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Für die Trassierung von Straßenverkehrsanlagen hat sich neben anderen Methoden die Verwendung von Biegelinealen als vorteilhaft erwiesen und vor über 50 Jahren etabliert. Inzwischen hat der Einsatz moderner Entwurfssoftware in den Straßenbauverwaltungen und Planungsbüros das Biegelineal trotz seiner Vorteile aus der Praxis verdrängt. Keines der Entwurfsprogramme legt das strukturmechanische Prinzip des Biegelineals zugrunde, da die Verformungen des zu Trassierungszwecken ausgelegten Biegelineals nicht exakt berechnet werden können. An diesem Punkt setzt die vorliegende Arbeit an, sie umgeht das Problem auf numerischem Wege unter Anwendung der Finiten Elemente Methode (FEM). So lassen sich über Strukturanalysen die Verformungen einer um seine Hauptträgheitsachsen punktuell ausgelenkten, prismatischen Balkenstruktur mit doppeltsymmetrischem Querschnitt berechnen. Mit der Analyseantwort ergeben sich insbesondere die dreidimensionalen Koordinaten einer Punktfolge, welche die Biegelinie quasiexakt repräsentiert. Die dreidimensionale Biegelinie setzt sich aus einer Achse und einer Gradiente zusammen und ist im Rahmen der Vorplanung geeignet, eine richtliniengerechte Straßenverkehrsanlage zu erzeugen. Das Untersuchungsergebnis stellt eine neuartige Grundlage für ein dreidimensionales Trassierungsverfahren dar, bei dem ein mathematisch modelliertes Biegelineal im Digitalen Geländemodell (DGM) verformt wird.

Für die Trassierung von Straßenverkehrsanlagen hat sich neben anderen Methoden die Verwendung von Biegelinealen als vorteilhaft erwiesen und vor über 50 Jahren etabliert. Inzwischen hat der Einsatz moderner Entwurfssoftware in den Straßenbauverwaltungen und Planungsbüros das Biegelineal trotz seiner Vorteile aus der Praxis verdrängt. Keines der Entwurfsprogramme legt das strukturmechanische Prinzip des Biegelineals zugrunde, da die Verformungen des zu Trassierungszwecken ausgelegten Biegelineals nicht exakt berechnet werden können. An diesem Punkt setzt die vorliegende Arbeit an, sie umgeht das Problem auf numerischem Wege unter Anwendung der Finiten Elemente Methode (FEM). So lassen sich über Strukturanalysen die Verformungen einer um seine Hauptträgheitsachsen punktuell ausgelenkten, prismatischen Balkenstruktur mit doppeltsymmetrischem Querschnitt berechnen. Mit der Analyseantwort ergeben sich insbesondere die dreidimensionalen Koordinaten einer Punktfolge, welche die Biegelinie quasiexakt repräsentiert. Die dreidimensionale Biegelinie setzt sich aus einer Achse und einer Gradiente zusammen und ist im Rahmen der Vorplanung geeignet, eine richtliniengerechte Straßenverkehrsanlage zu erzeugen. Das Untersuchungsergebnis stellt eine neuartige Grundlage für ein dreidimensionales Trassierungsverfahren dar, bei dem ein mathematisch modelliertes Biegelineal im Digitalen Geländemodell (DGM) verformt wird.

La barrière hémato-encéphalique (BHE) est une structure retrouvée au niveau des capillaires cérébraux. Elle représente un véritable obstacle pour les actifs qui doivent se rendre au cerveau pour y exercer un effet pharmacologique. Durant les étapes du développement du médicament, des modèles cellulaires in vitro sont utilisés pour l’évaluation de la perméabilité au cerveau des nouveaux médicaments. Le modèle assemblé avec des cellules endothéliales (CEs) isolées des capillaires des cerveaux de souris présente un intérêt particulier pour la recherche en raison de sa facilité d’obtention et sa pertinence pour le criblage des médicaments. Le but de ce projet a été de construire et de caractériser un modèle monocouche de CEs primaires de souris. En parallèle, un modèle monocouche de la lignée murine b.End3 a été investigué. L’évaluation de ces modèles a été basée sur les valeurs de TEER et de perméabilité aux marqueurs fluorescents, ainsi que sur la présence des protéines spécifiques de la BHE. La validation du modèle a été établie par la corrélation des résultats de perméabilité obtenus avec le modèle développé (in vitro) avec ceux obtenus chez la souris (in vivo). L’intégrité et l’expression des protéines spécifiques de la BHE du modèle primaire se sont montrées supérieures au modèle bEnd.3. La corrélation in vitro/in vivo du modèle primaire a abouti à un r2 = 0,765 comparé au r2 = 0,019 pour le modèle bEnd.3. Ce travail de recherche montre que le modèle primaire monocouche issu de cellules endothéliales cérébrales de souris est un modèle simple et fiable pour la prédiction de la perméabilité des actifs à travers la BHE. / The blood-brain barrier (BBB), a central nervous system structure, is found in the cerebral capillaries. It represents a major obstacle for the drugs that have to reach the brain in order to exercise their pharmacological effect. In the early stages of the drug development, in vitro cell models are used to evaluate the brain permeability of new drugs. Models assembled using primary endothelial cells (ECs) isolated from mouse brain capillaries are of particular interest for research, as for their ease of obtaining and relevance for the drug screening. Thus, the goal of this project was to build and characterize a primary mouse monolayer model. At the same time, a murine b.End3 cell line monolayer model was investigated. The evaluation of these models was based on the TEER and fluorescent marker permeability values, as well as on the presence of the BBB hallmark proteins. The model validation was established by the correlation of the permeability data obtained with the in vitro model and the data obtained in mice (in vivo). As a result, the primary mouse model showed superior monolayer integrity and higher expression of the tight junction and membrane transporter proteins when compared with the bEnd.3 cell line model. The in vitro/in vivo correlation of the primary model resulted in r2 = 0.765 compared to the bEnd.3 model with r2 = 0.019. This research work shows that the primary monolayer mouse model is a simple and reliable model for predicting the drug permeability across the BBB.

Transverse Resonance Island Buckets (TRIBs) ist eine spezielle Einstellung der strahlführenden Magnetoptik eines Speicherrings nahe einer nichtlinearen Resonanz, die einen zweiten vom Hauptorbit gut getrennten und stabilien Orbit erzeugt. Dieser Inselorbit ist verknüpft mit zusätzlichen Potentialtöpfen im transversalen Phasenraum, in denen ebenfalls Elektronen gespeichert werden können. Wird der Speicherring als Synchrotronstrahlungsquelle genutzt, so können den Experimentatoren durch die zwei stabilien Orbits zwei unterschiedliche Lichtquellen mit z.B. unterschiedlichen Pulswiederholungsraten angeboten werden. Diese Dissertation untersucht, ob man die TRIBs Einstellung mit der deutlich komplizierteren und nichtlinear anspruchsvolleren Multi-Bend-Achromat (MBA) Magnetoptik einer vierten Generation Synchrotronstrahlungsquelle zusammen bringen kann. Ein resonanter Hamiltonian in der Nähe einer horizontalen Resonanzen dritter Ordnung, die von Sextupolen getrieben wird, abgeleitet. Dieser Hamiltonian enthält drei Parameter, die den TRIBs-Phasenraum vollständig definieren, nämlich den Abstand des Arbeitspunktes zur Resonanz, die Resonanzstärke und den "detuning-Parameter", der beschreibt wie die Resonanz auf Teilchen mit unterschiedlichen Amplituden wirkt. Durch die analytische Betrachtung der Resonanzstärke in Hinblick auf die entscheidenden Größen der Magnetoptik, d.h. die Twiss-Optikfunktionen und die Sextupolstärken zeigt sich ein unterschiedliches TRIBs verhalten für systematischen Resonanzen und nicht-systematische Resonanzen. Bei nicht-systematischen Resonanzen muss die Periodizität der Magentoptik gestört werden um TRIBs zu erzeugen. Bei systematischen Resonanzen, muss der Arbeitspunkt sowohl des Rings als auch seiner sich wiederholenden periodischen Einheitszelle die Resonanzbedingung dritter Ordnung erfüllen um TRIBs zu erzeugen. / Transverse resonance island buckets (TRIBs) is a special accelerator optics mode where the storage ring is tuned close to a nonlinear resonance and this results in the production of a secondary stable orbit, well separated from the main one. This orbit corresponds to islands in transverse phase space and it can be filled with bunches independently from the main orbit to some extent. This thesis investigates the possibility of implementing the TRIBs mode in the multi-bend achromat (MBA) lattice candidates of BESSY III right from the beginning when strong nonlinearities due to sextupole magnets are present. A resonant Hamiltonian is derived using the perturbative techniques of nonlinear dynamics, valid close to third-order horizontal resonances. This Hamiltonian contains three parameters that fully determine the structure of the phase space with islands namely the distance from the resonance in tune space, the resonance strength, and the detuning, a parameter that gives the rate at which particles with different amplitudes hit the resonance. By calculating the resonance strength analytically in terms of the lattice quantities such as the Twiss functions and the sextupole strengths, two types of resonances are revealed in a transparent manner and it is shown that close to these third-order resonances, islands can be established. The first one is the random resonance where the periodicity of the lattice needs to be broken to have islands. The need for a periodicity breaking is proved explicitly. The second type is the systematic resonance where the tunes of both the ring and its superperiod (repeating unit) need to satisfy a third-order resonance condition. These two types of resonances are studied and compared in detail and the stability of the two BESSY III lattice candidates with respect to TRIBs is discussed.

The aim of this investigation was to review literature for the most suitable aeroelastic tailoring analysis tools for long slender composite structures, and integrate them into an aeroelastic tailoring process. The JS1C Revelation is a high performance sailplane made from modern composites, mostly carbon fibre. This has the advantage of being more rigid than traditional engineering materials, thereby reducing the effects of the twisting deflections on these long slender structures due to aerodynamic loads. The implementing of aeroelastic tailoring can create bend-twist couples for performance improvements. Composites enable the use of aeroelastic tailoring to improve gliding performance. Flaperon 3 of the JS1C 21 m was used as the design problem for aeroelastic tailoring. Aeroelastic tailoring was done by analysing the flaperon structure at the different layup angles to determine the correct design point to tailor the structure to improve aerodynamic performance at thermalling and cruise, but mostly cruise since it accounts for 70% of the flight time. The composite structure analysis tool has the objective to get results during concept design. This directed the line of research of analysis tools to a solution method of two dimensional cross-section mesh properties projected onto a one dimensional beam. The literature of Hodges had good verification and published data on the analysis tools. The analysis tools comprised of three programs that were not very user friendly. Thus the author compiled a Matlab program as a user interface tool to run the three programs together. The aeroelastic tailoring process systematically works through the known design variables and objectives, which are given as inputs to the analysis tool. The analysis tool plots the coupling data versus layup angle. From this the best layup angles for a sought-after bend-twist couple is used to aeroelastically tailor the wing. The composite structure analysis tool’s accuracy was verified by analysing cantilever beam deflections and comparing the results with hand calculations and SolidWorks Simulation FEM results. The analysis tool’s accuracy was further verified by comparing the aerodynamic torsional load’s twist deflections with thin walled tube theory. The analysis tool was validated by applying a torsional load at the tip of a JS1C production Flaperon 3 in an experimental setup and then comparing this result with the Flaperon 3 modelled in the analysis tool. These comparisons also ensured that the model’s composite material properties and the meshing of the flaperon cross-sectional properties were correct. This aeroelastic tailoring was validated with the advantage of then being used to improve the aerodynamic performance of the JS1C Revelation 21 m tip’s flaperon. This improvement could be made by making use of a tailored bend-twist couple to reduce the effect of the aerodynamic load’s twist deflections. A test sample of the JS1C 21 m flaperon 3 was used to validate aeroelastic tailoring. The test sample was designed to be 1 m in length and have all the specified tailoring coupling characteristics that could improve the aerodynamic performance of the JS1C 21 m flaperon 3. The test sample was manufactured according to Jonker Sailplanes manufacturing standards and experimentally set up with the same applied deflections as in the analysis tool. The calculated bend-twist values and the experimental setup results were similar with a negligible difference, assuming small displacements and an aspect ratio greater than 13; this confirmed that the PreVABS/VABS/GEBT composite structure analysis tool could be used in aeroelastic tailoring to predict and design the bend-twist couple needed to improve the aerodynamic performance of the JS1C 21 m. While the twist behaviour of Flaperon 3 was improved by the tailored bend-twist couple, it was still necessary to add pre-twist as well, to fully address the effects of twisting by aerodynamic forces. / MIng (Mechanical Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The aim of this investigation was to review literature for the most suitable aeroelastic tailoring analysis tools for long slender composite structures, and integrate them into an aeroelastic tailoring process. The JS1C Revelation is a high performance sailplane made from modern composites, mostly carbon fibre. This has the advantage of being more rigid than traditional engineering materials, thereby reducing the effects of the twisting deflections on these long slender structures due to aerodynamic loads. The implementing of aeroelastic tailoring can create bend-twist couples for performance improvements. Composites enable the use of aeroelastic tailoring to improve gliding performance. Flaperon 3 of the JS1C 21 m was used as the design problem for aeroelastic tailoring. Aeroelastic tailoring was done by analysing the flaperon structure at the different layup angles to determine the correct design point to tailor the structure to improve aerodynamic performance at thermalling and cruise, but mostly cruise since it accounts for 70% of the flight time. The composite structure analysis tool has the objective to get results during concept design. This directed the line of research of analysis tools to a solution method of two dimensional cross-section mesh properties projected onto a one dimensional beam. The literature of Hodges had good verification and published data on the analysis tools. The analysis tools comprised of three programs that were not very user friendly. Thus the author compiled a Matlab program as a user interface tool to run the three programs together. The aeroelastic tailoring process systematically works through the known design variables and objectives, which are given as inputs to the analysis tool. The analysis tool plots the coupling data versus layup angle. From this the best layup angles for a sought-after bend-twist couple is used to aeroelastically tailor the wing. The composite structure analysis tool’s accuracy was verified by analysing cantilever beam deflections and comparing the results with hand calculations and SolidWorks Simulation FEM results. The analysis tool’s accuracy was further verified by comparing the aerodynamic torsional load’s twist deflections with thin walled tube theory. The analysis tool was validated by applying a torsional load at the tip of a JS1C production Flaperon 3 in an experimental setup and then comparing this result with the Flaperon 3 modelled in the analysis tool. These comparisons also ensured that the model’s composite material properties and the meshing of the flaperon cross-sectional properties were correct. This aeroelastic tailoring was validated with the advantage of then being used to improve the aerodynamic performance of the JS1C Revelation 21 m tip’s flaperon. This improvement could be made by making use of a tailored bend-twist couple to reduce the effect of the aerodynamic load’s twist deflections. A test sample of the JS1C 21 m flaperon 3 was used to validate aeroelastic tailoring. The test sample was designed to be 1 m in length and have all the specified tailoring coupling characteristics that could improve the aerodynamic performance of the JS1C 21 m flaperon 3. The test sample was manufactured according to Jonker Sailplanes manufacturing standards and experimentally set up with the same applied deflections as in the analysis tool. The calculated bend-twist values and the experimental setup results were similar with a negligible difference, assuming small displacements and an aspect ratio greater than 13; this confirmed that the PreVABS/VABS/GEBT composite structure analysis tool could be used in aeroelastic tailoring to predict and design the bend-twist couple needed to improve the aerodynamic performance of the JS1C 21 m. While the twist behaviour of Flaperon 3 was improved by the tailored bend-twist couple, it was still necessary to add pre-twist as well, to fully address the effects of twisting by aerodynamic forces. / MIng (Mechanical Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

This dissertation develops and utilizes a methodology for combining data drawn from the manuscript census returns and the county tax rolls to study landless farmers during the period from 1850 until 1880 in three Texas Brazos River Valley counties: Fort Bend, Milam, and Palo Pinto. It focuses in particular on those landless farmers who appear to have had no option other than tenant farming. It concludes that there were such landless farmers throughout the period, although they were a relatively insignificant factor in the agricultural economy before the Civil War. During the Antebellum decade, poor tenant farmers were a higher proportion of the population on the frontier than in the interior, but throughout the period, they were found in higher numbers in the central portion of the river valley. White tenants generally avoided the coastal plantation areas, although by 1880, that pattern seemed to be changing. Emancipation had tremendous impact on both black and white landless farmers. Although both groups were now theoretically competing for the same resource, productive crop land, their reactions during the first fifteen years were so different that it suggests two systems of tenant farming divided by caste. As population expansion put increasing pressure on the land, the two systems began to merge on terms resembling those under which black tenants had always labored.

The production and transportation of hydrocarbon fluids in multiphase pipelines could be severely hindered by particulate solids deposit such as produced sand particles which accompany hydrocarbon production. Knowledge of the flow characteristics of solid particles in fluids transported in pipelines is important in order to accurately predict solid particles deposition in pipelines. This research thesis presents the development of a three-dimensional (3D) Computational Fluids Dynamics (CFD) modelling technique for the prediction of liquid-solids multiphase flow in pipes, with special emphasis on the flow in V-inclined pipe bends. The Euler-Euler (two-fluid) multiphase modelling methodology has been adopted and the multiphase model equations and closure models describing the liquid-solids flow have been implemented and calculated using the finite volume method in a CFD code software. The liquid phase turbulence has been modelled using a two-equation k−ε turbulence model which contains additional terms to account for the effects of the solid-particles phase on the multiphase turbulence structure. The developed CFD numerical framework has been verified for the relevant forces and all the possible interaction mechanisms of the liquid-solids multiphase flow by investigating four different numerical frameworks, in order to determine the optimum numerical framework that captures the underlying physics and covers the interaction mechanisms that lead to sand deposition and the range of sand transport flow regimes in pipes. The flow of liquid-sand in pipe has been studied extensively and the numerical results of sand concentration distribution across pipe and other flow properties are in good agreement with published experimental data on validation. The numerical framework has been employed to investigate the multiphase flow in V-inclined pipe bends of ±4o−6o, seemingly small inclined bend angles. The predicted results which include the sand segregation, deposition velocity and flow turbulence modulation in the pipe bend show that the seemingly small pipe bends have significant effect on the flow differently from that of horizontal pipes. The pipe bend causes abrupt local change in the multiphase flow characteristic and formation of stationary sand deposit in the pipe at a relatively high flow velocity. The threshold velocity to keep sand entrained in liquid in pipe bends is significantly higher than that required for flow horizontal pipes. A critical implication of this is that the correlations for predicting sand deposition in pipelines must account for the effect of pipe bend on flow characteristics in order to provide accurate predictions of the critical sand transport velocity (MTV) in subsea petroleum flowlines, which V-inclined pipe bends are inevitable due to seabed topology.

La réduction de charge de fluides frigorigènes dans les systèmes de production de froid est un enjeu important s'inscrivant dans les politiques environnementales sur la contribution de ces fluides à l'effet de serre. Une des voies menant à la réduction de charge est l'augmentation de la compacité des échangeurs de chaleur, conduisant inévitablement à la conception d'évaporateurs plus complexes. Néanmoins, si de nombreuses études ont été publiées sur l'analyse thermo-hydraulique de l'ébullition convective de frigorigènes dans les tubes horizontaux, très peu ont été menées sur des écoulements diphasiques dans des géométries non conventionnelles. Cette thèse vise à étudier les caractéristiques des écoulements diphasiques avec changement de phase des frigorigènes de troisième (HFC) et de quatrième génération tels que le HFO-1234yf dans des singularités (coudes de retour, contractions). Ainsi, un banc d'essais expérimental a été spécifiquement conçu et construit pour mener des expériences sur l'ebullition convective. Ce banc d'essais a permis de visualiser les régimes d'écoulement et de mesurer les chutes de pression dans les singularités. Des visualisations de régimes d'écoulement ont été réalisées pour les frigorigènes HFO-1234yf, R-134a et R-410A dans des tubes droits et dans des singularités. Les résultats ont été confrontés avec diverses méthodes de prédiction de la litérature. Les perturbations sur l'écoulement causées par ces singularités et leurs effets sur le comportement hydrodynamique des fluides frigorigènes ont également été etudiés. Une serie d'éxperience a été menée pour déterminer le longueur de perturbation en amont et en aval des singularités. Finalement, les valeurs expérimentales des chutes de pression ont été confrontées à différentes corrélations de la littérature. Des nouvelles méthodes de prédiction de la chute de pression pour des écoulements diphasiques dans des singularités sont présentées. / The refrigerant charge reduction in HVAC\R systems is an important issue because it falls within environmental policies regarding refrigerants contributions to the greenhouse effect. A way to move toward charge reduction is to increase the compactness of heat exchangers, which means more complex designs of the evaporators. Nevertheless, while a large amount of studies have has been published on the thermal and hydraulic analysis of flow boiling of refrigerants in horizontal tubes, very little attention has been given to flow boiling in geometries different from straight tubes. This PhD thesis aims at studying the flow boiling characteristics of third generation (HFC) and fourth generation fluids such as HFO-1234yf in geometries which modify the fluid dynamics and two-phase flow with respect to horizontal straight tubes. To achieve this goal, an experimental test facility was specifically designed and built to conduct refrigerant evaporation experiments. This test facility allowed to perform flow regimes visualizations and pressure drop measurements in singularities (such as sudden contractions and return bends). First, two-phase flow regimes visualizations have been carried out using HFO-1234yf, R-134a and R-410A either in straight tubes or in singularities. A qualitative analysis of the flow behavior and also several comparisons to flow pattern prediction methods from the literature were conducted. The second objective of this work was to characterize the flow disturbances caused by singularities such as sudden contractions and return bends, and to study their effects on the hydrodynamic performance (e.g. pressure drop) of refrigerants.Lastly, pressure drop databases for third and fourth generation refrigerants are presented.