<p>Syftet med undersökningen är att undersöka de nyanländas situation i de internationella</p><p>klasserna. Jag har använt intervjuer för att få fram de berördas erfarenheter av de</p><p>internationella klasserna, samt utgått från de lokala och de nationella styrdokumenten. De som</p><p>jag har intervjuat är; elever som går i internationell klass, elever som har gått i sådan klass,</p><p>lärare i sådana klasser, lärare i ordinarie klass samt skolans rektor. Av resultatet av</p><p>intervjuerna har jag gjort en jämförande analys för att se skillnader och likheter i</p><p>informanternas svar.</p><p>Slutsatserna visar att eleverna ställer sig positiva till den undervisning de fått. Lärarna och</p><p>rektor känner sig mer tveksamma och anser att undervisningen och organisationen alltid kan</p><p>förbättras. Det är heller inte helt klarlagt vilken undervisningsmodell som är den bästa för de</p><p>nyanlända eleverna. Man kan i alla fall konstatera att modersmålet har betydelse för elevens</p><p>identitet och för andraspråksinlärningen.</p>

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<p>The purpose with this essay is to see if billingualism is understood within the litterature, in the society and among students and facultyteachers. We have read interresting theoris about billingualism and we brought this with us to the schools when we interviewed two principals in two seperate schools and when we performed an investigation, in a form of questionnaries, in one of the schools. They where made with teachers and students in ninth grade. We´ve divided the studie in three parts: the first part contains a theoretical background of what billingualism is. The second part is a presentation of the interviews and the answers from the students and the teachers. The third and final part is an analysis of the results that came from the interviews and the questionnaires. Our conclusions of this studie are that billingualism has a positive influence on the human development. Sweden has been considered to be a one-language country, but our studie showes that Sweden most definitly is a billingual and multicultural country.</p>

<p>This essay deals about bilingualism and lifepaths. The essay is based on a qualitative study, where eight individuales have been interviewed, all of them from Gränsskolan in Haparanda. Before the interview´s a study of relevant research literature was made.</p><p>The main purpose with the essay, is to study if the informant’s life paths have been affected by their bilingualism, i.e. if the informers moves and education etc. have been affected by theirs bilingualism. The essay also deals with how the informants’ bilingualism have developed and if there is something who has promote to the bilingualism.</p><p>A plotting program called Geotime has been used to analyse the informers’ life paths. The program was used for time-geographic illustrations.</p><p>The systematic and the integrative approach is the starting point in the essay´s geographic problem. Time geography is used for analysing the informers life paths. The other theory, the boundary theory is used for to examine how the informers in Haparanda had become bilingual (systematic approach). In order to understand, study and see how the life paths and bilingualism is spatially related to each other in specific environments, an investigation was made to see if there were connection between those, i.e. if moves, jobs and education had been influenced by the informers’ bilingualism (integrative approach).</p><p>The study shows that the informers had been bilingual for different reasons, their knowledge in Finnish and in Swedish is different. The informers’ life paths look different, four of the informers had a wide pattern of movement. The conclusions are that the informers’ life has in certain ways been influenced by their bilingualism, because some of the informers has had use of both languages, for example at their workplaces.</p> / <p>Denna uppsats handlar om tvåspråkighet och livsbanor. Undersökningen bygger på en kvalitativ studie, där åtta individer har intervjuats, samtliga har gått på Gränsskolan i Haparanda. Innan intervjuerna genomfördes gjordes en litteraturundersökning.</p><p>Syftet med studien var att undersöka om informanternas livsbanor har påverkats av tvåspråkigheten, dvs. om informanternas flyttningar, arbeten, utbildningar och livet i övrigt har påverkats av deras tvåspråkighet. Det har även gjorts en undersökning om hur informanternas tvåspråkighet har uppkommit och om det fanns något som bidragit till deras tvåspråkighet.</p><p>Grafritningsprogrammet Geotime har använts för att analysera individernas livsbanor. Programmet används för att man ska kunna skapa tidsgeografiska illustrationer.</p><p>Den systematiska och den integrativa ansatsen är utgångspunkterna i uppsatsen geografiska problem. Tidsgeografi används för att analysera informanternas livsbanor. Den andra teorin, gränsteori användes för att undersöka hur informanterna i Haparanda blivit tvåspråkiga (systematisk ansats). För att förstå, studera och se hur livsbanor och tvåspråkighet är rumsligt relaterade till varandra i specifika miljöer, undersöktes de om det fanns någon koppling mellan dessa dvs. om flyttningar, arbeten och utbildning hade påverkats av deras tvåspråkighet (integrativ ansats).</p><p>Studien visar att informanterna har blivit tvåspråkiga av olika faktorer, deras kunskaper i finska och svenska språket är olika. Informanternas livsbanor ser olika ut, fyra av informanterna har ett bredare rörelsemönster/flyttningsmönster. Slutsatserna blir att informanternas liv har till viss del påverkats av tvåspråkigheten, då vissa har haft användning av båda språken bl.a. på deras arbetsplatser.</p>

<p>The purpose of the thesis is to see how Turkish students understand their bilingualism. I have tried to explain bilingualism as a phenomenon and give an insight in national steering documents on the basis of different concepts used by researchers.</p><p>The method consists of qualitative interviews with standardized character. Five upper-secondary school students participated and independently discussed the answers.</p><p>The result from the interviews is the participators view on bilingualism. The answers were varying. I have got the answer of my question through the interviews and researches. The result is also connected to relevant theories.</p>

It is currently unknown how lie detection accuracy is affected when someone is speaking in his or her second language. We examined whether language proficiency had an impact on lie detection. We hypothesized that when judging the veracity of second-language speakers, participants would be better able to discriminate between truth- and lie-tellers and would have bias toward picking ‘lying’ since they may display cues associated with lying when communicating.We collected video footage of native- and second-language English speakers who lied or told the truth about a transgression. Undergraduate students (N = 51) then judged the veracity of these clips and indicated how confident they were in their ratings. Participants were most accurate and confident when judging native-language truth-tellers. In addition, participants were more likely to exhibit a truth-bias when observing native-language speakers, whereas they were more likely to exhibit a lie-bias when viewing second-language speakers. Implications for the justice system will be discussed. / UOIT

This thesis considers how different groups of Spanish speakers (monolinguals, early bilinguals and late bilinguals) organize and limit grammatical optionality related to the placement of Spanish pronominal clitics with many complex infinitival constructions (Spanish clitic-climbing). In examining empirical work on the process and outcome of early and late dual language exposure and how early and late bilinguals acquire and limit grammatical optionality, this study will contribute to our understanding of 1) the nature of language-related cognition at different ages; 2) the systematic nature of bilingual language behaviour in child and adults (transfer, cross-language influence, etc.); 3) the cognitive and contextual factors associated with age of exposure to bilingualism to explain bilingual language behaviour; and 4) the importance of incorporating a clear model of language variation (language-internally and cross-linguistically) into a formal model of (bilingual) language. The empirical study conducted here tested how highly proficient heritage speakers (HS) of Spanish (native speakers of Spanish and Spanish-English bilinguals) deal with the optionality of clitic-climbing structures compared to monolingual speakers (native speakers) and highly proficient adult L2 speakers of Spanish (Spanish-English bilinguals). Forty participants completed a picture elicitation task testing a lexical limitation of the optionality, and an acceptability-preference task testing the speakers’ judgments on structural, semantic and lexical limitations of the optionality. Results show that all groups of speakers exhibited knowledge of syntactic constraints associated with pronominal placement in Spanish (optional clitic-climbing) infinitival sentences. All groups also performed similarly in exhibiting sensitivity to non-categorical factors that have been shown to guide the preferences of monolingual Spanish speakers. However, in the production task, the heritage speakers significantly outperformed the monolingual and non-native speakers of Spanish in their use of the Spanish-specific variant (proclisis). I explain these results through both cognitive and contextual factors related to age of exposure to bilingualism, and I discuss how the production results may underestimate a monolingual-bilingual difference for this optional domain.

The present study is a novel investigation of neural mechanisms underlying reading development in bilingual children compared to monolinguals. We asked how do bilingual children learn to read when faced with phonological processing across two languages? Both behavioral measures and functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) were used to observe any similarities or differences in brain activity between bilingual and monolingual readers. The behavioral findings corroborate a bilingual reading advantage; bilinguals were faster and more accurate than monolinguals when reading words. fNIRS data showed bilinguals demonstrated greater activation in classic language areas as compared to monolinguals. Taken together, this research advances contemporary scientific controversy concerning types of processing underlying reading and its maturational development over time. Ultimately, this research may have translational significance in education to situate normative developmental reading milestones in bilingual children, which is vitally important in developing effective therapies for bilingual children at risk for reading disorders.

The present study is a novel investigation of neural mechanisms underlying reading development in bilingual children compared to monolinguals. We asked how do bilingual children learn to read when faced with phonological processing across two languages? Both behavioral measures and functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) were used to observe any similarities or differences in brain activity between bilingual and monolingual readers. The behavioral findings corroborate a bilingual reading advantage; bilinguals were faster and more accurate than monolinguals when reading words. fNIRS data showed bilinguals demonstrated greater activation in classic language areas as compared to monolinguals. Taken together, this research advances contemporary scientific controversy concerning types of processing underlying reading and its maturational development over time. Ultimately, this research may have translational significance in education to situate normative developmental reading milestones in bilingual children, which is vitally important in developing effective therapies for bilingual children at risk for reading disorders.

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of English