Healthcare services, traditionally provided by the government in a welfare state, have become a tradable commodity in the era of globalisation. Indeed, globalisation has led to the creation of a new international healthcare market with increased participation of the private sector, assisted with enhanced mobility of health professionals, service providers and patients across borders. Soon after its inception, the 1995 General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) has come under fire from critics, especially for its broad scope and inclusion of basic services like healthcare, water or education that fulfil social objectives. In establishing a multilateral legal framework, GATS mandates progressive liberalisation of trade in services among the WTO members through successive rounds of negotiations. Since GATS applies to the measures by WTO Members affecting trade in services (whether taken at central, regional or local government level), inclusion of health services therein has raised concern regarding a government's ability to regulate health-related services. Availability and accessibility of healthcare services is crucial from the right to health perspective. The International Convention on Economic Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) obligates its Member States to respect, protect and realise progressively and to the maximum of its available resources 'the right to the highest attainable standard of health.' When a WTO Member is also a signatory to the ICESCR, the question arises whether the legislative framework regulating healthcare services under GATS conflicts with the said Member's obligation to respect, protect and fulfil the right to health. The present thesis attempts to answer this question through an analysis of GATS and the right to health norms within the framework of conflict of norms in international law. Although norm conflicts are generally assessed in terms of a legal relationship between a given State with another State, the present thesis focuses on a single State bound by both sets of rules where compliance with both obligations may/does lead to a legal, social or factual conflict.

Thesis (M.A.P.S.)--Catholic Theological Union at Chicago, 2001. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [60]-65).

Thesis (M.A.P.S.)--Catholic Theological Union at Chicago, 2001. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [60]-65).

Orientador: Cléa Adas Saliba Garbin / Resumo: A saúde é um bem indispensável à vida do ser humano. A Constituição, como estrutura organizadora do Estado, possui uma seção destinada somente a ela; uma conquista para nossa sociedade. O objetivo do trabalho é avaliar o conhecimento dos usuários de uma Unidade Básica de Saúde em relação à saúde e o seu direito. A pesquisa qualitativa foi a eleita por cuidar com preciosismo das falas transcritas obtidas através de entrevistas. Há um grau de desconhecimento elevado, o que faz com que a sociedade seja desorganizada no quesito direito á saúde. È premente a necessidade de instruir a população no tocante a seus direitos para que ela não sofra por não resistir a sua dignidade perdida. Esse é um dos pilares para que haja a evolução da sociedade de maneira justa: conhecendo seus direitos. / Abstract: The health is indispensable to the life's human. The Constitution, as an organized structure of the State, has a destined section only for itself; a conquest to our society. The aim of this research is evaluate the users' knowledge of Health Basic Center in relation of right to health. The qualitative research was chosen for take care with preciosity of transcript talks that were obtained of the interview. It is visible that exists a high level of nonacquaintance, so that, the society has been disorganized in the question of right to health. It is notable the necessity of teaching the population in relation of the rights, for don't have suffering for don't resist the lost dignity. This is one of the bases for has the evolution's society of impartial manner: know the rights. / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:27:09Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pachecofilho_ac_me_araca.pdf: 268936 bytes, checksum: 2a7496bdfcf061a4036d33ab8dc04d6b (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A saúde é um bem indispensável à vida do ser humano. A Constituição, como estrutura organizadora do Estado, possui uma seção destinada somente a ela; uma conquista para nossa sociedade. O objetivo do trabalho é avaliar o conhecimento dos usuários de uma Unidade Básica de Saúde em relação à saúde e o seu direito. A pesquisa qualitativa foi a eleita por cuidar com preciosismo das falas transcritas obtidas através de entrevistas. Há um grau de desconhecimento elevado, o que faz com que a sociedade seja desorganizada no quesito direito á saúde. È premente a necessidade de instruir a população no tocante a seus direitos para que ela não sofra por não resistir a sua dignidade perdida. Esse é um dos pilares para que haja a evolução da sociedade de maneira justa: conhecendo seus direitos. / The health is indispensable to the life's human. The Constitution, as an organized structure of the State, has a destined section only for itself; a conquest to our society. The aim of this research is evaluate the users' knowledge of Health Basic Center in relation of right to health. The qualitative research was chosen for take care with preciosity of transcript talks that were obtained of the interview. It is visible that exists a high level of nonacquaintance, so that, the society has been disorganized in the question of right to health. It is notable the necessity of teaching the population in relation of the rights, for don't have suffering for don't resist the lost dignity. This is one of the bases for has the evolution's society of impartial manner: know the rights.

This thesis examines the use of the right to health as a legal tool for ensuring access to better health care in Africa and as a means of dealing with threats to human health on the continent. The thesis critically assesses some of the key ways in which the right to health has been used at the local, regional and global levels as part of efforts to improve health on the continent. The aim of the thesis is to assess the utility of the right to health in Africa particularly in light of challenges posed by the power of international economic actors, local and international structural constraints and the paradoxical position of the state as both a potential violator and protector of the right. / As this thesis shows, human rights are a powerful and inspirational language for people struggling against degradation, domination and deprivation for the reason that they give expression to the notion that human dignity, equality and freedom ought to be respected and protected. They are also a tool for resisting oppressive power, in addition to providing legitimacy for the redistribution of material resources necessary to meet basic human needs and to alleviate human suffering. The thesis further shows that these benefits of human rights have been enhanced through legalisation, a process through which human rights have been translated from moral or natural rights into legal rights capable of being enforced through judicial and quasi-judicial processes. But legalisation has its drawbacks, as the thesis demonstrates. / The thesis argues that despite the significant advances that have been made, particularly in the last fifteen years, in the elaboration and clarification of the content and justiciability of the right to health, its limitations as a legal right are particularly evident in light of a number of factors. These include the power of international economic actors, local and international structural constraints and the problematic potential of the state as both a protector and violator of the right to health. By examining concrete instances in which efforts have been made to use the right to health in the context of some or of all these factors, the thesis demonstrates the limits and potential of the right as a legal right. The thesis thus argues that a proper account of the utility of the right to health should not overemphasise the legalisation of the right but must include an analysis of the power relations and structural constraints at play at both the international and local levels, which jeopardise good health in Africa in the first place. It is further argued that such an account offers a better understanding of how the moral, legal and political forms of the right to health might be strategically and productively combined in the struggle for better health in Africa.

A multiplicação de processos relativos à concretização do direito à saúde tem suscitado intensos debates jurídicos e sociais, que estimulam a busca e o desenvolvimento de meios alternativos (extrajudiciais) de resolução dos conflitos de interesses relativos a esse direito social. No entanto, ainda são poucos os estudos empíricos acerca da questão. Por meio de sessões de mediação, realizadas semanalmente na sede da Defensoria Pública do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, o programa SUS MEDIADO propicia um espaço de diálogo entre o cidadão e as instituições jurídicas e políticas diretamente envolvidas na efetivação do direito à saúde. Mas em que medida o uso da mediação pela Defensoria Pública reduz a necessidade de judicialização dos pedidos de fornecimento gratuito de medicamentos? Para responder a essa pergunta de partida foi realizada uma análise exploratório-descritiva de todos os Relatórios de Atendimento do programa SUS MEDIADO, referentes ao ano de 2014. A hipótese inicial era que a mediação somente seria capaz de reduz a necessidade de judicialização das demandas expressamente contempladas por políticas públicas instituída no âmbito do SUS. No entanto, o estudo revelou que a mediação possui um potencial maior do que o esperado para servir de instrumento à efetivação do direito à saúde. / The extraordinary increase of lawsuits claiming the implementation of the right to health leads to intense legal and social debates that stimulate the creation and development of alternative (extrajudicial) means to resolve the conflicts of interests related to this social right. However, there are few empirical studies on this subject. Through mediation sessions, which take place weekly at the Public Defender's Office of Rio Grande do Norte State, the SUS MEDIADO program provides a "space for dialogue" between the citizen and the institutions directly involved in the implementation of the right to health. But to what extent does the use of mediation by the Public Defender's Office reduces the need to judicialize the requests for free medicine supply? To answer this question, the research was based on an exploratory-descriptive analysis of all the service reports of the SUS MEDIADO program for the year 2014. The initial hypothesis was that mediation would only be able to reduce the need to judicialize the demands expressly contemplated by the SUSs public policies instituted within the scope of Health Unic System. However, the study revealed that mediation has a potential greater than expected to serve as an instrument for the realization of the right to health.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / IntroduÃÃo: A Carta Magna de 1988 estabelece em seu art.196 que âa saÃde à um direito de todos e dever do Estadoâ, incluindo, ainda no campo de atuaÃÃo do Sistema Ãnico de SaÃde (SUS), a execuÃÃo de aÃÃes de assistÃncia terapÃutica integral, inclusive farmacÃutica. No Brasil, encontrar o meio de garantir efetivamente esse direito à saÃde tem sido um dos grandes desafios que os gestores do SUS tÃm enfrentado. Objetivo: Descrever os processos administrativos e judiciais de solicitaÃÃo de medicamentos a Secretaria de SaÃde do Estado do Cearà (SESA-CE) e discutir os seus aspectos crÃticos. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo, retrospectivo, realizado no NÃcleo de AssistÃncia FarmacÃutica (NUASF/SESA-CE). Foram coletados dados dos processos datados de 01 de janeiro de 2004 a 31 de junho de 2006. As principais informaÃÃes coletadas foram: tipo, condutor e motivo de instauraÃÃo do processo, doenÃas declaradas, unidade de atendimento e medicamentos solicitados. Resultados e DiscussÃo: No perÃodo foram pesquisados 841 processos entre administrativos e judiciais.Os tipos de processos mais frequentes foram os administrativos (84,9%). Os principais condutores foram a Promotoria da JustiÃa de Defesa da SaÃde PÃblica e o Grupo TÃcnico Social da SESA-CE (79,5%). O principal motivo para instauraÃÃo dos processos foi a falta de condiÃÃes financeiras para adquirir o medicamento (52,6%). As prescriÃÃes eram originÃrias principalmente de unidades pÃblicas (41,4%). As doenÃas mais declaradas foram: DoenÃa de Alzheimer (15,6%), e Diabetes mellitus insulino-dependente (7,5%). Durante o perÃodo estudado foram pleiteados 1.481 medicamentos, divididos em 400 especialidades farmacÃuticas (EF). Os medicamentos mais solicitados foram: rivastigmina (12,7%) e insulina glargina (6,4%). Dos medicamentos solicitados, 60% nÃo tinham financiamento definido, 23,0% eram medicamentos excepcionais e 10% da AtenÃÃo BÃsica. Dos medicamentos sem financiamento, os mais freqÃentes foram: insulina glargina (8,6%), clopidogrel (5,2%) e aripiprazol (5,2%). ConclusÃo: Os processos administrativos e judiciais para fornecimento de medicamentos mostraram grande variabilidade entre os medicamentos solicitados, o que leva a supor que as tendÃncias de utilizaÃÃo se devam à introduÃÃo de inovaÃÃes terapÃuticas, a ausÃncia de alguns medicamentos nas listas padronizadas pelo Estado e ao desconhecimento e descumprimento dos protocolos clÃnicos pelos prescritores.

No abstract available / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / gm2014 / Centre for Human Rights / unrestricted

No abstract available. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Centre for Human Rights / unrestricted