In the previous years, 3D imaging has found his way into the world of Egyptology. This lecture will present two case studies where 3D technology is used for the documentation of hieratic inscriptions. The inscriptions, painted in (red) ochre or black paint, were applied on different carriers, and required a different methodology. The Egyptian collection of the Royal Museums of Art and History (RMAH Brussels) contains a large number of small decorated and/or inscribed objects. Some of these objects are currently in a bad condition - any operation carried on them can result in considerable material losses -, making it necessary to document them in such a way that it allows future scholars to study them in detail without handling them. The EES Project therefore aims to create multispectral 3D images of these fragile objects with a multispectral ‘minidome’ acquisition system, based on the already existing system of the multi-light Portable Light Dome (PLD). The texture/colour values on the created 2D+ and 3D models are interactive data based on a recording process with infrared, red, green, blue, and ultraviolet light spectra. Software tools and enhancement filters have been developed which can deal with the different wavelengths in real-time. This leads to an easy and cost-effective methodology which combines multispectral imaging with the actual relief characteristics and properties of the physical object. The system is transportable to any collection or excavation in the field. As a case study, the well-known Brussels “Execration Figurines” (Middle Kingdom, c. 1900 BC) were chosen. These figurines are made of unbaked clay and covered with hieratic texts, listing names of foreign countries and rulers. The study of this type of collections is mostly hampered by the poor state of conservation of the objects, but also by the only partial preservation of the ink traces in visible light. The method has also been applied to other decorated objects of the RMAH collection, such as a Fayoum portrait, ostraca and decorated objects made of stone, wood and ceramics. The final goal will be to publish the newly created multispectral 3D images on Carmentis (www.carmentis.be), the online catalogue of the RMAH collection, making them accessible to scholars all over the world. The second case study presents the quarry inscriptions of the New Kingdom limestone quarries at Dayr Abu Hinnis (Middle Egypt). These gallery quarries contain hundreds of hieratic inscriptions, written on the ceiling. The texts are mainly related to the general administration of the quarry area. In documenting the abundance of ceiling inscriptions and other graffiti, we had to decide upon a practice that would allow not only to capture the \"content\", but also to document the location and orientation of each record. Every inscription can be photographed in detail, but this is insufficient to provide the reader access to vital information concerning the spatial distribution of the inscriptions, which may, for instance, relate to the progress of work. After experimenting with a variety of other methods, we adopted a photogrammetric software for 3D modelling photographs of the quarry ceilings, AGISOFT PHOTOSCAN, which uses structure from motion (SFM) algorithms to create three-dimensional images based on a series of overlapping two-dimensional images. The ultimate goal of this whole labour-intensive process in the quarries is not the creation of pure threedimensional models, but rather to generate an orthophoto of the entire ceiling of a quarry. Based on these images, each graffito could be analysed in context.

In the previous years, 3D imaging has found his way into the world of Egyptology. This lecture will present two case studies where 3D technology is used for the documentation of hieratic inscriptions. The inscriptions, painted in (red) ochre or black paint, were applied on different carriers, and required a different methodology. The Egyptian collection of the Royal Museums of Art and History (RMAH Brussels) contains a large number of small decorated and/or inscribed objects. Some of these objects are currently in a bad condition - any operation carried on them can result in considerable material losses -, making it necessary to document them in such a way that it allows future scholars to study them in detail without handling them. The EES Project therefore aims to create multispectral 3D images of these fragile objects with a multispectral ‘minidome’ acquisition system, based on the already existing system of the multi-light Portable Light Dome (PLD). The texture/colour values on the created 2D+ and 3D models are interactive data based on a recording process with infrared, red, green, blue, and ultraviolet light spectra. Software tools and enhancement filters have been developed which can deal with the different wavelengths in real-time. This leads to an easy and cost-effective methodology which combines multispectral imaging with the actual relief characteristics and properties of the physical object. The system is transportable to any collection or excavation in the field. As a case study, the well-known Brussels “Execration Figurines” (Middle Kingdom, c. 1900 BC) were chosen. These figurines are made of unbaked clay and covered with hieratic texts, listing names of foreign countries and rulers. The study of this type of collections is mostly hampered by the poor state of conservation of the objects, but also by the only partial preservation of the ink traces in visible light. The method has also been applied to other decorated objects of the RMAH collection, such as a Fayoum portrait, ostraca and decorated objects made of stone, wood and ceramics. The final goal will be to publish the newly created multispectral 3D images on Carmentis (www.carmentis.be), the online catalogue of the RMAH collection, making them accessible to scholars all over the world. The second case study presents the quarry inscriptions of the New Kingdom limestone quarries at Dayr Abu Hinnis (Middle Egypt). These gallery quarries contain hundreds of hieratic inscriptions, written on the ceiling. The texts are mainly related to the general administration of the quarry area. In documenting the abundance of ceiling inscriptions and other graffiti, we had to decide upon a practice that would allow not only to capture the \"content\", but also to document the location and orientation of each record. Every inscription can be photographed in detail, but this is insufficient to provide the reader access to vital information concerning the spatial distribution of the inscriptions, which may, for instance, relate to the progress of work. After experimenting with a variety of other methods, we adopted a photogrammetric software for 3D modelling photographs of the quarry ceilings, AGISOFT PHOTOSCAN, which uses structure from motion (SFM) algorithms to create three-dimensional images based on a series of overlapping two-dimensional images. The ultimate goal of this whole labour-intensive process in the quarries is not the creation of pure threedimensional models, but rather to generate an orthophoto of the entire ceiling of a quarry. Based on these images, each graffito could be analysed in context.

Etwa 7000 Menschen erkranken in Deutschland pro Jahr an einem bösartigen Hirntumor. Bei vielen dieser Patienten ist die mikrochirurgische Resektion des pathologischen Gewebes ein wesentlicher Baustein der Therapie. Doch trotz vielfältiger technischer Unterstützungssysteme ist die Hirntumorchirurgie eine der anspruchsvollsten chirurgischen Disziplinen. Dieser Umstand ist u. a. der Tatsache geschuldet, dass entstandene Schäden am Hirngewebe meist irreversibel sind und somit postoperativ zu funktionellen Beeinträchtigungen bei den Patienten führen können. Erschwerend kommt weiterhin hinzu, dass pathologisch verändertes und funktionell intaktes Hirngewebe vor allem bei niedergradigen Gliomen visuell kaum voneinander unterscheidbar sind. Für das postoperative Outcome der Patienten ist sowohl das Ausmaß der Resektion, als auch die Vermeidung von funktionellen Defiziten von essenzieller Bedeutung. Zahlreiche Studien belegen eine deutlich verlängerte Überlebenszeit bei vollständiger Entfernung des Tumorvolumens und gleichzeitiger Vermeidung von durch den Eingriff verursachten neuen funktionellen Defiziten. Primäres Ziel ist daher die möglichst vollständige Entfernung des Tumors bei Erhalt der Hirnfunktion. Zur Unterstützung während dieses Entscheidungsprozesses besteht der Bedarf für vor allem intraoperativ anwendbare Verfahren und Methoden, die mit geringem Aufwand einsetzbar sind und Informationen über Morphologie und/oder Funktion bereitstellen können. Die optische Bildgebung (IOI / Intraoperative Optical Imaging) stellt eine Möglichkeit dar während der Intervention spezifische Hirnfunktionen zu visualisieren. Ursprünglich primär zu Forschungszwecken im Tiermodell eingesetzt, konnte in der Vergangenheit das Potenzial der Methode bei dem Einsatz im klinischen Umfeld gezeigt werden. Ausgehend von diesen Ergebnissen sollten in dieser Arbeit nun zum einen die Methode zur Darstellung der funktionellen Hirnareale weiter optimiert, die Integration in das klinische Umfeld vorangetrieben sowie das Potenzial der Bildgebung in weiteren Anwendungsfeldern evaluiert werden. Zentrale Fragestellungen die untersucht wurden, waren die Evaluation des Nutzens der IOI bei Wachkraniotomien zur Identifikation von Motor- und Spracharealen sowie zum anderen die Optimierung der bisherigen Auswerte- und Visualisierungsmethodik in Hinblick auf eine Maximierung des Informationsgewinns durch die genauere Charakterisierung der hämodynamischen Antwortfunktion. Weiterhin wurde untersucht inwieweit die in klinischer Routine vorhandene Mikroskopkameratechnik zur Anwendung der IOI geeignet ist. Neben diesen Fragestellungen ist auch die Abgrenzung von Tumorgewebe Gegenstand dieser Arbeit. Ausgehend von der Tatsache, dass sich pathologische Veränderungen u. a. auch in einer gestörten neurovaskulären Kopplung manifestieren, wurde untersucht, ob die direkte elektrische Stimulation (DCS) der Hirnoberfläche in Kombination mit der IOI geeignet ist, diese zu testen und somit funktionell intaktes und pathologisch verändertes Gewebe während der Operation zu differenzieren. Die Bewertung der IOI bei Wachoperationen erfolgte an einem Kollektiv aus insgesamt 10 Patienten. Hierbei wurden die mittels IOI aktivierten Areale qualitativ mit den präoperativ aufgezeichneten fMRT-Daten, sowie den intraoperativen Ergebnissen der Sprachtestung durch die direkte elektrische Stimulation verglichen. Zur funktionellen Aktivierung der Sprachareale wurden von den Patienten während der Aufnahmen Objektbenennungsaufgaben durchgeführt. Weiterhin fanden Untersuchungen zum Einsatz der IOI zur Generierung von visuellem Feedback während der Sprachkartierung statt. Zur Beantwortung der Eignung der RGB-Kamera für die IOI, wurden Messungen an insgesamt acht Patienten durchgeführt, bei denen der primär sensorische Kortex durch Stimulation des N. medianus aktiviert wurde. Die Aufnahmen der RGB-Kamera erfolgten hierbei parallel zu dem bisher genutzten Standardsystem, welches durch Lichtwellenlängenfilterung bei einem isosbestischen Punkt der Hämoglobinabsorption (568 nm) sensitiv für Änderungen des zerebralen Blutvolumens ist. Die aus den einzelnen Farbkanälen berechneten Aktivitätskarten der RGB-Kamera wurden mit der Aktivitätskarte des Standardsystems verglichen, um eine Aussage über die dominierende physiologische Signalkomponente in den einzelnen Farbkanälen zu treffen. Die bisherigen Auswertealgorithmen für die Darstellung funktioneller Areale basieren auf einem Ansatz, welcher die Fouriertransformation nutzt, um die Amplitude der Stimulationsfrequenz in den Bilddaten zu identifizieren. Dieser Ansatz wurde derart optimiert, dass zusätzlich zur Amplitudeninformation nun auch die Phaseninformation des Signals berücksichtigt wird. Somit können die hämodynamischen Vorgänge bei Aktivierung der entsprechenden Hirnareale genauer charakterisiert werden. Diese neue Auswertung und Visualisierung wurde zur Untersuchung der Aufnahmen von insgesamt 22 Patienten genutzt. Hierbei wurden die Aktivierungen nach elektrischer, taktiler und visueller Stimulation sowie die Aktivierung nach Durchführung von Sprachaufgaben bei Wachkraniotomien untersucht. Die Ergebnisse wurden u. a. mittels Phasenwinkelverteilungen in Form von Polarhistogrammen quantifiziert. In Hinblick auf die Differenzierung zwischen Tumor- und Normalgewebe wurden die Änderungen des zerebralen Blutvolumens, nachfolgend auf insgesamt 19 elektrische Stimulationen der Hirnoberfläche bei drei Patienten, mittels IOI beobachtet und die in den aktivierten Arealen gemessenen Reflektanzänderungen anschließend hinsichtlich Amplitude und Dauer quantifiziert. Das Ausmaß der aktivierten Areale wurde dazu mittels Differenzbildberechnung aus der gemittelten Reflektanz der Hirnoberfläche vor Stimulationsbeginn und der Reflektanz direkt nach Stimulationsende bestimmt. Bei dem Einsatz der IOI während Wachoperationen war die Identifizierung von primär motorischen Arealen in guter Übereinstimmung zu den präoperativen fMRT-Daten möglich. Die Auswertung der Daten zur Lokalisierung der Sprachareale ergab, dass bei 5 von 8 Patienten grundsätzlich zwar eine Übereinstimmung zum fMRT sichtbar war, gerade aber in Bezug zu den Ergebnissen der intraoperativen Sprachkartierung mit DCS die Ergebnisse beider Modalitäten (fMRT und IOI) nicht spezifisch genug für eine intraoperative Entscheidungsfindung sind. Die Verwendung einer RGB-Kamera für die Bildgebung ist prinzipiell möglich und kann die Integration der Methode in die operativen Abläufe vereinfachen. Bei allen 8 Patienten ließen sich aus den Daten der Farbkamera Aktivitätskarten berechnen, die eine Abgrenzung des Handareals auf dem primär sensorischen Kortex erlaubten. Bezüglich der Lokalisation der Aktivierung zeigten Blau- als auch Grünkanal die höchste Übereinstimmung mit den Daten des Standardsystems bei 568 nm. Eindeutige Unterschiede in den durch verschiedene Stimulationen ausgelösten hämodynamischen Reaktionen konnten mittels der in dieser Arbeit eingesetzten Phasenauswertung beobachtet werden. Speziell die auf die elektrische Stimulation am N. medianus folgende hämodynamische Antwort grenzt sich bezüglich ihrer temporalen Charakteristik gegenüber den Antworten nach taktiler und visueller Stimulation ab. Während der Stimulationsphasen kam es hierbei zu einer Reduktion des zerebralen Blutvolumens. Sowohl bei der taktilen, als auch bei der visuellen Stimulation zeigte sich eine Zunahme des Blutvolumens während der Stimulation. Die Auswertung der aktiven Sprachproduktion ergab sowohl Areale mit zunehmendem, als auch Areale mit abnehmendem Blutvolumen. Im Rahmen der Untersuchungen zur Gewebeabgrenzung mittels IOI und DCS konnten signifikante Unterschiede zwischen Tumor und morphologisch unverändertem, also mutmaßlich funktionell intaktem Hirngewebe beobachtet werden. Nach der elektrischen Stimulation zeigten sich auf Tumorgewebe in ihrer Amplitude deutlich geminderte optische Änderungen wohingegen auf mutmaßlich funktionell intaktem Hirngewebe eine deutliche hämodynamische Reaktion auf den Stimulus zu beobachten war. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen, dass die IOI als universelles Werkzeug bei einer Vielzahl von Anwendungsgebieten in der Neurochirurgie eingesetzt werden kann. Der methodeninhärente Vorteil liegt in der einfachen Anwendbarkeit und unkomplizierten Integration in die operativen Abläufe. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen der Arbeit scheint neben der Identifikation funktioneller Areale vor allem die Kombination von IOI und DCS vielversprechend. Hier kann die IOI zum einen zur Generierung von visuellem Feedback im Rahmen der intraoperativen Sprachkartierung genutzt werden und zum anderen bei Eingriffen unter Vollnarkose zur Gewebedifferenzierung. Die in der Arbeit weiterentwickelte funktionelle Auswertung erlaubt die genauere Charakterisierung der hämodynamischen Antwortfunktion auf verschiedene Stimuli und somit die Nutzung der Methode zum Erlangen vom grundlegendem Wissen über die Funktionsweise von kortikalen Prozessen. / Approximately 7000 people in Germany are diagnosed with a malignant brain tumor each year. For many of these patients, microsurgical resection of the pathological tissue is an essential component of the therapy. However, despite a variety of technical support systems, brain tumor surgery is one of the most challenging surgical disciplines. This is primary due to the fact, that damage to the brain tissue is usually irreversible, and can therefore lead to postoperative functional impairment. Another complicating factor is that pathologically altered and functionally intact brain tissue are visually almost indistinguishable from each other, especially in low-grade gliomas. For the postoperative outcome of patients, both, the extent of resection, and the avoidance of functional deficits, are of essential importance. Several studies demonstrate a significantly prolonged survival time with complete removal of the tumor volume while simultaneously avoiding new functional deficits caused by the surgery. Therefore, the primary goal is to remove the tumor as completely as possible while preserving brain function. To assist during this decision-making process, there is a need for intraoperative procedures and methods that can be used with minimal effort to provide information about morphology and function of cortical structures. Intraoperative Optical Imaging (IOI) is a technique that allows the visualization of specific brain function during the surgical intervention. Initially used mainly in animal models, developments in the past revealed the potential of IOI in a clinical setting. Based on those results, the scopes of this work are the further development of the method for visualization of functional brain areas, advancements in integration of IOI into surgical environment, and the development of new fields of application in neurosurgical interventions. In detail, this work investigates the use of IOI in awake surgery for identification of motor and speech areas. Another question addressed is the in depth characterization of the hemodynamic response, following functional stimulation. Therefore, new methods for data evaluation and visualization are developed. The integration of IOI into the clinical workflow and routine is essential for a successful application. Here, the potential use of the microscope integrated camera hardware is investigated to answer the question, whether it can be used for imaging. Besides the identification of functional areas, tissue differentiation is of major importance during tumor resection. Therefore, this work evaluates whether direct electrical stimulation (DCS) is suited, to delineate different tissue types (functional intact and tumor tissue), by evaluating the hemodynamic response following to the stimulation, using the IOI technique. This follows the hypothesis, that tumor tissue is in most cases characterized by an impaired neurovascular coupling and therefore by a limited response to electrical stimulation. IOI during awake surgery was evaluated by performing measurements on a total of 10 patients. Localization of IOI activation was compared towards preoperative acquired fMRI data, as well as towards intraoperative DCS language mapping. Object naming tasks were performed by the patients, to activate the corresponding language areas. Additionally, the use of IOI as a feedback tool during DCS mapping was investigated. Here, IOI was used to visualize the spatial extent of each single stimulation. The suitability of microscope integrated RGB camera for IOI was investigated by performing measurements on 8 patients, that underwent surgery near the central region. Activation of hand area on primary sensory cortex was triggered by electrical stimulation of the median nerve while patients were under general anesthesia. Measurements with an RGB camera were performed parallel to the standard research hardware setup, which uses a light wavelength filter (568 nm) that makes the system sensitive to changes in cerebral blood volume. Activity maps, calculated from the data of each RGB camera color channel, were compared, to the activity maps calculated from light wavelength filtered image data. The current algorithms for IOI data evaluation use a Fourier-based approach to localize the activated brain region based on the amplitude of the stimulation frequency component. This approach was refined in this work to incorporate besides the amplitude also the phase of the stimulation frequency component. This allows a more precise characterization of the hemodynamic processes during activation. The refined approach was used to evaluate 22 patient measurements. Datasets from electrical, tactile, visual, and speech activation were investigated. Results were quantitatively assessed using, among other things, the phase angle distribution visualized as polarhistograms. Regarding the differentiation between functional impaired tumor and functional intact non-tumor brain tissue, changes in cerebral blood volume from 19 direct electrical stimulations of three different patients were recorded and evaluated with IOI. The extent of the activated regions as well as the amplitude and duration of reflectance / hemodynamic changes were quantized. Therefore, a difference imaging technique was implemented. During awake surgery, the identification of primary motor areas with IOI was possible in good agreement with preoperatively acquired fMRI data. The evaluation of speech activation revealed that, although in 5 out of 8 cases a partial agreement between IOI and fMRI was visible, the results of both modalities (IOI as well as fMRI) are too unspecific to be useful for surgical decision-making. Here, DCS will remain the method of choice. The use of an RGB camera for IOI is generally possible and allows an easy integration of the method into the surgical workflow. Evaluation of data from all 8 patients, showed that color camera data is suitable to calculate activity maps that allow the identification of the median nerve area on primary sensory cortex. Regarding the localization of activation, activity maps calculated from green and blue channel data showed the highest agreements towards the CBV maps acquired at 568 nm. Using the refined evaluation protocol that considers the phase information of the optical signal, significant differences were found in the hemodynamic responses following the different stimulation types. Especially the evaluation of the hemodynamic response after electrical median nerve stimulation revealed distinct characteristics. Here, a decrease in CBV during stimulation trials was visible, whereas the hemodynamic responses after tactile as well as visual stimulation were characterized by an increase of CBV during stimulation trials. The evaluation of speech activations, revealed locally adjacent areas with CBV increase as well as with CBV decrease. Evaluation of optical changes of the brain surface after DCS revealed significant differences, dependent of the underlying type of tissue. The stimulation of functional impaired tumor tissue triggered a hemodynamic response that was, compared towards the stimulation of presumably functional intact cortical tissue, reduced in amplitude as well as in its spatial extent. The results of this work illustrate the potential of IOI in a wide variety of applications during neurosurgical intervention. The inherent advantage of the method is its ease in use and the easy integration into clinical workflow and environment. Based on the results of this work, the combination of IOI and DCS seems, besides the identification of functional areas, especially promising. IOI can be used here to either generate visual feedback for DCS during speech mapping in awake surgery, or it can be used to differentiate between tissue types by assessment of neurovascular coupling, even under general anesthesia of the patients. The algorithms for functional data evaluation developed in this work, allow a more precise characterization of the hemodynamic response. Therefore, IOI enables the user to gain fundamental knowledge about cortical hemodynamics and processes. Future work should address each of these presented use cases to address the open questions arising from this initial work on the extended fields of application for IOI.

Background: In PET/MRI, linear photon attenuation coefficients for attenuation correction (AC) cannot be directly derived, and cortical bone is, so far, usually not considered. This results in an underestimation of the average PET signal in PET/MRI. Recently introduced MR-AC methods predicting bone information from anatomic MRI or proton density weighted zero-time imaging may solve this problem in the future. However, there is an ongoing debate if the current error is acceptable for clinical use and/or research. Methods: We examined this feature for [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) brain PET in 13 patients with clinical signs of dementia or movement disorders who subsequently underwent PET/CT and PET/MRI on the same day. Multiple MR-AC approaches including a CT-derived AC were applied. Results: The resulting PET data was compared to the CT-derived standard regarding the quantification error and its clinical impact. On a quantitative level, −11.9 to +2 % deviations from the CT-AC standard were found. These deviations, however, did not translate into a systematic diagnostic error. This, as overall patterns of hypometabolism (which are decisive for clinical diagnostics), remained largely unchanged. Conclusions: Despite a quantitative error by the omission of bone in MR-AC, clinical quality of brain [18F]FDG is not relevantly affected. Thus, brain [18F]FDG PET can already, even now with suboptimal MR-AC, be utilized for clinical routine purposes, even though the MR-AC warrants improvement.

Objective: Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis/ chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis (CRMO/CNO) is a rare auto-inflammatory disease and typically manifests in terms of musculoskeletal pain. Because of a high frequency of musculoskeletal disorders in children/ adolescents, it can be quite challenging to distinguish CRMO/ CNO from nonspecific musculosketetal pain or from malignancies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the visibility of CRMO lesions in a whole-body diffusion-weighted imaging (WB-DWI) technique and its potential clinical value to better characterize MR-visible lesions. Materials and methods: Whole-body imaging at 3T was performed in 16 patients (average: 13 years) with confirmed CRMO. The protocol included 2D Short Tau Inversion Recovery (STIR) imaging in coronal and axial orientation as well as diffusion-weighted imaging in axial orientation. Visibility of lesions in DWI and STIR was evaluated by two readers in consensus. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) was measured for every lesion and corresponding reference locations. Results: A total of 33 lesions (on average 2 per patient) visible in STIR and DWI images (b = 800 s/mm2 and ADC maps) were included, predominantly located in the long bones. With a mean value of 1283 mm2/s in lesions, the ADC was significantly higher than in corresponding reference regions (782 mm2/s). By calculating the ratio (lesion to reference), 82% of all lesions showed a relative signal increase of 10% or higher and 76% (25 lesions) showed a signal increase of more than 15%. The median relative signal increase was 69%. Conclusion: This study shows that WB-DWI can be reliably performed in children at 3T and predominantly, the ADC values were substantially elevated in CRMO lesions. WB-DWI in conjunction with clinical data is seen as a promising technique to distinguish benign inflammatory processes (in terms of increased ADC values) from particular malignancies.

Für Patienten mit fortgeschrittener Herzinsuffizienz ist die Herztransplantation die einzige kurative Therapieoption. Die akute Abstoßungsreaktion ist ein entscheidender Faktor der Mortalität nach Transplantation. Zur Früherkennung einer Abstoßungsreaktion gilt nach wie vor die Endomyokardbiopsie als Goldstandard. Diese stellt jedoch ein invasives Verfahren mit seltenen, aber potentiell schwerwiegenden Komplikationen dar. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde die diagnostische Wertigkeit der kardialen Magnetresonanztomographie zur Detektion der Abstoßungsreaktion nach Herztransplantation untersucht. Als Referenz diente die Myokardbiopsie mit histologischer Beurteilung nach dem Schema der International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT). Insbesondere bei Kombination mehrerer Parameter konnte ein hoher negativ prädiktiver Wert zum Ausschluss einer akuten Abstoßungsreaktion erzielt werden. Dagegen waren Spezifität und positiv prädiktiver Wert zu gering, um eine Therapie-Änderung alleine auf Basis eines positiven MRT-Befundes zu rechtfertigen.

Diese Arbeit befasste sich mit den Auswirkungen von Hepatozytenwachstumsfaktor auf die myokardiale Mikrozirkulation der Ratte nach zweistündiger Ischämie und Reperfusion. Untersucht wurde ein Zeitraum von sechzehn Wochen, quantifiziert wurde mit Hilfe der NMR-Spin-Labeling-Technik. / This thesis attended to the effects of hepatocyte growth factor on myocardial microcirculation of the rat after a two hours ischemia and reperfusion. Observed was a period of sixteen weeks, the microcirculation was quantified with NMR Spin-Labeling technique.

Einleitung: Ultraschall wird seit mehr als 50 Jahren in der Medizin eingesetzt und ist mittlerweile ein unverzichtbares diagnostisches Verfahren, es erlaubt eine nicht-invasive Darstellung der Morphologie und Funktion von Organen in Echtzeit. In der Kleintierbildgebung dominieren bisher zur morphologischen Bildgebung Computertomographie (CT) und Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT). Daher wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit die Idee entwickelt, die morphologischen Informationen des 3D-Ultraschalls (3D-US) für Untersuchungen an Kleintieren zu verwenden, außerdem sollten Methoden zur multimodalen Bildgebung und Bildfusion von 3D-US und Kleintier-Positronenemissionstomographie (PET) entwickelt werden. Der Vorteil des Ultraschalls gegenüber dem Kleintier-CT liegt in der fehlenden Strahlenbelastung und der guten Verfügbarkeit, was besonders für Verlaufsstudien von Interesse ist. Methoden und Ergebnisse: Zur Bildoptimierung wurde ein Fadenphantom entwickelt, welches aufgrund der feinen Strukturen die qualitative als auch quantitative Bestimmung der Auflösung ermöglicht. Die Vorarbeiten am Fadenphantom konnten exzellent die Probleme des 3D-Ultraschalls mit der achsenabhängigen Auflösung zeigen und ermöglichten eine schnelle Beurteilung der Bildqualität. Hier bestehen Einsatzmöglichkeiten in der Bewertung verschiedener Ultraschallgeräte bezüglich der Tauglichkeit für 3D-Datenaquisition. Zur reproduzierbaren Lagerung von Mäusen wurde eine Schallkopfführung ein sowohl für 3D-US als auch Kleintier-PET kompatibler Tierhalter entwickelt. Die Maus lag zur Untersuchung im angewärmten Wasserbad auf dem Tierhalter fixiert, mit Inhalationsanästhesie und Sauerstoff über eine Atemmaske versorgt. Der Zeitaufwand für eine 3D-US-Untersuchung betrug für die Akquisition etwa eine Minute. Die generierten Ultraschalldatensätze waren von guter Qualität, Strukturen wie Leber, Nieren, Blase, Wirbelsäule und Lunge konnten selbst bei kleinen Mäusen von unter 20 Gramm Körpergewicht gut dargestellt werden. Zur Validierung des 3D-Ultraschalls wurde das Volumen verschiedener Organe und Tumore bestimmt und mit dem Goldstandard verglichen. Um die Koregistrierung mit der Kleintier-PET zu ermöglichen, wurden auf dem Tierhalter drei „fiducial markers“ angebracht, die Position und Orientierung eindeutig definieren. Die Kleintier-PET-Untersuchungen wurden nach standardisierten Protokollen durchgeführt. Die anschließende Bildfusion erfolgte mittels der frei verfügbaren Software "Amide". Diskussion: Mit dem in dieser Arbeit beschriebenen Verfahren ist eine standardisierte Gewinnung von 3D-US-Datensätzen an Kleintieren möglich; zusätzlich konnte die Machbarkeit der Bildfusion mit PET-Datensätzen gezeigt werden. Der Einsatz des 3D-Ultraschalls in longitudinalen Studien, zum Beispiel zur Beurteilung der Tumorprogression, ist vorstellbar. Die Zuverlässigkeit der volumetrischen Berechnungen ist für größere Organvolumina gut, bei kleineren Volumina besteht noch Optimierungsbedarf. Weitere Verbesserungen könnten durch den Einsatz von speziellen Schallköpfen und höheren Schallfrequenzen erzielt werden. / Introduction: Ultrasound has been used for more than 50 years in medicine and has become a indispensable diagnostic tool, it allows a non-invasive imaging of the morphology and function of organs in real time. Small animal morphological imaging is now dominated by CT and MRI. For present study the idea to use morphological information of the 3D-ultrasound for examination of small animals was developed, these data should be used for image fusion of 3D ultrasound and small-animal PET. The advantage of ultrasound compared to the small-animal CT is the lack of radiation exposure and the good availability, which is especially for longitudinal studies of interest. Methods and Results: For image enhancement, a thread phantom was developed, fine structures facilitate qualitative and quantitative analysis of spatial resolution. Preliminary work on the thread phantom was excellent for investigate problems of 3D ultrasound with the axis-dependent resolution. There are potential applications for evaluating different ultrasonic devices in their suitability for 3D data acquisition. For the reproducible bedding of mice a guide bar for ultrasound transducer and a compatible holder for 3D-US and PET was developed. The mouse was bedded in the heated water bath fixed to the holder, applied inhalation anesthesia and oxygen through a breathing mask. The time required for a 3D ultrasound examination was for the acquisition of about one minute. The generated ultrasound data sets were of good quality, structures such as liver, kidney, bladder, spine and lungs were even in the case of small mice of 20 gram well represented. For validation of the 3D ultrasound volumes of various organs and tumors were determined and compared with gold standard. To allow coregistration with the microPET, three "fiducial markers" were attached to define the position and orientation. PET studies were performed according to standardized protocols. The subsequent image fusion was performed using the software "amide”. Discussion: In this study a standardized procedure for 3D-US of small animals was developed, in addition, the feasibility of image fusion with PET data sets was shown. The use of 3D ultrasound in longitudinal studies, for example, to assess tumor progression, is conceivable. The reliability of the volumetric calculations is good for large organ volumes, with smaller volumes, there is still need for improvement. Further improvements could be achieved through the use of special transducers and higher ultrasound frequencies.

Research in the last decades has shown that individuals with high degrees in the personality trait of alexithymia not only have difficulties in identifying and recognizing own feelings, but also show deficits in reading emotions from facial expressions of other people. Therefore, the current dissertation investigates the neural correlates of recognizing emotional facial expressions as a function of alexithymia. Initially, a theoretical introduction is given and existing findings from behavioral as well as structural and functional neuroimaging research are presented. Open questions are identified and addressed in one structural and two functional magnetic resonance imaging studies that were compiled into three original research articles. Study 1 examined the gray matter profile of high and low alexithymic individuals in selected brain regions relevant for processing emotional faces. In Study 2, functional neuroimaging was used to investigate the neural correlates of high alexithymic individuals\' difficulties in labeling briefly presented (≤ 100 ms) facial expressions of emotion. Study 3 investigated neural activations as a function of alexithymia during the labeling of emotional facial expressions when these are presented with little temporal constraints (≥ 1 s). The results of these studies are summarized and integrated with the existing literature. Finally, open issues are discussed and ideas for further research are outlined.

Introduction 76Br is of interest for in vivo PET imaging applications. Its relatively long half-life (16.1 h) allows use not only on small molecules but also proteins which have slow excretion as carrier molecules. Irradiation using a low energy proton beam (~ 20 MeV) on an enriched Cu276Se target, followed by dry distillation with thermal chromatography, is one of the best methods to obtain sufficient amounts of 76Br for clinical applications1,2. However, the thermal chromatography is plagued by poor reproducibility and appears unsuitable for automation of its production, leading us to remove the thermal chroma-tography from the dry distillation. In this investigation we employed H2O solution to collect 76Br and optimized the distillation condition using a small amount of 77Br (57.0 h). We also produced large amount of 76Br under the optimized conditions to evaluate the dry distillation method. Material and Methods Target preparation and dry distillation were conducted based on the methods described in previous reports1,2. To produce 77Br, Cu2natSe target was irradiated with 20 MeV proton beams (5 µA) accelerated by AVF cyclotron in the Japan Atomic Energy Agency. The following two systems were used in the dry distillation optimization studies; (1) an initial system was composed of two furnaces, a main and an auxiliary furnace. Temperature of each furnace was set at 1050 °C (main) and 200 °C (auxiliary) respectively; (2) the second system was made of one large furnace composed of heating and cooling area. Temperature of the heating area was varied from 1050 to 1120 °C. In both systems PTFE tubing, leading to a H2O solution (15 mL), was inserted into the apparatus. The irradiated target was heated under streaming Ar gas (30 mL/min.). An enriched Cu276Se target (76Se enrichment: 99.67%) was used for 76Br production. Radioactivity was measured on a high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector coupled to a multichannel analyzer. TLC analyses were conducted on Al2O3 plates (Merck) using 7:1 acetone:H2O as the eluting solvent. Results and Conclusion Low efficiency (33 %) of 77Br recovery was ob-served in the initial system. Distribution of radioactivity inside the apparatus showed that 35 % was trapped in the PTFE tube and the quartz tube. The recovery yield was increased up to 54 % when the auxiliary furnace was turned off, indicating that the temperature gradient inside the quartz tube is suitable to carry 77Br effectively to the H2O trap. We initially used a quartz boat to place the irradiated target in the furnace, but found that using a reusable tungsten backing was better. However, we found that recovery yield was dramatically reduced to 18 %. The studies where the temperature was varied showed that releasing efficiency was increased up to 100 % at the temperature of 1120 °C. Good recovery yield (~ 77 %) was achieved after optimizing the temperature gradient (FIG. 1b). Using the optimized setup, 76Br production runs (n = 6) have been conducted, allowing us to recover up to 39.8 MBq/µAh (EOB) of 76Br. High specific activity (~4400 GBq/µmol) was obtained in the final solution. TLC analysis showed that chemical form obtained was bromide. We concluded that the dry distillation using H2O trap is capable of providing enough high purity 76Br for clinical applications.