Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lucas Lucio Godeiro.pdf: 2764843 bytes, checksum: c27a349337947bc5671ae909ca2237f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The work aim to test the CAPM for the Brazilian Shares Market using the static was beta and the dynamic beta. The sample used is composed for 28 shares of the Ibovespa index in March 21, 2012 and that was traded long the period researched, between 01/01/1995 and 20/03/2012. Was estimated the static and dynamic betas, and that the dynamics betas has a larger explication power on the cross section returns excess. It was found that the parameters that measure relative risk aversion were significant, indicating that an increase in volatility negatively affects the expected return of the agents / A pesquisa objetiva testar o CAPM para o mercado de ações brasileiro utilizando o beta estático e o beta dinâmico. A amostra utilizada é composta por 28 ações do índice Ibovespa em vinte de março de 2012 e que foram negociados durante todo o período pesquisado, que vai de 01/01/1995 a 20/03/2012. Foram estimados os betas estáticos e dinâmicos, sendo que os betas dinâmicos tem um maior poder de explicação sobre os excessos de retornos cross section. Também foi constatado que os parâmetros que medem aversão a risco relativa foram significantes, indicando que um aumento de volatilidade afeta de forma negativa o retorno esperado dos agentes

Submitted by Joshua spierts (spierts_joshua@msn.com) on 2018-02-05T13:06:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ThesisFinalDraftFGV.pdf: 377288 bytes, checksum: 63f6a61517939667b90055195c227c37 (MD5) / Rejected by Josineide da Silva Santos Locatelli (josineide.locatelli@fgv.br), reason: Dear Hubertus, Please, correct just 2 things in your thesis: Page 2: Please, put the full name of your adviser; Page 5: The text of resumo needs to be justify, it is untidy on 2018-02-05T18:56:26Z (GMT) / Submitted by Joshua spierts (spierts_joshua@msn.com) on 2018-02-06T12:09:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ThesisFinalDraftFGV.pdf: 377628 bytes, checksum: e0b66926412c6787392f57e3b5d60e44 (MD5) / Rejected by Josineide da Silva Santos Locatelli (josineide.locatelli@fgv.br), reason: Joshua, I will send an email. on 2018-02-06T12:23:03Z (GMT) / Submitted by Joshua spierts (spierts_joshua@msn.com) on 2018-02-06T12:27:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ThesisFinalDraftFGV.pdf: 378305 bytes, checksum: c0cad61d2c11c1f94697ddaf8dd37791 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Josineide da Silva Santos Locatelli (josineide.locatelli@fgv.br) on 2018-02-06T12:29:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ThesisFinalDraftFGV.pdf: 378305 bytes, checksum: c0cad61d2c11c1f94697ddaf8dd37791 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-06T12:33:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ThesisFinalDraftFGV.pdf: 378305 bytes, checksum: c0cad61d2c11c1f94697ddaf8dd37791 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-16 / This paper will follow Pettengill et al.’s (1995) approach to examine the unconditional and conditional relationship between beta and returns from January 1995 to May 2017 in a well globally diversified sample of 22 emerging markets and 23 developed markets. Additionally, Pettengill et al.’s (1995) methodology is adjusted to take into account 1-year time-varying beta values to supplement and check the robustness of the initial results. The empirical results for the full sample as well as both sub-samples indicate that there is no significant unconditional relationship between beta and returns, however, when differentiating between up- and down-markets a significant conditional relationship is found. This paper adds to the existing literature by examining and comparing a large sample of both developed and emerging markets, as well as, confirming the results according to Pettengill et al.’s methodology with timevarying betas. / Este artigo seguirá a abordagem de Pettengill et al. (1995) para examinar a relação incondicional e condicional entre beta e retornos de janeiro de 1995 a maio de 2017 em uma amostra globalmente diversificada de 22 mercados emergentes e 23 mercados desenvolvidos. Além disso, a metodologia de Pettengill et al. (1995) é ajustada para levar em conta valores beta de variação do tempo de 1 ano para complementar e verificar a robustez dos resultados iniciais. Os resultados empíricos para a amostra completa, bem como as duas sub-amostras, indicam que não existe uma relação incondicional significativa entre beta e retorno, no entanto, quando se diferencia entre os mercados ascendentes e descendentes, é encontrada uma relação condicional significativa. Este artigo acrescenta-se à literatura existente, examinando e comparando uma grande amostra de mercados desenvolvidos e emergentes, bem como, confirmando os resultados de acordo com a metodologia de Pettengill et al., Com betas variáveis no tempo.

El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar el desempeño empresarial de un conjunto de empresas chilenas para el período comprendido entre 1998 y el 2002, para lo que se utiliza información pública sobre las empresas, tales como sus Balances e información bursátil. Para la realización de la medición del desempeño, se utiliza la metodología de Economic Value Added (EVA), el que intenta medir el valor creado por la empresa restándole a las utilidades obtenidas por la empresa el Costo de capital exigido a la empresa por parte de sus fuentes de financiación (acreedores y dueños); o dicho en otros términos, se le restan a las utilidades obtenidas por la empresa, las utilidades que debió haber obtenido si se hubiesen cumplido las expectativas del mercado en la empresa. De los cálculos de EVA realizados se obtienen resultados que indican que el valor creado por las empresas estudiadas es inferior a su rentabilidad requerida a nivel agregado, para los cinco años en consideración, con valores que fluctúan entre –6,63% para 1998 y –2,57% para el 2002.

Recent studies suggest that the conditional CAPM might hold, period-by-period, and that time-varying betas can explain the failures of the simple, unconditional CAPM. We argue, however, that significant departures from the unconditional CAPM would require implausibly large time-variation in betas and expected returns. Thus, the conditional CAPM is unlikely to explain asset-pricing anomalies like book-to-market and momentum. We test this conjecture empirically by directly estimating conditional alphas and betas from short-window regressions (avoiding the need to specify conditioning information). The tests show, consistent with our analytical results, that the conditional CAPM performs nearly as poorly as the unconditional CAP

Nous développons dans cette thèse, des méthodes de bootstrap pour les données financières de hautes fréquences. Les deux premiers essais focalisent sur les méthodes de bootstrap appliquées à l’approche de "pré-moyennement" et robustes à la présence d’erreurs de microstructure. Le "pré-moyennement" permet de réduire l’influence de l’effet de microstructure avant d’appliquer la volatilité réalisée. En se basant sur cette ap- proche d’estimation de la volatilité intégrée en présence d’erreurs de microstructure, nous développons plusieurs méthodes de bootstrap qui préservent la structure de dépendance et l’hétérogénéité dans la moyenne des données originelles. Le troisième essai développe une méthode de bootstrap sous l’hypothèse de Gaussianité locale des données financières de hautes fréquences. Le premier chapitre est intitulé: "Bootstrap inference for pre-averaged realized volatility based on non-overlapping returns". Nous proposons dans ce chapitre, des méthodes de bootstrap robustes à la présence d’erreurs de microstructure. Particulièrement nous nous sommes focalisés sur la volatilité réalisée utilisant des rendements "pré-moyennés" proposés par Podolskij et Vetter (2009), où les rendements "pré-moyennés" sont construits sur des blocs de rendements à hautes fréquences consécutifs qui ne se chevauchent pas. Le "pré-moyennement" permet de réduire l’influence de l’effet de microstructure avant d’appliquer la volatilité réalisée. Le non-chevauchement des blocs fait que les rendements "pré-moyennés" sont asymptotiquement indépendants, mais possiblement hétéroscédastiques. Ce qui motive l’application du wild bootstrap dans ce contexte. Nous montrons la validité théorique du bootstrap pour construire des intervalles de type percentile et percentile-t. Les simulations Monte Carlo montrent que le bootstrap peut améliorer les propriétés en échantillon fini de l’estimateur de la volatilité intégrée par rapport aux résultats asymptotiques, pourvu que le choix de la variable externe soit fait de façon appropriée. Nous illustrons ces méthodes en utilisant des données financières réelles. Le deuxième chapitre est intitulé : "Bootstrapping pre-averaged realized volatility under market microstructure noise". Nous développons dans ce chapitre une méthode de bootstrap par bloc basée sur l’approche "pré-moyennement" de Jacod et al. (2009), où les rendements "pré-moyennés" sont construits sur des blocs de rendements à haute fréquences consécutifs qui se chevauchent. Le chevauchement des blocs induit une forte dépendance dans la structure des rendements "pré-moyennés". En effet les rendements "pré-moyennés" sont m-dépendant avec m qui croît à une vitesse plus faible que la taille d’échantillon n. Ceci motive l’application d’un bootstrap par bloc spécifique. Nous montrons que le bloc bootstrap suggéré par Bühlmann et Künsch (1995) n’est valide que lorsque la volatilité est constante. Ceci est dû à l’hétérogénéité dans la moyenne des rendements "pré-moyennés" au carré lorsque la volatilité est stochastique. Nous proposons donc une nouvelle procédure de bootstrap qui combine le wild bootstrap et le bootstrap par bloc, de telle sorte que la dépendance sérielle des rendements "pré-moyennés" est préservée à l’intérieur des blocs et la condition d’homogénéité nécessaire pour la validité du bootstrap est respectée. Sous des conditions de taille de bloc, nous montrons que cette méthode est convergente. Les simulations Monte Carlo montrent que le bootstrap améliore les propriétés en échantillon fini de l’estimateur de la volatilité intégrée par rapport aux résultats asymptotiques. Nous illustrons cette méthode en utilisant des données financières réelles. Le troisième chapitre est intitulé: "Bootstrapping realized covolatility measures under local Gaussianity assumption". Dans ce chapitre nous montrons, comment et dans quelle mesure on peut approximer les distributions des estimateurs de mesures de co-volatilité sous l’hypothèse de Gaussianité locale des rendements. En particulier nous proposons une nouvelle méthode de bootstrap sous ces hypothèses. Nous nous sommes focalisés sur la volatilité réalisée et sur le beta réalisé. Nous montrons que la nouvelle méthode de bootstrap appliquée au beta réalisé était capable de répliquer les cummulants au deuxième ordre, tandis qu’il procurait une amélioration au troisième degré lorsqu’elle est appliquée à la volatilité réalisée. Ces résultats améliorent donc les résultats existants dans cette littérature, notamment ceux de Gonçalves et Meddahi (2009) et de Dovonon, Gonçalves et Meddahi (2013). Les simulations Monte Carlo montrent que le bootstrap améliore les propriétés en échantillon fini de l’estimateur de la volatilité intégrée par rapport aux résultats asymptotiques et les résultats de bootstrap existants. Nous illustrons cette méthode en utilisant des données financières réelles. / We develop in this thesis bootstrap methods for high frequency financial data. The first two chapters focalise on bootstrap methods for the "pre-averaging" approach, which is robust to the presence of market microstructure effects. The main idea underlying this approach is that we can reduce the impact of the noise by pre-averaging high frequency returns that are possibly contaminated with market microstructure noise before applying a realized volatility-like statistic. Based on this approach, we develop several bootstrap methods, which preserve the dependence structure and the heterogeneity in the mean of the original data. The third chapter shows how and to what extent the local Gaussian- ity assumption can be explored to generate a bootstrap approximation for covolatility measures. The first chapter is entitled "Bootstrap inference for pre-averaged realized volatility based on non-overlapping returns". The main contribution of this chapter is to propose bootstrap methods for realized volatility-like estimators defined on pre-averaged returns. In particular, we focus on the pre-averaged realized volatility estimator proposed by Podolskij and Vetter (2009). This statistic can be written (up to a bias correction term) as the (scaled) sum of squared pre-averaged returns, where the pre-averaging is done over all possible non-overlapping blocks of consecutive observations. Pre-averaging reduces the influence of the noise and allows for realized volatility estimation on the pre-averaged returns. The non-overlapping nature of the pre-averaged returns implies that these are asymptotically independent, but possibly heteroskedastic. This motivates the application of the wild bootstrap in this context. We provide a proof of the first order asymptotic validity of this method for percentile and percentile-t intervals. Our Monte Carlo simulations show that the wild bootstrap can improve the finite sample properties of the existing first order asymptotic theory provided we choose the external random variable appropriately. The second chapter is entitled "Bootstrapping pre-averaged realized volatility under market microstructure noise ". In this chapter we propose a bootstrap method for inference on integrated volatility based on the pre-averaging approach of Jacod et al. (2009), where the pre-averaging is done over all possible overlapping blocks of consecutive observations. The overlapping nature of the pre-averaged returns implies that these are m-dependent with m growing slowly with the sample size n. This motivates the application of a blockwise bootstrap method. We show that the “blocks of blocks” bootstrap method suggested by Politis and Romano (1992) (and further studied by Bühlmann and Künsch (1995)) is valid only when volatility is constant. The failure of the blocks of blocks bootstrap is due to the heterogeneity of the squared pre-averaged returns when volatility is stochastic. To preserve both the dependence and the heterogeneity of squared pre-averaged returns, we propose a novel procedure that combines the wild bootstrap with the blocks of blocks bootstrap. We provide a proof of the first order asymptotic validity of this method for percentile intervals. Our Monte Carlo simulations show that the wild blocks of blocks bootstrap improves the finite sample properties of the existing first order asymptotic theory. The third chapter is entitled "Bootstrapping realized volatility and realized beta under a local Gaussianity assumption". The financial econometric of high frequency data litera- ture often assumed a local constancy of volatility and the Gaussianity properties of high frequency returns in order to carry out inference. In this chapter, we show how and to what extent the local Gaussianity assumption can be explored to generate a bootstrap approximation. We show the first-order asymptotic validity of the new wild bootstrap method, which uses the conditional local normality properties of financial high frequency returns. In addition to that we use Edgeworth expansions and Monte Carlo simulations to compare the accuracy of the bootstrap with other existing approaches. It is shown that at second order, the new wild bootstrap matches the cumulants of realized betas-based t-statistics, whereas it provides a third-order asymptotic refinement for realized volatility. Monte Carlo simulations suggest that our new wild bootstrap methods improve upon the first-order asymptotic theory in finite samples and outperform the existing bootstrap methods for realized covolatility measures. We use empirical work to illustrate its uses in practice.

[pt] Diversos estudos envolvendo modelos de fatores para apreçamento de ativos contestam a validade do CAPM. Ao longo do tempo, para explicar as chamadas anomalias dos retornos das ações, os trabalhos se voltaram tanto para a busca de novos fatores de risco – os modelos multifatores – bem como para o tratamento dinâmico das sensibilidades relacionadas aos fatores de risco – os modelos condicionais de apreçamento de ativos. Os modelos condicionais, de um ou mais fatores, explicitam o valor esperado do retorno de um ativo de forma condicional a um conjunto de informação disponível no período anterior. As sensibilidades aos fatores de risco, os betas, são estimados como parâmetros dinâmicos a partir de diferentes abordagens na literatura. Nesta tese, o objetivo é o estudo de modelos condicionais na forma espaço-estado, em que os betas seguem processos estocásticos e são estimados a partir do filtro de Kalman, de forma a verificar o ganho na capacidade explicativa dos modelos. Dois estudos empíricos são realizados, um para o CAPM condicional no mercado brasileiro e outro para o modelo de três fatores condicional de Fama e French no mercado norte-americano. De modo geral, os resultados ao se considerar a variação temporal das sensibilidades aos fatores são melhores do que os obtidos a partir dos modelos incondicionais correspondentes, tanto no que se refere ao ajuste aos dados quanto à redução proporcionada nos erros de apreçamento. / [en] The validity of CAPM is contested by several studies based on factor models. During the last decades, aiming to explain the known financial anomalies of stock returns, two major lines of research emerged: the use of asset pricing models that allow for multiple sources of risk – the multifactor models – as well as the dynamic approach to model the sensitivities of returns in respect to the risk factors – the conditional models. The conditional models, based on one or more risk factors, explicit the expected return conditional to the information set available in the previous period. The factor sensitivities, or the betas, are estimated as dynamic parameters according to different approaches in the literature. The main objective in this thesis is to study conditional pricing models based on state-space approach. The betas dynamics are described as stochastic processes and estimated through the Kalman filter in order to verify the models ability to explain the returns and related financial anomalies, such as size and value effects. Two empirical applications are presented: one for Conditional CAPM in the Brazilian stock market and another for Conditional Fama and French (1993) three-factor model in the American stock market. In both cases, time-varying sensitivities treatment provides better model adjustment as well as smaller pricing errors compared to correspondent unconditional models.

The aim of this thesis is to study the risk for two Swedish companies, Axfood and Volvo. To test the required return on equity, a bottom-up beta approach and a CAPM regression beta are used. This thesis concludes that the bottom-up beta gives a truer reflection and a more updated beta value than a CAPM regression beta on the firm’s current business mix, the CAPM beta takes only the past stock prices into consideration. The empirical results for Volvo conclude that the levered bottom-up beta is 1.09 and the CAPM β is 0.52 for Volvo. The empirical results for Axfood which is categorized as consumer goods sector implies that the levered bottom-up beta is 0.87 while the CAPM regression beta is 0.29.

<p>The aim of this thesis is to study the risk for two Swedish companies, Axfood and Volvo. To test the required return on equity, a bottom-up beta approach and a CAPM regression beta are used. This thesis concludes that the bottom-up beta gives a truer reflection and a more updated beta value than a CAPM regression beta on the firm’s current business mix, the CAPM beta takes only the past stock prices into consideration. The empirical results for Volvo conclude that the levered bottom-up beta is 1.09 and the CAPM β is 0.52 for Volvo. The empirical results for Axfood which is categorized as consumer goods sector implies that the levered bottom-up beta is 0.87 while the CAPM regression beta is 0.29.</p>

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:14:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 61070100624.pdf: 139346 bytes, checksum: b7db5e3a50a7aa43241c708ea8aacd14 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-23T00:00:00Z / As teorias sobre risco sistemático iniciadas em 1932 com Knight sempre buscaram determinar variáveis que pudessem explicar e determinar o nível de risco sistemático de um sistema financeiro. Neste sentido, este estudo propôs-se a investigar as variáveis que possam determinar o nível de risco sistemático de um país, utilizando um modelo de mercado para estimação de betas e regressões com dados em painel sobre uma base de dados de janeiro de 1997 a setembro de 2008 para 40 países. Utilizou-se como variáveis, o PIB, inflação, câmbio, taxa real de juros e concentração de mercado. Verificou-se que o modelo apresenta indícios que as variáveis utilizadas podem ser consideradas como determinantes do risco sistemático e ainda, que o nível de concentração de um mercado acionário pode determinar o nível de risco sistemático de um país. / The theories about systematic risk initiated in 1932 with Knight always sought to determine variables that could explain and determine the level of systematic risk of a financial system. In this sense, this study proposes to investigate the variables that may determine the level of systematic risk of a country, using a market model to estimate the betas and regressions with panel data in a database on January 1997 to September 2008 for 40 countries. As variables, were used GDP, inflation, exchange rate, real interest rate and market concentration. It was verified that the model shows evidence that the variables used can be considered as determinants of systematic risk and that the concentration level of a stock market may determine the level of systematic risk of a country.

La plupart des études en gestion sur la performance des entreprises sont centréessur l'explication de la relation entre les facteurs internes ou des caractéristiquesintrinsèques de l'entreprise (niveau d'endettement, diversification des produits, lastratégie concurrentielle, etc.) et son performance. Cette thèse vise à déterminerquels sont les facteurs de risque exogènes qui ont un impact sur la performance desentreprises en République Dominicaine? Ces facteurs, affectent-ils différemment lesmicro, petites et moyennes entreprises en fonction de leur secteur d'activité. Quelest le risque pour chacun des plus représentatifs sous-secteurs des entreprisesDominicaines? Nous avons constaté que les facteurs de risque les plusstatistiquement significatifs sont les dépenses de consommation des ménages, letaux d'intérêt des banques commerciales, l'investissement total, le taux de changede DOP à USD et le déficit de la balance commerciale. La composition etl'importance des facteurs varient considérablement en fonction de la taille desentreprises et le sous-secteur auquel ils appartiennent. Les grandes entreprises sonten moyenne moins risqué que des moyennes, petites et micro entreprises, n’importequel que soit le sous-secteur auquel ils appartiennent. / Many of the management studies on the performance of the company are focusedon explaining the relationship between the internal factors or intrinsic characteristicsof the firm (debt level, diversification of products, competitive strategy, etc.) and itsperformance. This thesis seeks to determine, what are the exogenous risk factorsthat impact the performance of all companies in the Dominican Republic? Thesefactors differentially affect the micro, small and medium enterprises according to theirbusiness sector. What is the risk on each of the most representative sub-sectors ofthe Dominican companies? We found that the most statistically significant riskfactors are the household consumption expenditure, the interest rate of commercialbanks, the total investment, the DOP to USD exchange rate and the deficit on thetrade balance. The composition and importance of the factors significantly variesdepending on the size of the company and the sub-sector to which it belongs. Also,large firms are on average less risky than medium, small and micro regardless of thesub-sector they belong. / Muchos de los estudios de gestión sobre el performance de la empresa se enfocanen explicar la relación que existe entre los factores o características intrínsecas de laempresa (nivel de endeudamiento, diversificación de productos, estrategiacompetitiva, etc.) y el performance de la misma. Esta tesis busca determinar¿cuáles son los factores exógenos de riesgo que impactan el performance de lasempresas de la República Dominicana? Si estos factores afectan de forma diferentea la micro, pequeña y mediana empresa según su actividad empresarial. ¿Cuál es elriesgo que tiene cada uno de los sub-sectores más representativos de las empresasdominicanas? Encontramos que los factores de riesgo estadísticamente mássignificativos son el consumo de los hogares, la tasa de interés de los bancoscomerciales, la inversión total, la tasa de cambio de DOP a USD y el déficit en labalanza comercial. La importancia y composición de los factores varíasignificativamente según el tamaño de la empresa y el sub-sector al que pertenece.También, en promedio, las empresas grandes tienen menos riesgos que lasmedianas, pequeñas y micro sin importar al sub-sector que pertenezcan.