Abstract Over the past decades, with different theories of personality, many scholars had attempted to explore the relationship between personality traits and job performance. Though plenty substantial conclusions were inducted; however, a systematic integration is still required. Not until 1990s, academics, such as Digman, Hough, John and Kamp began to organize and review the past related study and proposed a milestone theory called "Big Five", which provides a specific direction for recent empirical research and study to follow in. This research cooperated with Chunghwa Telecom, which transformed from a government organization into a company system and therefore emphasized on the service and achievements of sales department to meet strong t competition. Looking back to the concerning researches about sales personnel management; the personality traits of sales personnel were highly emphasized by supervisors in the selection and administration of sales personnel. When observing the qualities of sales careers, the activities of sales are considered getting involved into frequent personal interaction and acting with independence. There's no direct relationship between job description, performance evaluation and the behaviors which are performed actively by sales staffs and can benefit customers, colleges, supervisors and organizations. Researcher believes that successful performance evaluation should stress on not only productivity evaluation but also Organizational Citizenship Behaviors to elevate the overall effectiveness and efficiency of organization. This research took 218 sales personnel in Chunghwa Telecom as the study object, attempted to construct the influencial model of salesperson's personality traits and OCB with LISREL, as well as to examine the intermediary effect in this model. The result shows personality besides directly effects Organizational Commitment and OCB, it also influences OCB through Organizational Commitment. The goodness-of-fit to structural equation model is acceptable. Expecting the result of this research reminds administrators pay much attention to the relationship among Personality, Organizational Commitment, Organizational Citizenship Behaviors of sales personnel and in addition, provides a profound and significant logic for enterprises in the selection and administration of sales personnel. Keywords: Big Five, Personality, Organizational Commitment, Organizational Citizenship Behaviors

<p>Denna studie undersökte relationen mellan karaktärsdragen i The Big Five och Health Locus of Control (HLC). Testen NEO-FFI och MHLC användes för att mäta karaktärsdragen och dimensionerna i HLC. 130 studenter vid Växjö universitet deltog i studien. Resultatet visade en relation mellan Conscientiousness och dimensionen Intern HLC. Extraversion hade en något svagare relation till IHLC. Studenter med en högre grad av Conscientiousness eller Extraversion hade generellt en högre grad av IHLC. Neuroticism hade en relation till dimensionen Powerful others (PHLC). Studenterna med en högre grad Neuroticism hade också i allmänhet en högre grad av PHLC. De funna relationerna kan tyda på att karaktärsdragen tillsammans med HLC möjligen kan påverka faktorer som inverkar på hälsan.</p>

<p>Syftet med vår studie var att undersöka hur mycket av alkoholkonsumtionen hos stu-denter som kan prediceras genom biologiska (BMI, ålder och kön), psykologiska (Lo-cus of Control och The Big Five Personality Theory) samt sociala (alkoholvanor i familjen och anledningar till alkoholkonsumtion) faktorer. Vi har valt att undersöka varje individs alkoholkonsumtion i förhållande till BMI och därefter se hur mycket av variansen som kan prediceras av de variabler vi undersökt. Vårt urval bestod av gym-nasieelever och universitetsstudenter i Växjö. Sammanlagt ingick 201 personer i un-dersökningen, 107 män och 94 kvinnor. Vi använde oss av en enkät för insamling av vår data. Vi gjorde en multipel regressions analys som visade att alkoholkonsumtion kan prediceras till 34,3% av de prediktorer vi använt oss av. De biologiska faktorerna predicerade enskild sammanlagt 13,1% av konsumtionen, de psykologiska faktorerna 13,3% och de sociala faktorerna 7,9% av alkoholkonsumtionen i vårt urval. Studiens syfte ämnar belysa en del av de faktorer som påverkar en individs alkoholkonsumtion, för att skapa en djupare förståelse av alkoholmönster hos studenter.</p> / <p>The purpose of this study was to investigate to what extent alcohol consumption among students is predicted by biological (BMI, age and gender), psychological (Lo-cus of Control and The Big Five Theory) and social (drinking habits within the family and reasons for alcohol consumption) factors. We have chosen to investigate each respondent’s alcohol consumption in relation to BMI and then see to what extent the variance can be predicted by the variables we have investigated. Our selection con-sists of upper secondary school students and university students in Växjö. A total of 201 persons participated in the inquiry, of whom 107 were men and 94 were women. The data was collected by means of a questionnaire. We conducted a multiple regres-sion analysis which showed alcohol consumption can be predicted to 34.3% by the variables in this study. In our selection the biological factors alone predicted 13.1% of the alcohol consumption, the psychological factors 13.3% and the social factors 7.9%. This study seeks to highlight some of the factors that affect an individual’s consump-tion of alcohol, this in order to create a deeper understanding concerning alcohol pat-terns among students.</p>

The purpose of the study was to see how you as a person perceive yourself in comparison to how others perceive you. For this particular study a comparison has been made between people living together and how they view themselves versus how their friends/spouses/partners/family members view them. The hypothesis was that there would be a difference between how the individual living with you perceives you and how you perceive yourself. Individuals tend to stretch the truth about themselves and they tend to see themselves in a more positive light than others might see them. The study was conducted by handing out questionnaires consisting of Big Five and Marlowe Crowne scale. There were totally 40 participants in the study, 24 women and 16 men. The results showed no correlation and no statistical significance in any of the analyses. This was due to few participants in the study.

In the highly competitive environment businesses invest big amounts of money into the new product development. New product success potentially depends on different factors among which salespeople play an important role. The aim of this paper is to explore the potential link between salespeople’s personality, motivation to sell new products and performance in selling new products. Based on the theoretical background of the Big Five personality dimensions, motivation and selling performance hypotheses were formulated and tested using statistical methods of correlation and regression analysis. The data was collected within one technologically intensive organization – ABB AB in Sweden using online web questionnaire and self-assessment measurements. Total investigation was conducted among organization’s salesforce. The findings confirm the importance of salesperson’s personality empirically showing that the latter significantly predicts both motivation and performance in selling new products. From all the Big Five Extraversion was confirmed to be the most important predictor of both motivation and performance in selling new products. Extraversion was found positively related with both motivation and performance in selling new products. Salespeople scoring high in Extraversion and especially possessing such characteristics as confident, energetic and sociable tend to be more motivated to sell new products and show higher performance results. Other personality dimensions such as Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness to experience complexly approached are not proved to be significantly related neither with motivation nor performance in selling new products. The results are explained by the extreme importance of Extraversion in new product selling situation which analyzing in combination with the other personality dimensions suppresses the others. Finding regarding controlling for certain demographical characteristics of salespeople reveal that performance in selling new products is determined by selling experience. Salespeople’s age is not proved to be significantly related neither with motivation nor performance in selling new products. Findings regarding salespeople’s gender though proposing that males are more motivated to sell new products cannot be generalized due to the study limitations.

Tidigare forskning har visat att det finns ett samband mellan personlighetsdraget neuroticism och yttre motivation, a-motivation, låg självkänsla samt negativ affekt. Syftet med studien var att öka förståelsen för neuroticism som personlighetsdrag utifrån individernas motivationstyp, självkänsla samt individernas affektiva tillstånd. Studien undersökte även reliabiliteten hos instrumentet Mini-IPIP som har undersökt personlighetsdrag inom Big-five-teorin. Syftet testades med hjälp av fyra självskattningstester. Dessa var Mini-IPIP, Situational Motivation Scale (SIMS), Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) samt Rosenbergs Self-esteem Scale (SES). I studien deltog N=110 deltagare i åldrarna 19-53 år. I avsikt att bättre förstå neuroticism och dess relation till motivation, självkänsla samt affekt genomfördes statistiska analyser såsom korrelation och regressionsanalys. Resultatet visade, med hjälp av en korrelation, att det fanns ett samband mellan negativ affekt och neuroticism som personlighetsdrag. Regressionsanalysen bekräftade samband mellan neuroticism som personlighetsdrag och motivationstyperna a-motivation samt yttre motivation. Dock kunde inget samband mellan neuroticisms och självkänsla bekräftas.

Bakgrund: Brand personality beskrivs i litteraturen som den uppsättning avpersonliga egenskaper som beskriver ett varumärke, genom att försevarumärken med mänskliga drag kan konsumenten lättare relatera ochknyta an till sina egna preferenser utifrån sin egen karaktär (Aaker 1997).Det var år 1997 som forskaren Jennifer Aaker (1997) kom med denförsta definitionen om brand personality, som följde "the set of humancharacteristics associated with a brand" (Aaker 1997, p 347). Syfte: Syftet är att förklara hur Aaker’s (1997) modell brand personality “thebig five” kan revideras för att passa till den Svenska kontexten. Forskningsfråga: Vilka dimensioner i modellen brand personality “the big five” (Aaker,1997) behöver revideras för att appliceras i en Svensk kontext?Vilka personlighetsdrag och dimensioner är unika för den svenskakontexten och behöver därmed adderas till brand personality modellen? Metod: Denna studie har antagit en abduktivt angreppssätt, där tidigareforskning om brand personality har varit utgångspunkt. Författarna toggrund i befintlig teori med avsikt att testa modellen ”the big five” skapadav Aaker (1997) empiriskt i en ny kontext. Till studien tillämpadesfokusgrupp (förstudie) och enkät. Resultat och slutsats: Genom studien var det möjligt att fastslå att Aakers (1997) ursprungligamodell brand personality, inte var funktionell i den kontext som studienämnar. En revidering var nödvändig för att uppnå en effektiv brandpersonality i den svenska kontexten. Resultatet genererade 41personlighetsdrag fördelade i 15 fasetter och fem dimensioner. Unikt förden svenska kontexten är åtta nya personlighetsdrag och tvådimensioner. Dimensionerna sophistication och ruggedness (Aaker1997) förkastades och ersattes av dynamisk och elementär. Det påvisadesatt vissa personlighetsdrag hade en annan innebörd i den svenskakontexten och var därmed bättre lämpade till en annan dimension.

Previous research shows that small workplaces more often discriminate immigrants during the process of hiring new employees than larger workplaces, and usually explains this result by referring to structural factors. At the same time, previous research also shows that self-employees tend to have different personality traits than other people. Could it be the case that the higher discrimination among small workplaces can be explained at an individual level? I examined the hypothesis through OLS-regressions using a survey called Employment, Material Resources, and Political Preferences. The results showed that people working at small workplaces tend to have more negative attitudes towards immigrants than people working at larger workplaces. In addition, by using a Big-Five model combined with background factors at an individual level, I found that people employed by small organizations tend to have other personality traits than those employed by larger organizations. But the Big-Five model cannot explain why small workplaces are more inclined to discriminate immigrants. In contrast, background factors such as education and gender have strong correlative effects on why people employed by small organizations have more negative attitudes towards immigrants. That is, small workplaces are more likely to employ men and people with relatively low education compared to larger workplaces, which is interesting in this context because men are on average found to be more negative towards immigrants than women, and lower educated people are more negative than those with higher education.

Tidigare forskning visar att personlighet har betydelse för individens stressupplevelse. Särskilt individer högt i Fem-Faktor modellens personlighesdimension neuroticism tenderar att upplevd högre stressnivåer än övriga fyra personlighetsdimensioner extraversion, samvetsgrannhet, öppenhet och sympatiskhet. Denna studie undersökte relationen mellan samtliga personlighetsdimensioner, samt en del övriga variabler, och stress. Detta skedde utifrån fyra frågeställning med fyra tillhörande hypoteser. 152 högskolestudenter deltog genom att besvara en enkät som bestod av översatta versioner av Shafer’s Five-Factor Personality Scale samt Cohen, Kamarck och Mermelsteins Perceived Stress Scale. Samt nio övriga bakgrundsvariabler. Insamlad data undersöktes med korrelationer, regressionsanalys, t-test och variansanalys. Resultatet visade, i linje med tidigare studier, att personlighet har betydelse för upplevd stress. Högt neurotiska individer upplever mest stress. I denna studie kunde 36 % av variationen i stressupplevelse förklaras av personlighet.

Titel: EWOMs påverkan på konsumenters köpintentioner - En studie om hur olika personlighetstypers köpintentioner påverkas av recensioner på internet.   Nivå: C-uppsats, examensarbete i ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Jonas Lindblom och Jonas Åfors   Handledare: Jonas Molin och Lars-Johan Åge   Datum: 2018- maj   Syfte: Syftet med studien är att förklara hur olika personlighetstyper och deras köpintentioner påverkas av eWOM.     Metod: Studien använder sig av en kvantitativ forskningsmetod med en enkätundersökning som underlag för framarbetat resultat. Den webbaserade undersökningen som bestod av 23 frågor samlade in svar från 121 respondenter. Enkätsvaren analyserades sedan i det statistiska dataprogrammet SPSS där deskriptiv statistik, klusteranalys samt en korrelationsanalys genomfördes.   Resultat och slusats: Resultatet av denna studie visar att konsumenters köpintentioner påverkas olika av recensioner på internet beroende på deras personlighetsdrag. Studien tyder på personlighetsfaktorerna neuroticism och openness bidrar till köpintentioner av att läsa recensioner på internet vid bokandet av semesterresor. För personlighetsfaktorerna agreeableness och conscientiousness tydde resultatet på att recensioner på internet ger en omvänd effekt och bidrar till minskade köpintentioner.   Förslag till vidare forskning: Vidare forskning bör applicera ett mer utförligt Big Five-test i undersökningen för att se om sambanden mellan personlighetsfaktorerna och recensioner på internet blir dem samma. En större omfattning av denna studie med fler respondenter skulle bidra till ökad trovärdighet samt fler statistiska klarheter.   Uppsatsens bidrag: Studien har bidragit till ökad kunskap inom företagsekonomin med inriktning på marknadsföringsbegreppet eWOM och kopplat det till personlighetsforskningen inom Big Five. Vår studie bidrar till att företag inom turismbranschen enklare kan se vilka olika personlighetstyper som läser recensioner på internet. På så vis går det enklare att rikta sin marknadsföring till de individer som inte väljer att läsa och ta till sig recensioner på internet. / Title: The impact of eWOM on consumer purchasing intentions - A study of how the purchasing intentions of different personality types are influenced by online reviews                                         Level: Final assignment for Bachelor Degrees in Business Administration   Author: Jonas Lindblom och Jonas Åfors   Supervisor: Jonas Molin och Lars-Johan Åge   Date: 2018 - May   Aim: The purpose of the study is to explain how different personality traits and their purchasing intentions are influenced by eWOM.   Method: A quantitative research method was performed with a survey as a basis for the results obtained. The web based survey, which consisted of 23 questions, collected responses from 121 respondents. The questionnaire then was analyzed in the statistical computer program SPSS where descriptive statistics, cluster analysis and a correlation analysis were conducted.   Result and conclusion: The result of this study shows that consumers purchase intentions are influenced by online reviews based on their personality traits. The study suggests that the personality factors neuroticism and openness contribute to purchase intentions after reading reviews on the internet when booking holiday trips. For the personality factors agreeableness and conscientiousness, the result suggested that reviews on the internet give a reverse effect and contribute to reduced purchase intentions.   Further research: Further research should apply a more detailed Big Five test in the survey to see if the relationships between personality factors and online reviews make them the same. A greater extent of this study with more respondents would contribute to increased credibility as well as more statistical clarity.   Contribution of the thesis: The study has contributed to increased knowledge within the business administration with a focus on the eWOM marketing concept and linked it to the personality research within Big Five. With the help of our study, we help companies in the tourism industry to more easily see what types of personality are reading online reviews. This makes it easier to target their marketing to those individuals who do not choose to read and receive reviews on the internet.