levado à um povoamento triplo. O primeiro deles é regional e étnico : a aprendizagem do ritual do toré permite que populações consideradas « caboclas », portanto desvalorizadas pela ausência de símbolos exteriores de indianidade, passem a ter um estatuto jurídico de « população indígena ». Esses ensinamentos rituais levam, por sua vez, à transmissão de técnicas que têm por objetivo o contato com entidades invisiveis locais, constitutivas das ações rituais. Os Pankararé, enquanto população receptora, descobrem através dessas práticas um panteão de entidades locais que legitimam a personalização de suas práticas rituais. À essa descoberta está referido o segundo tipo de povoamento, o povoamento cósmico. Já o terceiro modelo de povoamento está vinculado à população emissora. Nela, as transmissões rituais interétnicas têm por consequência a liberalização das relações com o mundo invisível, o que provoca uma multiplicação considerável de seus habitantes. Novas categorias de entidades são progressivamente integradas, possuem suas máscaras e são constantemente chamadas para rituais domésticos e coletivos.A descrição dessas três formas de povoamento permite, portanto, a análise das razões e condições da transmissão de rituais em contextos interétnicos, chamando a atenção para seu sucesso e aceitação mas também para suas consequências e inovações.

[pt] Introdução: A promoção das políticas públicas voltadas à implementação dos direitos sociais (saúde inclusive) lida com a difícil tarefa de distribuir os limitados recursos estatais aos anseios da população, notadamente quando se busca implementar os direitos cujo custo é elevado. Constatou-se que os sujeitos de pesquisas biomédicas, ao final do estudo, têm sido negligenciados no acesso aos benefícios terapêuticos do medicamento ou procedimento para cuja aprovação colaboraram. Finda a pesquisa, há muitas demandas contra o Estado, formuladas pelos sujeitos participantes do ensaio. Objetivos: discutir os posicionamentos judiciais atinentes ao controle jurisdicional de políticas públicas no fornecimento de medicamentos ao participante da pesquisa, após o encerramento do estudo. Métodos: levantamento qualitativo, no sentido de identificar um norte interpretativo e, a partir dele, elaborar um posicionamento crítico e propor um standard decisório que, além juridicamente respaldado, seja eticamente consentâneo aos parâmetros de conduta nos procedimentos envolvendo o participante de pesquisa, de modo a reconhecê-lo como sujeito moral digno ao igual respeito e consideração. Resultados: o levantamento jurisprudencial efetuado não pode fornecer uma ratio decidendi clara no tema. Discussão: o Estado tem dever constitucionalmente assumido de garantir a assistência integral à saúde, portanto, possui legitimidade para ser demandado em ações nas quais o participante da pesquisa busca, ao final do estudo, a continuidade do fornecimento do medicamento. Porém, tanto a Resolução CNS número 466/2012, como a Declaração de Helsinque, que impõem regras a serem cumpridas pelos pesquisadores e patrocinadores, asseguraram aos participantes acesso aos produtos ou agentes obtidos. Considerações finais: o participante da pesquisa titulariza direito subjetivo ao fornecimento do medicamento após o encerramento. Estado e atores da pesquisa (patrocinador e instituição) são devedores solidários dessa obrigação. A demanda direcionada em face de um, ou sua condenação, autoriza o chamamento ou regresso em face do outro. / [en] Introduction: The promotion of public policies aimed at implementation of social rights (including health) deals with the difficult task of distributing limited state resources to popular expectations, especially when one seeks to implement the rights which cost is high. It was found that the subjects of biomedical, researches at the end of the study, have been neglected in accessing therapeutic benefits of the drug or procedure which they cooperated for its approval. Ending the research, there are many claims against the State, formulated by the subjects participating in the trial. Objectives: To discuss matters pertaining to the judicial control of public policies for the supply of medicines to the research participant, after the end of the study. Methods: A qualitative survey to identify an interpretive north, and from it develop a critical approach and propose a decision-making standard that besides being legally backed, also being ethically consistent to the standards of conduct of procedures involving the research participant, in order to recognize it as a moral subject worthy of equal respect and consideration. Results: The case-study carried out can not provide a clear ratio decidendi in the topic. Discussion: the state has assumed constitutional duty to ensure integrate health care, therefore has standing to be sued in actions which the participant within the survey seeks at the end of the study, the continuity of medicine supply. However, both the CNS Resolution No. 466/2012, and the Declaration of Helsinki, which impose rules to be observed by researchers and sponsors, assured the participants access to products or agents obtained. Final considerations: the research participant securitization subjective right to supply the drug after closure. State and research actors (sponsor and institution) are joint debtors of this obligation. The lawsuit directed to one, or its condemnation authorizes the call or return in the face of the other.

Marine and coastal ecosystems are subject to diverse and increasingly intensive anthropogenic activities, making understanding cumulative effects critically important. However, accurately accounting for the cumulative effects of human impacts can be difficult, with the possibility of multiple stressors interacting and having greater impacts than expected, compounding direct and indirect effects on individuals, populations, communities and ecosystems. Assessment of multiple stressors therefore requires extensive scientific research that directly tests how single or multiple ecological components are affected by stressors, both singly and when combined, and as a consequence, cumulative effects assessments are now increasingly included in environmental assessments. Currently, there is a need to assess these at larger spatial scales, with additional research also urgently needed on the responses of ecological components, processes and functions to single and cumulative stressors. As cumulative environmental impacts could be better addressed by regional stressor effects assessments that combine methods for predicting multiple pressures on ecosystem recovery alongside degradation, this study used several separate approaches that can be used in parallel to give support for local management measures. I tested four completely different methods - a range of multi-metric indices, a food web model (Ecopath), a predictive model (Ecosim) and a Bayesian Belief Network model. Each approach was tested and compared in two shallow water estuarine systems, in Scotland and England, initially concerning the impact of nutrient enrichment and subsequent recovery and was followed by an investigation of how the addition of multiple stressors (nutrient levels, temperature and river-flow rates) would impact the future state of each system. The response to stressors was highly context dependent, varying between and within geographic locations. Overall, each of the four different approaches complemented each other and gave strong support for the need to make big reductions in the pressures and to consider trade-offs between impacting pressures. The models and tools also indicate that in order to reach an improved overall environmental state of each ecosystem, a focus on nutrient reductions are likely to be the most effective of the controls on stressors explored and that cumulative effects of the management of nutrient inputs and increased water temperatures and river-flow are likely to exist.

Notre intérêt réside dans le traitement de la question de la foule chez Zola sous l’angle d’une méthode pluridisciplinaire et à travers plusieurs genres d’écriture. Nous menons notre recherche autour de deux hypothèses. La première concerne l’application du cadre chronologique, qui nous permet de comparer l’évolution des idées de la foule chez Zola dans des articles de journaux (enquêtes, interviews, journaux intimes publiés à titre posthume) et dans ses œuvres romanesques. En prêtant une attention constante à ses activités journalistiques, nous démontrons que c’est pendant la période dite « journalistico-littéraire » qu’il développa ses stratégies face à la foule qui se concrétise, autour de trois œuvres choisies, Thérèse Raquin (1867-1868), Nana (1879-1880) et Paris (1897-1898). Notre deuxième hypothèse prend appui sur l’existence d’une certaine dialectique entre le public et la foule dans le traitement de la foule chez Zola. Celle-ci s’intéresse à la dialectique de la « foule-public », mot-valise qui permet de résumer notre travail de thèse. Cette combinaison s’inspire du contraste entre une approche analytique et une approche synthétique, et souligne la particularité du processus éditorial dans lequel se trouvent l’auteur (Zola), les éditeurs médiatiques et les lecteurs (forme concrétisée de la « foule-public »). C’est la « foule-public » qui contribue au processus nommé « la littérature au quotidien », et qui se concrétise, à travers notre recherche, par certaines formes de poétique journalistiques et littéraires au XIXe siècle. / Our interest lies in the treatment of Zola’s crowd questions in adopting a pluridisciplinary methodology and studying the various genres of writings. Our research is conducted under the two following hypotheses. The first hypothesis concerns the application of chronological framing to compare the evolution processes shown in the Zola’s ideas on crowd, published in various newspaper articles (investigations, interviews, private journals released posthumously) and in his fictional works. Our constant focus on his journalistic activities shows us that it was during the so-called “journalistico-literary period” which he could develop his own strategies for the crowd taking shape throughout three chosen fictional works: Thérèse Raquin (1867-1868), Nana (1879-1880) and Paris (1897-1898). The second hypothesis interests in the dialectics of “crowdpublic”, a keyword to summarize the dissertation. This word was inspired by a contrast between an analytical approach and a synthetic approach to and puts an emphasis on the characteristics detected inside the editorial process where the author (Zola), the media editors and readers (a form which the “crowd-public” can take) can communicate with each other. It is the “crowd-public” who contributes to a process called “daily literature” and, as reveals our research, this is realized in certain forms of journalistic and literary poetics in the Nineteenth-Century.

Trafficking in human beings is considered to be one of the most serious crimes in which there is a significant violation of fundamental human rights. Through recommendations and binding documents, international organisations call on states to prevent human trafficking, and if it occurs, to allow for the settlement of human rights of its victims. National governments are responsible for compliance with human rights commitments, not only on the level of policy formulation, but also in terms of their implementation in practice. However, experience of social work with trafficked persons in the Czech Republic shows that victims of this serious crime have no access to settlement of their rights. The aim of this paper was to evaluate whether the Czech Republic meets the selected human rights standards that ensure the victims' access to their rights. The evaluation of the situation was based on the selected criteria defining the meeting of individual human rights standards of the Aim for Human Rights organisation. Fulfilling the selected criteria was examined on the case of proceeding of state authorities in the case of exploitation of hundreds of foreign workers in the forestry industry, known as the "Stromkaři" (Tree Workers) case. The evaluation showed that while on the formal level the standards required by the...