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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
311

Activation superélectrophile en milieu superacide : synthèse de nouveaux synthons halofluorés azotés / Superelectrophilic activation in superacid media : nitrogen containing compound halofluorinated building-blocks synthesis

Le Darz, Alexandre 24 November 2014 (has links)
Les propriétés exceptionnelles des composés fluorés ont entrainées un développement considérable de la chimie du fluor depuis les années 1950. Aujourd'hui les substances fluorées se retrouvent dans la plupart des domaines tels que la chimie thérapeutique ou l'agrochimie. L'atome d'azote étant ubiquitaire en chimie médicinale, le développement de voies synthétiques permettant l'obtention de fluoroamines est donc essentiel.Au laboratoire, une étude a précédemment été menée sur la réaction de bromofluoration de composés azotés insaturés en milieu superacide de type HF/SbF5. Le NBS utilisé comme donneur d'ion broménium, après activation par polyprotonation, a permis d'accéder à des composés azotés bromofluorés difficiles à obtenir en milieux classiques. Cependant l'ion bromonium s'isomérise rapidement conduisant aux produits difluorés. Les ions chloroniums ayant une réactivité différente de celle des ions bromoniums, ce travail porte sur l'étude des ions chloroniums dans des systèmes dicationiques générés en milieu superacide.Dans un premier temps l'impact des paramètres expérimentaux a été étudié par analyse des produits de réaction et par des expériences de RMN in situ. L'étude a ensuite été étendue à un panel de substrats afin de mesurer l'impact de la structure du substrat sur la réaction de chlorofluoration. Enfin l'effet de substituants halogènes sur la double liaison carbone-carbone a été étudié. Ces travaux ont permis de mettre en lumière le mécanisme réactionnel impliqué dans cette réaction, puis d'appliquer la méthode pour la préparation de composés biologiquement actifs. / Exceptional properties of fluorinated compounds led to a considerable development of fluorine chemistry since the 1950's. Nowadays, fluorinated products have a key role in many domains going from medicinal chemistry to agricultural chemistry. As nitrogen atom is ubiquitous in pharmaceuticals, the development of new synthetic ways for the preparation of fluorinated nitrogen containing compound is of relevant interest.Previously, the superacid team developed a bromofluorination reaction of unsaturated nitrogen containing compounds in superacidic media HF/SbF5. The reaction was performed by using the NBS as halenium ion donor, activated through polyprotonation, permitting the access to bromofluorinated nitrogen containing compounds difficult to be obtained under classical organic conditions. Nevertheless the resulting bromonium ion isomerizes quickly to produce difluorinated products. Chloronium ions show different reactivities than the bromonium ones; so this study is focused on the reactivity of chloronium ion in dicationic systems generated by the use of superacidic media.The first step of the study was focused on the evaluation of the impact of experimental conditions by reaction products analysis and in situ NMR experiments. Then the influence of substrate structure on the reaction course was investigated. Finally the halosubstitution on the carbon-carbon double bound was studied. This work allowed us to highlight the chlorofluorination reaction mechanism and then to extend this method to bioactive compounds synthesis.
312

ELABORAÇÃO DE CERVEJA COM ADIÇÃO DE ERVA-MATE (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.): QUALIDADE FÍSICO-QUÍMICA E SENSORIAL / BEER ELABORATION WITH YERBA MATE ADDITION (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.): PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND SENSORY QUALITY

Santos, Clarissa Obem dos 04 March 2016 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The search for different products encourage the search for new raw materials to add bioactive compounds, physicochemical characteristics and sensory beer. Given the recognized beneficial properties, as well as its use and acceptance in other food products, yerba mate comes as raw material for addition to beer, diversifying the alcoholic beverage market. Furthermore, its use during the processing of beer can contribute to the formation of flavor and aroma compounds, as well as the color and bitterness of alcoholic beverages. The objective of this research was to develop beer with addition of yerba mate (YM) at different stages of production and study their phenolic potential, antioxidant, physicochemical and sensory characteristics. They were analyzed from the preparation of aqueous extracts employing temperatures ramps (45, 65, 73 and 100 °C) used in the mashing process and boil the beer, and concentrations (5, 10, 15 and 20 g YM L-1), six types of commercial yerba mate to chimarrao. The extracts were analyzed for total phenolic content, total flavonoids and antioxidant capacity, by the methods of FRAP, ABTS and DPPH. Three beers formulations were prepared with the addition of yerba mate chimarrao type, consisting of 100% leaves. Treatment 1, added at the start of the wort boiling step, Treatment 2, adding at the end of the wort boiling step and Treatment 3, in addition maturing alcoholic beverages in addition to a control formulation. Each treatment was prepared with four yerba mate concentrations, 5, 10, 15 and 20 g YM L-1. The elaborate beers were evaluated on days 1, 90 and 180 of storage, as the analysis of phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, antioxidant capacity, by the methods of FRAP, ABTS and DPPH, color, bitterness, total soluble solids, foaming, pH, titratable total acidity, real extract and original extract. Sensory analysis was performed with the beers of T1, T2 and T3, prepared with concentrations of 5 and 10 g YM L-1 and formulation control. The beers were analyzed by sensory test affective preferably by paired comparison and acceptance. It is further performed to evaluate the purchase intention of the product and calculate the ratio of acceptability. Temperatures of 73 to 100 °C were the most indicated for yerba mate insertion in the processing of beer. Among the analyzed mate herb extracts obtained from ground-thick sheets at 100% shown to be more efficient in the extraction of bioactive compounds, standing out among them consisting of 100% sheets. The contents of total phenolic compounds and total flavonoids of yerba mate added beers were proportional to their concentrations, the same was observed for the different methods of antioxidant capacity analyzed, with emphasis on the treatment with the addition of yerba mate in early boiling step of the wort brewing, and may be stored for 180 days, no decrease of the compounds. In relation the color, the higher concentrations of yerba mate in the boiling step tend to stabilize when added to the maturation the levels were proportional to their concentration. The bitterness content showed lower values when yerba mate was added in the maturation of beer. The addition of 15 and 20 g YM L-1 in alcoholic beverages affect the behavior of TSS, TTA, ethanol, real extract and original extract. Samples of beers each treatment, with addition of 5 and 10 g YM L-1 beer, showed no significant difference at the 5% significance level when applied the paired comparison test. The acceptance test the addition of yerba mate concentrations during boiling the beer wort and maturation of beer, contributed to the preparation of alcoholic beverages with color sensory attributes and distinct flavor without significantly interfering with the aroma, the bitterness and the global acceptance of drinks and offer great acceptance by consumers. Thus, the preparation of beers with addition of yerba mate during processing, shows the phenolic and antioxidant potential of this raw material for the development of new products and is an innovative proposal for the alcoholic beverage industry. / A busca por produtos diferenciados incentivam a procura de novas matérias-primas para agregar compostos bioativos, características físico-químicas e sensoriais à cerveja. Tendo em vista as propriedades benéficas reconhecidas, bem como a sua utilização e aceitação em outros produtos alimentícios, a erva-mate surge como matéria-prima para adição em cerveja, diversificando o mercado de bebidas alcoólicas. Além disso, o seu emprego durante o processamento da cerveja pode contribuir com a formação de compostos de sabor e aroma, assim como com a coloração e o amargor das bebidas alcoólicas. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi elaborar cerveja com adição de erva-mate (EM) em diferentes etapas da produção e estudar o seu potencial fenólico, antioxidante, características físico-químicas e sensoriais. Foram analisados, à partir da elaboração de extratos aquosos empregando-se rampas de temperaturas (45, 65, 73 e 100 °C), utilizadas no processo de mosturação e fervura das cervejas, e concentrações (5, 10, 15 e 20 g EM L-1), seis tipos de ervas-mate comerciais para chimarrão. Os extratos foram analisados quanto aos teores de compostos fenólicos totais, flavonoides totais e a capacidade antioxidante, pelos métodos de FRAP, ABTS e DPPH. Foram elaboradas três formulações de cervejas com adição de erva-mate tipo chimarrão, composta por 100% de folhas. Tratamento 1, adição no início da etapa de fervura do mosto, Tratamento 2, adição no final da etapa de fervura do mosto e Tratamento 3, adição na maturação das bebidas alcoólicas, além de uma formulação controle. Cada tratamento foi elaborado com quatro concentrações de erva-mate, 5, 10, 15 e 20 g EM L-1. As cervejas elaboradas foram avaliadas nos dias 1, 90 e 180 de armazenamento, quanto as análises de compostos fenólicos totais, flavonoides totais, capacidade antioxidante, pelos métodos de FRAP, ABTS e DPPH, cor, amargor, sólidos solúveis totais, teor de espuma, pH, acidez total titulável, extrato real e extrato primitivo. A análise sensorial foi realizada com as cervejas dos tratamentos T1, T2 e T3, elaboradas com as concentrações de 5 e 10 g EM L-1 e a formulação controle. As cervejas foram analisadas sensorialmente por meio de testes afetivos de preferência por comparação pareada e de aceitação. Realizou-se ainda a avaliação da intenção de compra do produto e o cálculo do índice de aceitabilidade. As temperaturas de 73 e 100 °C foram as mais indicadas para inserção de erva-mate no processamento da cerveja. Entre as ervas-mate analisadas os extratos obtidos com a moída-grossa e a 100% de folhas mostraram ser mais eficientes na extração de compostos bioativos, destacando-se entre elas a composta por 100% de folhas. Os teores de compostos fenólicos totais e flavonoides totais das cervejas adicionadas de erva-mate apresentaram valores proporcionais a sua concentrações, o mesmo foi observado para os diferentes métodos de capacidade antioxidante analisados, com destaque para o tratamento com adição de erva-mate no início da etapa de fervura do mosto cervejeiro, podendo ser armazenadas durante 180 dias, sem decréscimo dos compostos. Em relação a cor, concentrações maiores de erva-mate na etapa da fervura tendem a sua estabilização, quando adicionada na maturação os teores foram proporcionais a sua concentração. O teor de amargor apresentou valores inferiores quando adicionou-se erva-mate na maturação das cervejas. A adição de 15 e 20 g EM L-1 nas bebidas alcoólicas influenciou no comportamento dos teores de SST, ATT, etanol, extrato real e extrato primitivo. As amostras de cervejas de cada tratamento, com adição de 5 e 10 g EM L-1 de cerveja, não apresentaram diferença significativa ao nível de significância de 5% quando aplicou-se o teste de comparação pareada. No teste de aceitação a adição de diferentes concentrações de erva-mate durante a fervura do mosto cervejeiro e a maturação das cervejas, contribuíram para a elaboração de bebidas alcoólicas com atributos sensoriais de cor e sabor diferenciados, sem interferir significativamente no aroma, no amargor e na aceitação global das bebidas, apresentando uma boa aceitação por parte dos consumidores. Desta forma, a elaboração de cervejas com adição de erva-mate durante o seu processamento, demonstra o potencial fenólico e antioxidante desta matéria-prima para a elaboração de novos produtos, constituindo uma proposta inovadora para indústria de bebidas alcoólicas.
313

Bebidas fermentadas de goiaba: compostos bioativos, caracterização volátil e aproveitamento de resíduos / Fermented beverages made from guava: bioactive compounds, volatile characteristics, and use of by-products

Bertagnolli, Silvana Maria Michelin 10 July 2014 (has links)
Guava (Psidium guajava L.) consumption, either industrialized or in natura, has increased significantly. It is rich in fiber, total polyphenols, vitamin C, and carotenoids, particularly lycopene. Since guava is highly perishable, it is necessary to investigate new processing methods focusing on products that are different from conventional ones. Accordingly, fermented beverages can be an alternative to obtain by-products with longer shelf-life and higher value added. These beverages could also have a great and wide consumer acceptance. In addition there is the possibility of using the by-products, such as in the production of flour due to its physicochemical composition and functional properties. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to produce fermented beverages using guava and to evaluate the bioactive and volatile compound contents as well as to use the by-products from the beverage s production to obtain flour for the production of cookies. The wine and sparkling guava beverages produced showed reasonable concentration of bioactive and volatile compounds with physicochemical parameters similar to those of traditional beverages. In terms of sensory attributes, the sparkling guava beverages achieved better acceptability indicating that the base wine can be used to produce the sparkling wine, which is evidenced by their physicochemical parameters. The analysis of the volatile composition of the sparkling guava revealed the presence of many odoriferous compounds. The use of byproducts, such as guava peel flour, proved feasible, and its use to partially replace wheat flour in the preparation of cookies showed several important nutritional benefits such as an increase in dietary fiber and mineral content, low moisture content, and increased levels of active compounds, besides reducing environmental impact. / A goiaba (Psidium guajava L.) tem apresentado largo consumo, quer in natura, quer na forma industrializada. É uma fruta rica em fibras, polifenóis totais, vitamina C e carotenóides, em especial o licopeno. Por ser altamente perecível, faz-se necessário o estudo de novas formas de processamento para obtenção de produtos diferentes dos convencionais. Neste sentido, as bebidas fermentadas apresentam-se como alternativa para a obtenção de produtos derivados com maior período de vida útil e maior valor agregado. Certamente estas bebidas poderiam ter uma ótima aceitação entre os consumidores, além da possibilidade do aproveitamento dos resíduos dessa produção na forma de farinha devido sua composição físico-química e propriedades funcionais. Sendo assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo elaborar bebidas fermentadas a partir de goiaba, avaliando os teores de compostos bioativos e compostos voláteis bem como fazer um aproveitamento dos resíduos proveniente da produção das bebidas na obtenção de farinha para a produção de biscoitos tipo cookies. O fermentado e o espumante de goiaba apresentaram razoáveis teores de compostos bioativos e voláteis, com parâmetros físico-químicas semelhantes aos das bebidas tradicionais. Sensorialmente, o espumante de goiaba apresentou melhor aceitabilidade indicando assim que o fermentado de goiaba obtido pode ser usado como vinho base para a elaboração de espumante de goiaba, comprovado pelos parâmetros físico-químicos apresentados. A análise da composição volátil do espumante de goiaba revelou muitos compostos com potencial odorífero. O aproveitamento dos resíduos do processamento de goiaba como farinha da casca demonstrou ser viável e seu uso na substituição parcial da farinha de trigo na preparação de biscoitos tipo cookies demonstrou ter muitas vantagens nutricionais, fornecendo um incremento de fibra alimentar, conteúdo de minerais, baixo teor de umidade e aumento nos teores de compostos ativos, além de reduzir a contaminação ambiental.
314

Estudo do potencial bioativo da fração clorofilada da biomassa de Phormidium autumnale / Potential study of fraction bioactive chlorophyllated of biomass Phormidium autumnale

Nogara, Gabriela Predebon 07 March 2016 (has links)
Microalgae are recognized sources of metabolites with high added value, largely by biological activity of these compounds. Several species of cyanobacteria produce secondary metabolites with bioactive character due to its molecular structure. Currently studying a lot about pigments for its biological value, giving emphasis on its bioactivity, but chlorophyll is still poorly understood. Despite its important biological role, research on chlorophyll and its potential antioxidant and pro-oxidant are still scarce. The lack of information can be attributed to the difficulty of obtaining chlorophyll and its derivatives in a purified form and also to their instability, which triggers a process of degradation. Many uncertainties still exist in the scientific field of the natural chlorophyll, their metabolites, impact on health, due to its high content in some vegetables, widespread occurrence in nature, and its degradation during food processing and human digestion. The production of compounds of chlorophyll by microalgae, due to their diverse metabolism, makes biomass microalgal an alternative source, with different chemical structures as compared to conventional food matrix, and its complex system of conjugated bonds on pyrrole rings enables an antioxidant character, or pro-oxidative, acting in scavenging free radicals or reactive triggering systems of molecular degradation. In this sense, the study of these chlorophyll pigments designed to further focus on their chemical structure may help to elucidate the real potential bioactive these substances. Given the various chlorophyllous structures present in Phormidium autumnale extract with different polarities, it is crucial to choose the appropriate method for evaluating the antioxidant potential, and to investigate the antioxidant mechanism developed by each structure of the molecule. A total of eleven chlorophyll compounds were separated on biomass Phormidium autumnale the photosynthetic culture. Among the major compounds found chlorophyll a (1498.40μg / g) and pheophytin b (613.23μg / g), where the total chlorophyll pigments totaled 2720.19μg / g in the biomass extract. The potential for scavenging free radicals was examined by two different methods with regard to their polarity, being that for the lipophilic method of the Phormidium extract autumnale proved to be 200 times more potent than α-tocopherol at the disposal of peroxyl radicals , and the method the hydrophilic Phormidium autumnale extract showed antioxidant activity of 219.82 mu equivalent Trolox / g extract. Finally, we note that the biomass Phormidium autumnale has considerable potential in the production of chlorophyll compounds in phototrophic conditions, proving to be an alternative source to conventional arrays of chlorophyll pigments and proved efficient in eliminating free radicals, showing their potential bioactive . / Microalgas são fontes reconhecidas de metabólitos com alto valor agregado, em grande parte pela atividade biológica destes compostos. Diversas espécies de cianobactérias produzem metabólitos secundários com caráter bioativo em função de sua estrutura molecular. Atualmente estuda-se muito a respeito de pigmentos pelo seu valor biológico, dando-se ênfase em sua bioatividade, porém a clorofila ainda é pouco elucidada. Apesar de seu importante papel biológico, as pesquisas sobre clorofila e seu potencial antioxidante e pró-oxidante ainda são escassas. A escassez de informações pode ser atribuída à dificuldade de se obter clorofilas e seus derivados em uma forma purificada e também à sua instabilidade, o que desencadeia um processo de degradação. Muitas incertezas ainda existem no campo científico sobre a clorofila natural, seus metabólitos, impacto sobre a saúde, devido seu alto conteúdo em alguns vegetais, ocorrência generalizada na natureza, e sua degradação durante o processamento de alimentos e digestão humana. A produção de compostos clorofilados pelas microalgas, em função de seu metabolismo diversificado, torna a biomassa microalgal uma fonte alternativa, com estruturas químicas diferenciadas quando comparada às matrizes alimentícias convencionais, sendo que seu sistema complexo de ligações conjugadas em anéis pirrólicos possibilita um caráter antioxidante, ou pró-oxidativo, atuando no sequestro de radicais livres ou desencadeando sistemas reacionais de degradação molecular. Neste sentido, o estudo destes pigmentos clorofilados visando um maior enfoque em suas estruturas químicas poderá auxiliar na elucidação do real potencial bioativo destas substâncias. Diante das diversas estruturas clorofiladas presentes no extrato de Phormidium autumnale, com diferentes polaridades, é fundamental escolher o método adequado para a avaliação do potencial antioxidante, além de investigar o mecanismo antioxidante desenvolvido por cada estrutura da molécula. Um total de onze compostos clorofilados foram separados na biomassa de Phormidium autumnale no cultivo fotossintético. Entre os compostos majoritários foram encontrados clorofila a (1498.40μg / g), e feofitina b (613.23μg / g), onde os pigmentos totais clorofilados totalizaram 2720.19μg / g no extrato de biomassa. O potencial de eliminação de radicais livres foi analisado por dois métodos diferentes no que diz respeito à sua polaridade, sendo que para o método lipofílico o extrato de Phormidium autumnale mostrou-se 200 vezes mais potente do que o α-tocoferol na eliminação de radicais peroxil, e para o método hidrofílico o extrato de Phormidium autumnale apresentou atividade antioxidante de 219,82 mμ Trolox equivalente / g de extrato. Finalmente, observamos que a biomassa de Phormidium autumnale apresenta um potencial considerável na produção de compostos clorofilados em condições fototróficas, provando ser uma fonte alternativa para matrizes convencionais de pigmentos de clorofila, bem como se mostrou eficiente na eliminação de radicais livres, evidenciando seu potencial bioativo.
315

Leonotis leonurus: the anticoagulant and antidiabetic activity of Leonotis leonurus

Mnonopi, Nandipha January 2010 (has links)
Commercial marrubiin, aqueous and organic extracts of Leonotis leonurus were tested in vitro for their anticoagulant and antiplatelet activities. The aqueous extract inhibited platelet aggregation by 69.5 percent (100 μg/mL), while the organic extract (100 μg/mL) and marrubiin (5 μg/mL) showed 92.5 percent and 91.6 percent inhibition, respectively, by inhibiting the binding of fibrinogen to glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor in a concentration dependent manner. The extracts significantly prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time compared to untreated plasma controls. Fibrin and D-Dimer formation were drastically decreased. The extracts and marrubiin concentration-dependently inhibited calcium mobilization induced by collagen and thrombin. The formation of thromboxane A2 was also significantly reduced by both the extracts and marrubiin. Protein secretion and platelet adhesion were significantly reduced by both the extracts and marrubiin. The organic extract and marrubiin showed a more pronounced effect than the aqueous extracts in all the in vitro assays. The ex-vivo animal model confirmed the results obtained in vitro. Similar to the in vitro studies, activated partial thromboplastin time clotting time was prolonged by marrubiin and the number of aggregated platelets were significantly reduced relative to aspirin. The findings reflect that marrubiin largely contributes to the organic extract's anticoagulant and antiplatelet effect in vitro. INS-1 cells were cultured under normo- and hyperglycaemic conditions. Marrubiin and the two Leonotis leonurus extracts were screened for anti-diabetic activity in vitro. The stimulatory index of INS-1 cells cultured under hyperglycaemic conditions was significantly increased by 60 percent and 61 percent (p<0.01; n=5) in cells exposed to the organic extract (10 μg/mL) and marrubiin (500 ng/mL), respectively, relative to the normoglycaemic conditions. The gene expression of insulin was significantly increased by 76.5 and 71 percent, and of glucose transporter-2 by 93 and 92.5 percent for marrubiin and the organic extract, respectively, under the same conditions stipulated above (p<0.01; n=4). The extract and marrubiin similarly showed an increase in respiratory rate under hyperglycaemic conditions. Marrubiin increased insulin secretion, HDL-cholesterol, while it decreased total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and the atherogenic index in the in vivo rat model.
316

Consumo de carotenoides no Brasil: a contribuição da alimentação fora do domicílio / Carotenoids consumption in Brazil: a contribution of out-of-home food intake

Rodrigo Dantas Amancio 08 October 2012 (has links)
Carotenoides são considerados substâncias bioativas e seu consumo tem sido associado à prevenção de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. Os carotenoides com atividade pró-vitamínica atuam no combate à hipovitaminose A. O objetivo desta dissertação foi descrever a ingestão de carotenoides, destacando a contribuição do consumo fora do domicílio, de acordo com fatores socioeconômicos, demográficos e estado nutricional, além de identificar as principais fontes alimentares presentes na dieta da população brasileira. Utilizou-se como base de dados as informações integrantes do bloco de consumo alimentar pessoal, da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF 2008-2009), realizada pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), que envolveu 34.003 indivíduos com idade de 10 anos ou mais. Um banco de dados foi construído para viabilizar o cálculo das quantidades (médias) de carotenoides presentes na dieta dos participantes da amostra. Foram utilizadas principalmente informações contidas na base Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Release 23 - United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) e a Tabela Brasileira de Composição de Carotenoides em Alimentos. Foram elaboradas análises estatísticas descritivas envolvendo o cálculo de ingestão de carotenoides no domicílio e fora dele e as variáveis selecionadas. O consumo médio per capita foi de 4.117,0 &micro;g/dia para carotenoides totais e 2.337,9 &micro;g/dia para os pró-vitamínicos A. As maiores médias de ingestão de carotenoides (totais; pró-vitamínicos) foram identificadas entre os seguintes grupos: mulheres (4.245,8 &micro;g/dia; 2.458,9 &micro;g/dia), moradores do meio urbano (4.143,2 &micro;g/dia; 2.364,20 &micro;g/dia), habitantes da Região Sul (4.987,6 &micro;g/dia; 2.948,9 &micro;g/dia), idosos (4.694,3 &micro;g/dia; 2.853,8 &micro;g/dia), indivíduos com os maiores rendimentos (5.596,7 &micro;g/dia; 3.236,6 &micro;g/dia), com curso de pós-graduação completo (7.009,7 &micro;g/dia; 4.143,5 &micro;g/dia), de cor amarela (5.692,7 &micro;g/dia; 3.436,9 &micro;g/dia) e aqueles classificados com os maiores Índice de Massa Corporal - IMC (4.445,1 &micro;g/dia; 2.535,0 &micro;g/dia). Constatou-se que a contribuição fora do domicílio representou até ¼ da ingestão total de carotenoides. Observou-se que os indivíduos do sexo feminino, idade acima de 60 anos e obesos, embora ingerissem maiores quantidades destas substâncias, integraram os grupamentos que (em relação ao total) apresentaram menor participação na ingestão fora do domicílio. O crescimento da renda e da escolaridade foi fundamental para proporcionar níveis mais elevados de consumo. As principais fontes de carotenoides na dieta da população brasileira foram: salada, suco, alface, tomate, mamão, melancia, abóbora, batata-doce, cenoura, milho verde e ovo de galinha. Fora do domicílio prevaleceu a ingestão dos três primeiros alimentos/preparações. Os níveis de ingestão revelaram-se expressivamente inferiores aos preconizados como seguros. Medidas de incentivo ao consumo de frutas, verduras, legumes e seus derivados (fontes de carotenoides), sobretudo entre os jovens, são necessárias e prioritárias, especialmente com vistas à prevenção de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis e no combate à hipovitaminose A. / Carotenoids are considered bioactive substances and its consumption has been associated to prevention of chronic non communicable diseases. The carotenoids with pro-vitamin activity act against hypovitaminosis A. The aim of this dissertation was to report the carotenoids intake, highlighting the contribution of outof- home food consumption, accordingly with socioeconomic and demographical factors, nutritional status, also to identify the main food sources in the diet of Brazilian population. A secondary data from the 2008-2009 Household Budget Survey - POF - was used, published by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The sample consisted of 34,003 study subjects (13,569 households), with at least 10 years-old. A database was built to allow the calculation of quantities (average) of carotenoids in the diet of study participants. Information was used primarily by the Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Release 23 - United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Brazilian Table of Carotenoids Composition in Food. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed for calculation of carotenoid intake at home and out-of-home consumption. The average daily consumption per capita was 4,117.0 &micro;g/day for total carotenoids and 2,337.9 &micro;g/day for provitamin A carotenoids. The highest average intake of carotenoids (total; provitaminic) was found between the following groups: women (4,245.8 &micro;g/day; 2,458.9 &micro;g/day), urban dwellers (4,143.2 &micro;g/day; 2,364.20 &micro;g/day), South region population (4,987.6 &micro;g/day; 2,948.9 &micro;g/day), elderly people (4,694.3 &micro;g/day; 2,853.8 &micro;g/day), high-income individuals (5,596.7 &micro;g/day; 3,236.6 &micro;g/day), with full graduate degree (7,009.7 &micro;g/day; 4,143.5 &micro;g/day), yellow skinned person (5,692.7 &micro;g/day; 3,436.9 &micro;g/day) and those classified with highest Body Mass Index (BMI) (4,445.1 &micro;g/day; 2,535.0 &micro;g/day). The out-ofhome contribution found in this present study represented up to ¼ of the total intake of carotenoids. It was observed that individuals over 60 years, female and obese people, although ingested larger amount of these substances, belonged to the groups (in relation with total) which showed less interest in out-of-home eating. The increase in income and education was essential to provide higher levels of consumption. The main dietary carotenoids sources of Brazilian population were: salad, juice, lettuce, tomato, papaya, watermelon, pumpkin, sweet potato, carrot, corn and chicken egg. The consumption of first three food/preparation prevailed outside the home. The intake levels showed expressively lower than those recommended as safe. Policies to promote the consumption of fruits, vegetables and derived products (carotenoids sources) are necessary and priority, particularly among young people, especially aiming to prevent the risk of chronic diseases and combating hypovitaminosis A.
317

Potencial antioxidante e composição química de genótipos de amendoim adaptados ao ambiente semiárido / Potential antioxidant and chemical composition of peanut genotypes adapted to semiarid environment

Fernanda Francetto Juliano 27 October 2017 (has links)
O amendoim (Arachis hypogaea L.) é um grão muito apreciado em todo o mundo, sendo cultivado em vários países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento. A planta é uma oleaginosa com alto valor nutricional e rica em compostos bioativos, cultivada largamente em zonas de clima semiárido, onde prevalece a seca, que pode afetar a produção e a composição dos grãos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a composição química, atividade antioxidante, compostos fenólicos, tocoferóis e ácidos graxos de genótipos de amendoim contrastantes quanto à adaptação a ambientes com limitação hídrica, bem como definir quais atributos são capazes de caracterizar esses genótipos. Os genótipos utilizados foram oriundos do programa de melhoramento genético de amendoim da Embrapa Algodão (Campina Grande - PB), os quais são adaptados ao estresse hídrico. Foram analisados grãos com e sem película, uma vez que seu consumo pode ocorrer de ambas as formas. Para os grãos sem a película a caracterização da fração oleosa foi realizada por meio da identificação e quantificação dos ácidos graxos e tocoferóis, enquanto que a avaliação química da fração fenólica foi feita por espectrometria de massas de alta resolução (LC-ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS). A atividade antioxidante foi determinada por meio da desativação de espécies reativas de oxigênio (superóxido, ácido hipocloroso e peroxila) e do método on-line (HPLC-ABTS). Os resultados da caracterização da fração oleosa e fenólica dos grãos despeliculados foram ainda avaliados por análise multivariada para se definir quais atributos eram capazes de caracterizar os diferentes genótipos de amendoim. Para os grãos com a película foi realizada a caracterização química dos polifenóis por LC-ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS, e a avaliação da atividade antioxidante pelo sequestro dos radicais livres DPPH e ABTS, além da análise multivariada dos resultados. De maneira geral, os genótipos tolerantes à seca foram os que apresentaram maior capacidade antioxidante. Os genótipos de amendoim avaliados apresentaram de 36 a 58% de ácidos graxos monoinsaturados em sua constituição, e relação oleico/linoleico mais elavada para os genótipos rasteiros. Foram também encontradas quantidades significativas de tocoferóis nos materiais analisados. O ácido p-cumárico, ácido cafeíco e a rutina foram identificados e quantificados por cromatografia líquida de alta resolução. Foram identificados, por meio da técnica de espectrometria de massas de alta resolução, 26 compostos fenólicos nos genótipos de amendoim despeliculados. Os grãos com película apresentaram perfil fenólico mais complexo, sendo identificados 58 compostos pertencentes a cinco classes distintas. Os isômeros do ácido coutárico foram os principais polifenóis, seguidos pela isorhamnetina-3-O-rutinosideo e os isômeros de ácido cumárico. De acordo com os resultados obtidos e a literatura, foram identificados 9 compostos nunca relatados em amendoim. As variáveis analisadas neste estudo mostraram ser possível o agrupamento dos genótipos de amendoim contrastantes quanto à adaptação aos ambientes com restrição hídrica. / Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) are a widely appreciated grains throughout the world and it has been grown both in developed and developing countries. The plant is an oleaginous with high nutritional value and rich in bioactive compounds that has been cultivated in semi-arid zones - where drought prevails and it affects grain yield and composition. Thus, the aim of this work was in evaluating the chemical composition, antioxidant activity, phenolic compounds, tocopherols and fatty acids of contrasting peanut genotypes in relation to the adaptation to water limitation environments, as well as defining which attributes are able to characterize these genotypes. The adapted peanuts to water stress used here came from the breeding program of Embrapa Algodão (Campina Grande - PB). Grains with and without skin were analyzed, since their consumption can occur in both forms. In relation to the grains without the skin, the characterization of the oily fraction was made through the identification and quantification of the fatty acids and tocoferols, whereas the chemical evaluation of the phenolic fraction was performed by high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS). The antioxidant activity was determined by reactive oxygen species deactivation (superoxide, hypochlorous acid and peroxyl) and on-line method (HPLC-ABTS). The results obtained through characterization of the oily and phenolic fraction of the grains without skin were further evaluated by multivariate analysis to determine which attributes were able to characterize the different peanut genotypes. In relation to the grains with skin, it was made the chemical characterization of the polyphenols by LC-ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS and the evaluation of the antioxidant activity by the sequestration of the radicals DPPH and ABTS; besides, it was made the multivariate analysis of the results. In general, the samples tolerant to drought were the ones that presented greater antioxidant capacity than the others. The evaluated peanut genotypes presented 36 to 58% of monounsaturated fatty acids in relation to the total lipids in its constitution and showed oleic/linoleic ratio classified in normal and mid-oleic, which is a higher ratio for non-drought tolerant genotypes. Significant amounts of tocopherols were also found in the analyzed materials. p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid and rutin were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Twenty-six phenolic compounds were also identified in peanuts without skin using the high-resolution mass spectrometry technique. The peanuts with skin showed a more complex phenolic characteristc by being identified 58 compounds belonging to five different classes. The isomers of coutaric acid were the major polyphenols, followed by isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside and the isomers of coumaric acid. According to the results obtained and the literature, it is been identified 9 new compounds which were never found in peanuts. The variables analyzed in this study showed that it is possible to group contrasting genotypes peanuts as to drought tolerance.
318

Fitoquímica e perfil sensorial de sucos de uvas e seus subprodutos /

Monteiro, Gean Charles January 2020 (has links)
Orientador: Giuseppina Pace Pereira Lima / Resumo: O mercado de suco de uva está em crescimento, principalmente pelos benefícios do consumo a saúde. Várias soluções tecnológicas foram propostas para melhorar a cadeia produtiva, como a combinação de uvas e até mesmo o aproveitamento do resíduo do processo de produção, contribuindo na qualidade funcional, econômica e ambiental. No Brasil, uvas Vitis labrusca e híbridas representam a maioria daquelas destinadas aos sucos. A uva híbrida 'Niagara Rosada' que apresenta alta produtividade e aceitabilidade, com excedente de produção, pode ser uma opção para a produção de suco e utilização do resíduo para suplementação alimentar. Dessa forma, o perfil de compostos fenólicos e nitrogenados, bem como capacidade antioxidante e bioativa, coloração e sensorial foram realizadas com o objetivo de verificar a qualidade dos sucos de uva e seus resíduos produzidos a partir de combinações de 'Niagara Rosada'. Os sucos foram elaborados com 'Bordo', 'BRS Violeta', 'IAC 138-22 Máximo', separadamente e em blends com 'Niagara Rosada'. Os sucos foram produzidos por prensagem a quente, engarrafados (vidro âmbar) e pasteurizados. Um controle comercial (C) de 'Niagara Rosada' também foi analisado junto aos sucos. Os resíduos da produção do suco (bagaços) foram secos, moídos, embalados e armazenados para as análises. Treze misturas foram produzidas independentemente usando 100, 75, 50 e 25% de cada cultivar e em combinação com 'Niagara Rosada'. O perfil de polifenóis e compostos nitrogenados foram analisa... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The he grape juice market is growing, mainly due to the health benefits of consumption. Various technological solutions have been proposed to improve the production chain, such as the combination of grapes and even the use of the residue of the production process, contributing to functional, economic and environmental quality. In Brazil, Vitis labrusca and hybrid grapes represent the majority of those destined for juices. The hybrid grape 'Niagara Rosada', which presents high productivity and acceptability, with surplus production, can be an option for the production of juice and use of the residue for food supplementation. Thus, the profile of phenolic and nitrogen compounds, as well as antioxidant and bioactive capacity, coloring and sensory were carried out with the aim of verifying the quality of grape juices and their residues produced from 'Niagara Rosada' combinations. The juices were made with 'Bordo', 'BRS Violeta', 'IAC 138-22 Máximo', separately and in blends with 'Niagara Rosada'. The juices were produced by hot pressing, bottled (amber glass) and pasteurized. A commercial control (C) of 'Niagara Rosada' was also analyzed with the juices. The juice production residues (bagasse) were dried, ground, packaged and stored for analysis. Thirteen mixtures were produced independently using 100, 75, 50 and 25% of each cultivar and in combination with 'Niagara Rosada'. The profile of polyphenols and nitrogen compounds were analyzed via HPLC. Total phenolic compounds, total ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor
319

Vers la synthèse totale du 13-desméthyle spirolide C. Synthèse d’hétérocycles par activation C–H catalysée au Rh(III) / Toward the total synthesis of 13-desmethyl spirolide C. Rhodium(III)-Catalyzed Synthesis of Heterocycles by Aromatic C-H Activation

Peneau, Augustin 26 October 2018 (has links)
Certaines phycotoxines marines de la famille des spiroimines, comme la gymnodimine et les spirolides sont produites par des dinoflagellés et se concentrent dans les mollusques filtreurs. Puis, par transport vectoriel, elles peuvent atteindre les animaux marins et les êtres humains. Des études biologiques ont montré que ces toxines sont de puissants antagonistes des récepteurs nicotiniques de l’acétylcholine (nAChRs) et qu’elles présentent une spécificité modérée pour des sous-types de récepteurs. Au laboratoire, nous nous intéressons à la synthèse totale du 13-desméthyle spirolide C, dans le but de produire une plus grande quantité de cette molécule (que par extraction) afin d'étudier plus en détail son activité biologique. Afin d’atteindre ce but, deux stratégies seront présentées. La première faisant intervenir une réaction-clef de décarboxylation allylante asymétrique, permettant la formation stéréosélective d’un centre quaternaire. La seconde approche utilise une réaction de Diels-Alder intermoléculaire pour construire le même motif. Au cours de ces dernières années, les récents développements dans le domaine des couplages organométalliques ont permis de s’affranchir de la préfonctionnalisation d’une liaison C_H avant sa transformation en liaison C_C ou C_hétéroatome, par l’utilisation de catalyseurs à base de métaux de transition. Afin de pallier ce problème, une approche généralement employée, consiste à utiliser la proximité spatiale d’un hétéroatome chélatant (N, O, etc.), appelé groupement directeur (GD), qui permet de diriger la réaction vers une liaison C_H spécifique. Nous avons étudié l’application d’une réaction de type Heck dans la synthèse de squelettes de molécules biologiquement actives. Dans un second chapitre de ce manuscrit seront détaillés les récents avancements dans la synthèse d’hétérocycles par activation C_H, catalysée au rhodium (III). Ainsi, la synthèse de spirocycles carbonés, de spiropipéridines et d’azépinones seront présentés, accompagnées des considérations mécanistiques de ces réactions. / Some marine shellfish toxins in the spiroimine family like gymnodimine and spirolides are produced by dinoflagellates and can be transferred and concentrated in seafood then by vectorial transport they can reach marine animals and humans. Biological studies have shown that these toxins are potent antagonists of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and have a moderate selectivity for subtypes receptor. In the laboratory, we are interested in the total synthesis of gymnodimine and 13-desmethyl spirolide C in order to produce a larger quantity of these molecules (compared to isolation from dinoflagellates) to further investigate their biological activities. In this regard, we developed two complementary approaches to access the spiroimine pattern of these molecules. The first one is based on a decarboxylative asymmetric allylic alkylation reaction. The second uses an intermolecular Diels-Alder reaction.With the need of more sophisticated scaffolds for medicinal chemistry or total synthesis, the development of appropriate ortho-directed C_H activation reactions have proven recently to be crucial. Herein, we propose two simple and efficient intramolecular cyclisation reactions, involving a methoxy-amide directing group and a Rh(III)-catalysis. Synthesis of spiropiperidines and azepinones are presented.
320

Analýza izolátů streptomycet obsahujících gen pro cyklizující aminolevulinátsyntázu / Analysis of streptomycete isolates carrying a cyclizing aminolevulinate synthase gene

Rašmanová, Petra January 2020 (has links)
Streptomyces bacteria are well-known producents of many bioactive metabolites. Its secondary metabolism is a source of many important groups of active compounds that are recently investigated by means of many new methods based on bioinformatic analyses of genome data, modern LC-MS techniques, and metabolic modeling methods. This thesis originates from the genetic screening for a specific gene (als) for cyclizing 5-aminolevulinate synthase. Based on earlier studies, we consider this gene as a genetic tag of the producers of secondary metabolites containing the C5N unit (2-amino-3-hydroxycyklopent- 2-enon). Such metabolites include several groups with variable structures and biological activities, which include manumycins as well. Manumycins are small polyketides with a weak antibiotic aktivity, especially against gram-positive bacteria. However, its cancerostatic and anti-inflammatory effects are of greater importance. Streptomyces monomycini BCCO10 1552 and Streptomyces capoamus BCCO10 1636 strains were found positive for the presence of the als gene in the targeted genetic screening. By the als phylogeny, they cluster near the producents of manumycin compounds. This thesis aimed to determine whether these new natural isolates produce any compounds containing C5N unit, and to characterize them in...

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