The tradition of the "Physiologus" is an influential one, and informed medieval literature —not to mention medieval art and architecture—more than we know. The "Physiologus" was "an established source of Medieval sacred iconography and didactic poetry" and still continues to rank among the "books which have made a difference in the way we think" (Curley x). Thus, our understanding of the "Physiologus" and its subsequent tradition becomes increasingly important to the fields of medieval literature, humanities, and art. Considering the vast importance of the "Physiologus" tradition in the Middle Ages, one would expect to find that scholars have edited, translated, and studied all of the various versions of the "Physiologus". While most of the Latin bestiaries and versions of the "Physiologus" have been edited, translated, studied, and glossed, the "Middle English (ME) Physiologus"—the only surviving version of the "Physiologus" in Middle English—has neither been translated nor strictly studied as a literary text. In light of the "Physiologus" tradition's importance, it would seem that the only version of the "Physiologus" that was translated into Middle English would be quite significant to the study of medieval literature and to the study of English literature as a whole. Thus, in light of this discovery, the current edition attempts to spotlight this frequently overlooked text by providing an accurate translation of the "ME Physiologus," critical commentary, and historical background. Such efforts are put forth with the sincere hope that such a critical translation may win this significant version of the "Physiologus" its due critical and literary attention. / Master of Arts

My work focuses on the fantastic and the peculiar. It grows out of an interest in animals, myth, and the human tendency to anthropomorphize.

No description available.

L'éléphant du Moyen Âge occidental était un animal paradoxal. Absent de la faune européenne, il apparaissait pourtant dans une importante quantité et variété de sources, tirant largement profit des héritages scientifiques, littéraires et artistiques antiques : textes savants, récits historiques, écrits de voyageurs, fables animalières, miniatures dans les manuscrits, dessins sur les cartes et globes, fresques et sculptures dans l'architecture, tableaux en fin de période et ivoires dès la période altomédiévale. Il avait également parfois trouvé son chemin jusque dans les ménageries occidentales. De fait, la culture savante médiévale disposait d'un bon nombre de savoirs à son sujet, plus ou moins justes : sa place dans le monde animal ou dans la géographie, sa physiologie et son comportement, son exploitation par l'homme, sa morphologie étaient autant d'objets de discussions ou de contradictions. Jamais inconnu, l'éléphant était cependant mal connu, un étranger pour le monde occidental, profondément teinté d'orientalisme et de symbolisme chrétien : bête de guerre de l'Antiquité et de l'Inde médiévale, il était une démonstration vivante de pouvoir et d'opulence ; il était aussi, par essence, un animal pécheur, mais également doté d'une remarquable chasteté, un être d'une grande ambivalence. / Elephant in the western Middle Ages Europe was a paradoxical animal. Missing in european fauna, he appeared yet in a large quantity and variety of sources, taking great advantage of scientific, litterate and artistic legacies from the Ancient World : scholarly texts, historical accounts, writings of travelers, animal fables, miniatures in manuscripts, drawings on maps and globes, frescoes and sculptures in architecture, paintings in the late Middle Ages and ivories since the early Middle Ages. He also found sometimes his way into western menageries. De facto, medieval scholar culture had a lot of knowledge about him, more or less right : his place in the animal world or in geography, his physiology and behaviour, his exploitation by man, his morphology were subjects of discusses or controversies. Never unknown nor well known, the elephant were a stranger in the Western World, deeply tinged with orientalism and christian symbolism : warbeast from Ancient World and Medieval India, he was a living demonstration of power and opulence ; he was also, in essence, a sinner animal, but also gifted of a remarkable chastity, a being of great ambivalence.

The people of the Middle Ages believed animals were disconnected from themselves in terms of ability to reason and ability to resist passions. Humans and animals were created by God, but he bestowed man with a soul and the ability to resist earthly delights. When men were described in terms of their bestial counterparts it was conventionally meant to highlight some derogatory aspect of that character. Chaucer makes use of the animal-image throughout The Canterbury Tales, especially in "The Knight's Tale," to stress a break in each character from humane reason or to emphasize a lean towards a bestial nature. The degree of this departure is showcased in the ferocity of the animal-image in question and the behavior and nature of the character, i.e. the animals of a more timid nature or neutral standing highlight a much less negative nature than the ferocious predators present in the battle scenes.

Bestiários são manuscritos ricamente ilustrados e, no entanto, há poucos estudos dedicados especificamente às suas imagens. Deste modo, esta pesquisa tem por objetivo investigar o papel das imagens em três bestiários produzidos na Inglaterra entre os séculos XII e XIII, redigidos em latim. Partimos do princípio de que essas imagens não têm uma função meramente ilustrativa ou mnemônica, uma vez que raramente fazem referência às moralizações e exegeses do texto. A proposta principal desta pesquisa é, pois, analisar as imagens e suas funções nos manuscritos tendo em mente que a lógica do pensamento figurativo não é a mesma da do texto. / Bestiaries are richly illustrated manuscripts, however, there are few studies devoted specifically to its images. As it is, the purpose of this research is to investigate the role played by the images in three Latin bestiaries produced in England during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Our hypothesis is that these images do not serve a merely illustrative or mnemonic function, as they rarely reference the textual moralizations and exegeses. The objective of this work is to analyze the images and their functions in the manuscripts bearing in mind that the logic of figurative thought is not the same as the texts.

Bestiários são manuscritos ricamente ilustrados e, no entanto, há poucos estudos dedicados especificamente às suas imagens. Deste modo, esta pesquisa tem por objetivo investigar o papel das imagens em três bestiários produzidos na Inglaterra entre os séculos XII e XIII, redigidos em latim. Partimos do princípio de que essas imagens não têm uma função meramente ilustrativa ou mnemônica, uma vez que raramente fazem referência às moralizações e exegeses do texto. A proposta principal desta pesquisa é, pois, analisar as imagens e suas funções nos manuscritos tendo em mente que a lógica do pensamento figurativo não é a mesma da do texto. / Bestiaries are richly illustrated manuscripts, however, there are few studies devoted specifically to its images. As it is, the purpose of this research is to investigate the role played by the images in three Latin bestiaries produced in England during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Our hypothesis is that these images do not serve a merely illustrative or mnemonic function, as they rarely reference the textual moralizations and exegeses. The objective of this work is to analyze the images and their functions in the manuscripts bearing in mind that the logic of figurative thought is not the same as the texts.

L’animal, c’est d’abord un mouvement, une animation. Chez Vian celle-ci se présente sous bien des formes, comme dans les dessins animés. Dans son œuvre, réels ou fictifs, issus de l’imagination confinant aux êtres hybrides et aux monstres, les animaux prennent vie, partageant régulièrement les événements de l’existence des personnages humains. Avec eux le lecteur est pris dans une farandole d’animaux, allant des surprises-parties à la maladie et à la mort. Compagnons, ils vont jusqu’à acquérir le statut de personnage, adoptant même des caractéristiques et comportements propres aux hommes… Ils sont à la fois matière de l’œuvre et son langage, des « animots », à l’origine du jeu et du canular, parfois jusqu’au burlesque. Nonobstant ils révèlent une observation, une connaissance scientifique chère à l’ingénieur de l’Afnor, qui rejette cependant la norme par l’invention multiple de néologismes, de calembours et d’images. Il fait « swinguer la langue », sur un air éclaté par le rythme du jazz, poussant ainsi à bouts rimés bien des conventions, sans aller tout à fait jusqu’au surréalisme et à l’Oulipo de l’ami Raymond Queneau. Le satrape Vian est plein de fantaisie….Sa gidouille devient corne d’abondance animalière. Fable nouvelle ? Les ani-maux parlent du monde, en révèlent les cruautés et violences : monde en guerre, racisme, sadisme. De là s’installe un langage allant jusqu’à l’absurde, qui tourne à vide. Néanmoins, la poésie, comme un coup d’éclat, instant magique, traduit une innocence enfantine sur la beauté du monde, parmi lequel les animaux règnent. Ultime provocation ? En fait Vian révèle constamment à travers les animaux le paradoxe de l’homme et de l’œuvre. Entre une farandole gaie et un rythme de jazz hérité des hommes noirs, il est partagé entre un cri de bête écorchée et un chant éphémère, comme un « baiser d’escargot ». Avec ce cri qui résonne sur la toile, ou sur sa trompinette, Vian imprime sa patte à tous les arts et en voulant mettre des mots à travers les « animots/animaux », il louvoie entre un homme de feinte et un créateur de fiction. / The animal is foremost a movement, an animation. With Vian, the latter comes in many forms, like in cartoons. In his work, whether real or fictious, born from the imagination confining to hybrid beings and monsters, animals come to life, often sharing the life events of human characters. With them the reader is taken in a farandole of animals, going from celebrations to illness and death. Companions, they even gain a character status, adopting characteristics and behaviours specific to men... They are both the work's material and its language, "animots" originator of the game and the hoax, sometimes up to the burlesque. Notwithstanding they reveal an eye, a scientific knowledge dear to the Afnor engineer who nevertheless rejects the standard with the multiple inventions of neologisms, puns and images. He makes the language "swing" on a melody blown up by jazz rhythm, thus pushing to rimed limits many conventions, without extending to surrealism and friendly Raymond Queneau's Oulipo. Vian the satrap is fanciful... His "gidouille" turns into a wildlife horn of abundance. New fable? « Ani-maux » talk about the world, revealing its cruelties and violences : world at war, racism, sadism. From there sets up a language going up to the absurd, running idle. Nevertheless, poetry, like a stunning blow, a magical moment, shows a childish innocence over the world’s beauty among which animals reign. Final provocation? Actually, through animals Vian constantly reveals the paradox between the man and his work. Between a cheerful farandole and a jazz rhythm inherited from black men, he is torn between the scream of a skinned beast and an ephemeral chant, like a “snail kiss”. With this scream resonating on the canvass, or on his “trompinette”, Vian prints his hand to every arts and by willingly putting words across the “animots/animals”, he weaves between a man of diversion and a creator of fictions.

In the medieval ruling catholic time the church walls was swarmed with programs of pictures with religious motives there the animal figures rich symbolics was significant first and foremost for the illiterate. Principally the inspiration comes from the antiquitys pagan world of fables and bestiary Christian world of symbols with the bible as the essential source. The essay describes six of the most common animal symbols who occur; dragon, the sneak in the Paradise, mouth of hell, lion, the fox as a preacher and the devil. To attain to a discussion about why just animals are used as symbols for human characteristics in the medieval church art instead for human beings as it's actually be about, I have studied bestiary and other literature about medieval churchpainting to get an understanding about the history of ideas about the thoughts of the time and about symbolics of animals, worth and how the Christianity have had an influence on the pictures. I have used Johannes Rosenrods church pictures from Tensta church in Uppland from 1437 as an exemplification but also mentioned other unknown painters who used similar animal codes and motives. It's plausible that the purpose of the animal figures was both religious and political, which was used by both the spiritual and the worldly authority so they could keep their dominance over the peasant. The figures was simple to read and remember and they made a deep impression on the people together with the sermon. The churchgoer get so to speak a sound- and image experience, a medieval reality who impress their world of ideas. When it's about the artistic formation of religious expression and characteristics it was undoubtedly a great advantage for the artists to use an animal code like a schemata. The medieval unchangeable animal symboles was ready to be used for anyone who wished.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:19:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO DARIO.pdf: 1720396 bytes, checksum: 929f9ea71acbbaa5949ed40d1a5453d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-02 / It s known that the esthetic creation of diverse brazilian literature authors, has been the aim of study of several treatments, theoretic approach, critical and analytical, regarding its image content, symbolic and figurative. Although recurrent, the theoretic works that scrutinizes the animal figure, few productions are dedicated to its literary meaning, what, somehow, shows the lack of attention related to this issue. Without decreasing the importance of the traditional studies, that just presents the animal figure as own human s implicit form, this study tries to fill the critical lack, analyzing literary contemporaneous brazilian productions that contemplates the animal figure based in its symbolical aspects. Thus, as much of the imaginary and symbolism, arose in the bestiary medieval tradition, its recurrent found in the current literature, the following authors, of recognized prominence and importance in the context of national literature, were chosen to be analyzed: Moacyr Scliar and Manoel de Barros. So, there will be a descriptive, analytical, critical and interpretative study of the symbolical and imaginary presence of animals, respectively, in tales of O carnaval dos animais (1968) and in the poetry book Arranjos para assobio (1982), from its own distinction, its gender and its singularity, since each of this works, in addition being part of a particular historical context, it s marked by distinctive aspects of each author / Sabe-se que a criação estética de diversos autores da literatura brasileira tem sido alvo de estudos de variados tratamentos, abordagens teóricas e crítico-analíticas, no que diz respeito ao seu conteúdo imagético, simbólico e figurativo. Apesar de recorrentes, os trabalhos teóricos que rastreiam a figura do animal, poucas são as obras dedicadas ao seu significado literário, o que, de certa forma, mostra descaso sobre o assunto. Sem desfavorecer a importância dos estudos tradicionais, que apenas apresentam a figura animal como forma implícita do próprio homem, este estudo procura preencher essa lacuna na crítica, examinando obras da literatura brasileira contemporânea que contemplam a figura do animal baseado em seus aspectos simbólicos. Assim, como muito do imaginário e simbolismo, originado na tradição bestiária medieval, encontra-se recorrente na literatura atual, foram eleitos os seguintes autores contemporâneos de reconhecido destaque e importância no âmbito da literatura nacional, nos quais será analisada a temática em questão: Moacyr Scliar e Manoel de Barros. Haverá, portanto, a realização de um estudo descritivo, analítico e crítico-interpretativo da presença simbólica e imaginária de animais, respectivamente, em contos de O carnaval dos animais (1968) e no livro de poesia Arranjos para assobio (1982), a partir de sua própria distinção, seu gênero e sua singularidade, já que cada uma dessas obras, além de fazer parte de um contexto histórico particular, é marcada pelo traço distintivo de cada autor