La justice, l’aspiration à la justice sont omniprésentes pour chaque individu dans la vie sociale. Dans nos sociétés, la justice a un statut dépassant les autres normes et valeurs. Le sujet de la justice doit être vu comme un élément central dans les vies personnelles et dans les relations interpersonnelles. De la sorte, la justice, la perception de la justice sont des préoccupations récurrentes de la vie sociale. On peut estimer qu’un des espaces majeurs d’interactions de la vie sociale est constitué aujourd’hui par le monde du travail et que les questions et préoccupations de justices y sont forcément présentes. La just world theory met en évidence un besoin chez chaque personne de croire que le monde est juste, c'est-à-dire qu’il est un espace dans lequel on mérite ce que l’on a et on a ce que l’on mérite. Cette croyance possède des effets adaptatifs importants. De ce fait, il est difficile pour les individus de l’abandonner et de faire l’expérience de preuves qu’après tout le monde n’est pas aussi juste et ordonné qu’attendu. Un certain nombre de stratégies cognitives sont associées au maintien de cette croyance. Par ailleurs, les recherches issues de ce courant théorique ont montré que la croyance en un monde juste soutenait la santé mentale et le bien-être.Dans le cadre de cette recherche, nous avons cherché à vérifier si la croyance en un monde juste s’exprimait dans le monde du travail et si elle pouvait jouer un rôle dans le maintien de la santé au travail du fait de potentielles relations entre sentiment de justice au travail et santé au travail. Nos résultats montrent, en premier lieu que, d’un point de vue implicite, les individus témoignent d’associations entre travail et mérite et travail et justice. Ces éléments constituent des préconditions pour que la croyance en un monde juste puisse exister en environnement professionnel. En second lieu, nous identifions un certain nombre d’indicateurs témoignant du fait que des situations d’injustice peuvent représenter une menace à l’égard de la croyance en un monde juste et que potentiellement certaines stratégies cognitives peuvent être mises en place pour contrer cette menace. Enfin, nous constatons des liaisons entre sentiment de justice au travail, indicateurs de mal-être et potentiels supports de santé. Tous ces éléments nous amènent à discuter l’impact de la croyance en un monde juste sur la santé au travail aussi bien que ces limites. Nous discutons également les modèles dominants d’analyse de la santé au travail et la nécessité de relier cette analyse aux questions de justice. / Justice, and the yearning for justice are present in everyone’s life. In our societies justice is one of the most highly respected notions. It has a special satus superseding all other norms and values. Justice is seen as a central factor of our personal life and interpersonal relationships. Hence, justice, and perceptions of justice are recurrent themes in everyday life. Today, one can consider that the workplace is a major area of social interactions and that justice is a common concern in this area. The “Just World Theory” focuses on the need to believe in a just world for everyone, that is to say a world where one can get what he deserves and deserves what he gets. This belief has important adaptative functions. Since the belief that the world is just serves such an important adaptive function for the individual, people are very reluctant to give up this belief, and they can be greatly troubled if they encounter evidence that suggests that the world is, after all, not really just or orderly. Some cognitive strategies are associated with the maintainance of this belief. Furthermore, research has shown that belief in a just world is an essential resource in everyday life and allows one to enjoy a better state of mental health and well-being. In the frame of this research we searched to verify if the belief in a just world is present in the work environment and if it participates in maintaining health at work as a result of links between justice at work and health at work. Our results show that implicitly, individuals associate work and merit and work and justice. These are preconditions for the belief in a just world. Second, we identify indicators that show that situations of injustice can threaten the belief in a just world. Potentially, some cognitive strategies can be implemented to counter this threat. Finally, we note links between justice feelings and indicators of malaise and supports of well-being.This bring us to discuss the impact of this belief in a just world on the health of workers just as well as the limits of this belief. We then discuss the dominant models of analysis of health at work and the need to link this analysis to questions of justice.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T14:21:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Margareth Regina Gomes Verissimo de Faria.pdf: 374821 bytes, checksum: 4871b8b23c9ca56e826c9ceb1b058bb5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-09 / The main objective of this work was to investigate the prejudice against homosexuals with HIV/AIDS, analyzing the Belief in a Just World (BJW) moderation effect on this phenomenon. Three hypotheses were tested: a) the responsabilization for the contamination would be stronger for homosexuals in comparison to heterosexuals; b) the responsabilization would be stronger for HIV/AIDS in comparison to lung cancer; c) participants with higher adhesion do BJW will consider more responsible homosexuals with HIV/AIDS than heterosexuals. In order to test these hypotheses, 171 psychology students answered a questionnaire with the BJW scale followed by a short story with a man saying that he was ill. For half of participants, this men was homosexual, for the other half, he was heterosexual; besides that, the illness was also manipulated: for half of participants, it was HIV/AIDS, for the other half, it was lung cancer. The multiple regression results show that the effects for the sexual orientation and BJW were not significant. Only the effect of type of illness was significant, indicating that men with HIV/AIDS were seen more responsible for their own contamination than men with lung cancer. The results also show the BJW moderation effect, indicating that for higher adhesion participants, homosexuals with HIV/AIDS were more responsible than heterosexuals in the same condition. However, for lower BJW, heterosexuals with HIV/AIDS were more responsible than homosexuals. Those results are discussed from the aversive racism theory point of view (Gaertner & Dovídio, 1986), emphasizing the importance of the inclusion the prejudice against homosexuals in the social psychologists agenda of investigations. / O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi investigar o preconceito contra homossexuais portadores do HIV/AIDS, analisando o papel moderador da Crença no Mundo Justo (CMJ) nesse fenômeno. Três hipóteses foram testadas: a) a responsabilização pela contaminação seria maior para os homossexuais do que para os heterossexuais; b) a responsabilização seria maior para a condição do HIV/AIDS do que para o câncer de pulmão e c) os participantes com alta adesão à CMJ responsabilizariam mais o homossexual portador do HIV/AIDS. Para testar essas hipóteses, 171 estudantes de Psicologia responderam um questionário nos quais, além da escala da CMJ, havia um pequeno trecho de uma entrevista no qual um homem relatava ter uma doença. Para metade dos participantes ele era homossexual e para a outra metade, heterossexual; além disso, foi manipulado também o tipo de doença: para metade ele era portador do HIV/AIDS e para a outra metade, ele tinha câncer de pulmão. Os resultados da regressão múltipla mostram que os efeitos isolados da orientação sexual e da CMJ não foram significativos. Apenas o efeito isolado do tipo da doença foi significativo, mostrando que, de uma maneira geral os portadores do HIV/AIDS foram mais responsabilizados pela própria contaminação. Os resultados mostram que a CMJ tem um papel moderador na responsabilização, assim, os participantes com alta CMJ responsabilizaram mais os homossexuais portadores do HIV/AIDS. No entanto, no caso da baixa CMJ, os participantes responsabilizaram mais os heterossexuais portadores do HIV/AIDS. Esses resultados são discutidos à luz da teoria de racismo aversivo de Gaertner e Dovídio (1986), ressaltando-se a importância da inclusão do preconceito contra homossexuais na agenda de investigações dos psicólogos sociais.

Cette recherche s’inscrit dans la lignée des travaux de psychologie sociale du travail consacrés à la compréhension du comportement organisationnel des individus à travers le prisme de la justice et de la discrimination. Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes intéressés aux pratiques organisationnelles inhérentes à la justice distributive. Dans un second temps, aux mécanismes psychosociaux individuels et inter-individuels engendrant de la discrimination. Enfin, aux environnements normatifs de travail orientés ou non vers la justice sociale.Dans une première étude, nous avons étudié l’influence respective de différents critères de justice organisationnelle susceptibles d’orienter les décisions de distribution de primes financières ; soit les critères d’égalité, de besoin des subordonnés, et, en termes d’équité, la performance individuelle, la performance collective et l’allégeance. Nous avons observé (sur N = 1135) que chacune des trois variables d’équité prime sur l’égalité et sur le besoin. Nos analyses ont également démontré l’existence d’effets d’interaction entre les divers critères de distribution.Nous avons ensuite examiné (par 7 études) la nature des relations entretenues par divers facteurs psychosociaux que sont l’Orientation à la Dominance Sociale (ODS), la Croyance en un Monde du Travail Juste (CMTJ), la norme d’Allégeance et la Propension à Discriminer (PAD). Nos résultats (sur (N = 975) nous ont permis d’observer leur influence mutuelle ainsi que de déterminer le rôle médiateur de l’Allégeance entre l’Egalitarisme et la PAD, celui de la CMTJ entre l’Egalitarisme et la PAD et entre l’Allégeance et l’ODS, mais également le rôle médiateur de l’ODS entre la CMTJ et la PAD.Enfin, au niveau de l’environnement de travail, il nous a semblé opportun d’évaluer le pouvoir exercé par l’environnement normatif sur les concepts précités. Nous avons, dans ce but, conceptualisé une Matrice Cognitivo-Comportementale de Perpétuation du Système (MCCPS) dont nous avons ensuite, dans une étude, testé la validité. Nos résultats (sur N = 457) démontrent que les salariés travaillant dans un environnement de type AH (i.e. accentuant la hiérarchisation sociale) adhérent davantage à la MCCPS que les salariés travaillant dans un environnement de type RH (i.e. réduisant la hiérarchisation sociale). / This research is in line with the studies of social psychology of work dedicated to the understanding of individuals' organizational behavior through the prism of justice and discrimination. In the first instance, we were interested in the organizational practices related to the distributive justice. In the second part, to the individual and interpersonal psychosocial mechanisms which generate discrimination. Finally, to the normative environments of work oriented or not towards the social justice.In the first study, we analyzed the respective influence of various criteria of organizational justice susceptible to direct the decisions regarding the distribution of financial bonus ; either the equality criteria, subordinates' needs, and, in terms of equity, the individual performance, the collective performance and the allegiance. We have observed (by N = 1135) that each of the three equity variables outweighs the equality and the need.Our analysis have also showed the existence of interaction effects between the various distribution criteria.Then, we examined (by 7 studies) the nature of the relationships maintained by various psychosocial factors that are the Social Dominance Orientation (SDO), the Belief in a Just World of Work (BJWW), the Allegiance norm and the propensity to discriminate (PTD). Our results (on (N = 975) have allowed us to observe their mutual influence and also to determinate the mediator role of the Allegiance between the Egalitarianism and the PTD, the one of BJWW between the Egalitarianism and the PTD and between the Allegiance and the SDO, and also the mediator role of the SDO between the BJWW and the PTD.Finally, regarding the work environment, it seemed appropriate to us to assess the power exercised by the normative environment on the concepts aforesaid. We have, for this purpose, conceptualized a Matrix Cognitive-Behavioural of the Perpetuation of the System (MCBPS) about which we then tested its validity in a study. Our results (on N=457) demonstrate that employees who work in a type AH environment (i.e. that accentuate the social hierarchy) adhere more to the MCBPS that the employees who work in a type RH environment (i.e. that decrease the social hierarchy).

The aim of this present study was to investigate the effects of ambivalent sexism, locus of control, empathy and belief in a just world on attitudes toward rape victims. In order to do so, 425 graduate and undergraduate students at Middle East Technical University participated in the current study. The results of the study indicated that hostile sexism (&amp / #946 / = .47), empathy (&amp / #946 / = -.28), education (&amp / #946 / = -.22), internal locus of control (&amp / #946 / = .10), belief in a just world (&amp / #946 / = .10), benevolent sexism (&amp / #946 / = .10) and income (&amp / #946 / = -.09) had a significant contribution on the participants&rsquo / unfavorable attitudes toward rape victims after eliminating the effects of age and education. Additional analysis further revealed that male participants demonstrated significantly more endorsement on unfavorable attitudes toward rape victims than female participants. The main effect of pornography viewing on attitudes toward rape victims was not found significant. However, the results further indicated that there was a significant interaction effect among gender, pornography viewing and empathy. That is, in the high victim empathy condition male participants who had been exposed to pornography scored significantly higher on unfavorable attitudes toward rape victims than those who had never been exposed to it. On the other hand, in the high empathy condition, female participants who viewed pornography showed less endorsement on unfavorable attitudes toward rape victims than those who never viewed pornography. Finally, the results of the study indicated that the interaction effects of pornography viewing and hostile sexism were significant. Indeed, in the high hostile sexism condition, both male and female participants who were exposed to pornography showed significantly greater endorsement on unfavorable attitudes toward rape victims when compared to those who did not watch pornography. The major contributions of this thesis are (1) investigating some of the effects of important demographic variables such as age, education and income, (2) comparing the unique contributions of locus of control, empathy, belief in a just world, hostile and benevolent sexism with a hierarchical regression analysis, and (3) showing the interaction effects of some variables like gender, pornography viewing, levels of empathy and hostile sexism on participants&rsquo / attitudes toward rape victims.

Submitted by Maria Suzana Diniz (msuzanad@hotmail.com) on 2015-11-09T13:48:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1805485 bytes, checksum: 005e64449c363605379785e0de65008a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-09T13:48:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1805485 bytes, checksum: 005e64449c363605379785e0de65008a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This dissertation has the objective of create an explicative model of the willingness to forgive, using implicit and explicit questionnaires. The human values and the belief in a just or unjust world was the independent variables, considering a cross-cultural sample. In this sense, two empirical studies was performed. The Study 1 considered a sample of 723 subjects, with mean age of 26.5 years old (DP = 9,10), mostly composed by women (73,3%), and distributed on 5 countries: Argentina (n =54), Brazil (n =330), Spain (n = 154), Mexico (n = 83) and Portugal (n = 102). They answered to General Just World Scale, Unjust Word Scale, Willingness to Forgive Scale, Basic Values Questionnaire and demographic questions. The results pointed to the formulation of a theoretical model involving the Personal goals (excitement and promotion) and beliefs in just and unjust world, predicting the explicit willingness to forgive. This model looks satisfactory by the empirical data observed: [χ²/gl = 7,26, GFI = 0,98, AGFI = 0,94, CFI = 0,91 e RMSEA = 0,09 (0,063 – 0,013)]. The Study 2 aimed: a) adapt an implicit measure of willingness to forgive (IAT- Forgiveness) for the five countries; b) know the implicit correlates of willingness to forgive and c) develop a alternative model to explain this willingness, involving the values and beliefs. Was counted with a sample of 449 participants, from five different countries. These had a mean age of 25.5 years (SD = 8.40) most female (72.6%). In order to achieve the objectives, the sample was divided by country: Argentina (n = 41), Brazil (n = 200), Spain (n = 84), Mexico (n = 76) and Portugal (n =48). The IAT - Forgiveness was given together with the same questionnaires of Study 1. The results showed that the implicit measurement presented predictive validity. It also revealed that people in five countries showed implicit willingness to forgive, and that this willingness correlaciou positively with social goals (interactive and normative) and with the beliefs in a just world and inversely with the belief in an unjust world. The second theoretical model also presented appropriate indices: [χ²/gl = 3,09, GFI = 0,99, AGFI = 0,96, CFI = 0,93 e RMSEA = 0,07 (0,27 – 0,11)]. It is estimated that the objectives were achieved, with the adaptation of of an implicit measure of willingness to forgive for five countries, with preliminary evidence of its validity, and increasing the understanding that has been around willingness to forgive from the relationships it establishes with other constructs. / Esta dissertação objetivou elaborar um modelo explicativo da disposição para perdoar, utilizando instrumentos explícito e implícito, tendo, como variáveis independentes, os valores humanos, a crença no mundo justo e injusto, considerando uma amostra transcultural. Neste sentido, dois estudos empíricos foram levados a cabo. O Estudo 1 considerou uma amostra total de 723 participantes, cuja idade média foi de 26,5 anos (DP = 9,10), em maioria mulheres (73,3%), distribuídos em cinco países: Argentina (n = 54), Brasil (n = 330), Espanha (n = 154), México (n = 83) e Portugal (n = 102). Estes responderam à Escala Geral de Crença no Mundo Justo, Escala de Crenças no Mundo Injusto, Escala de Disposição para Perdoar, Questionário de Valores Básicos e perguntas demográficas. Os resultados apontaram para elaboração de um modelo teórico envolvendo os valores pessoais (experimentação e realização) e as crenças no mundo justo e injusto, predizendo a disposição para perdoar explícita. Este modelo se mostrou satisfatórios aos dados empíricos: [χ²/gl = 7,26, GFI = 0,98, AGFI = 0,94, CFI = 0,91 e RMSEA = 0,09 (0,063 – 0,013)]. O Estudo 2 teve os seguintes objetivos: a) adaptar uma medida implícita de disposição para perdoar (TAI- Perdão) para os cinco países; b) conhecer os correlatos implícitos da disposição para perdoar e c) elaborar um modelo alternativo para explicar essa disposição, envolvendo os valores e as crenças. Contou-se com uma amostra de 449 pessoas dos mesmos países do Estudo 1. Estes tinham idade média de 25,5 anos (DP= 8,40) em maioria mulheres (72,6%). A fim de realizar os objetivos, a amostra foi dividida segundo os países: Argentina (n = 41), Brasil (n = 200), Espanha (n = 84), México (n = 76) e Portugal (n = 48). O TAI – Perdão foi administrado em conjunto com os mesmos instrumentos do Estudo 1. Os resultados mostraram que a medida implícita apresentou validade preditiva. Revelou também que as pessoas dos cinco países apresentaram disposição implícita para perdoar, e que esta disposição se correlaciou positivamente com os valores sociais (interativa e normativa) e as crenças no mundo justo e inversamente com a crença no mundo injusto. O segundo modelo teórico também apresentou índices adequados: [χ²/gl = 3,09 GFI = 0,99, AGFI = 0,96, CFI = 0,93 e RMSEA = 0,07 (0,27 – 0,11)]. Estima-se que os objetivos propostos foram alcançados, com a adaptação transcultural de uma medida implícita de disposição para perdoar, apresentando evidências preliminares de sua validade, além de aumentar o entendimento que se tem em torno da disposição para perdoar a partir das relações que ela estabelece com outros construtos.