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Orientador: Ana Rita Morales / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T08:54:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kuchnier_CarolineNogueira_M.pdf: 6599109 bytes, checksum: 59b6eb5172349da253716bfd2081593a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O poli(ácido lático), PLA, é um polímero biodegradável muito promissor para aplicações industriais e médicas. Contudo, algumas de suas características, como fragilidade à temperatura ambiente limitam sua potencial utilização e restringem sua degradação às condições de compostagem. Para promover modificações de propriedades do PLA este trabalho tem como objetivo o estudo de blendas com Poli(adipato-co-tereftalato de butileno), PBAT, outro polímero biodegradável. Buscou-se ainda, melhorar a compatibilidade entre os dois polímeros com a utilização do agente extensor de cadeia multifuncional Joncryl ADR-4368, que contém grupos epóxido reativos. Dois tipos de processamento foram adotados: em homogeneizador Drais e em reômetro de torque. Amostras dos polímeros puros e blendas em diferentes composições foram preparadas com e sem adição do extensor de cadeia. Na análise de calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC), a temperatura de transição vítrea (Tg) dos polímeros originais mostraram-se inalteradas nas blendas e revelou a imiscibilidade entre PLA e PBAT. O comportamento associado à fração cristalina apresentou variações em função da composição dos polímeros nas blendas e as transições térmicas não foram alteradas pelo extensor de cadeia. Análises de termogravimetria (TGA) mostraram o efeito de aumento na estabilidade térmica gerada pelo extensor de cadeia e o aumento da degradação térmica no processamento por injeção. A espectroscopia do infravermelho (FTIR) mostrou que grupos epóxido podem ter reagido com carboxilas e hidroxilas dos polímeros. A cromatografia por permeação em gel (GPC) mostrou que o extensor de cadeia promoveu aumento na massa molar do PLA, mas não apresentou o mesmo efeito no PBAT. Pela microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM), observou-se a presença de duas fases distintas. O extensor de cadeia promoveu a diminuição significativa no tamanho dos domínios da fase dispersa. Ensaios de resistência à tração mostraram que o PBAT aumentou a flexibilidade do PLA. Testes de resistência ao impacto mostraram aumento na resistência mecânica do PLA pela incorporação do PBAT. O extensor de cadeia reduziu a flexibilidade do PLA puro, mas aumentou a flexibilidade e a resistência mecânica nas blendas PLA/PBAT. Palavras-chave: Blendas poliméricas, plástico biodegradável, poli(ácido lático), aditivos / Abstract: Poly (latic acid) (PLA) is an attractive biodegradable polymer for industrial and medical applications. Although, some PLA properties like brittleness at room temperature restrict its potential applications and limit its full degradation only for composting conditions. The purpose of this work is to promote modifications in PLA properties by blending it with other biodegradable polymer, Poly (butylene-adipate-co-terephtalate) (PBAT). Joncryl ADR-4368, a multifunctional chain extender with epoxy functional groups was also used to increase polymers compatibility. Two processing methods were adopted: the samples in different compositions were processed in Drais homogenizer and torque reometer. Polymers and blends were processed with and without the chain extender. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) showed that the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polymers did not change, which reveals immiscibility between PLA and PBAT. The behavior of the crystalline fraction exhibited variations depending on the composition of the blends and thermal transitions were not changed by chain extender. Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the chain extender caused an increase on thermal stability, and an increase of thermal degradation caused by injection molding processing. Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated that epoxy groups may be reacted with carboxyl and hydroxyl polymers functional groups. Gel permeation chromatograph (GPC) revealed that chain extender promoted molecular weight increasing in PLA but did not have the same effect on PBAT. Using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) two phases morphology was detected. Chain extender promoted remarkable domains size reduction of the dispersed phase. Tensile strength tests demonstrated that PBAT enhanced flexibility and reduced brittleness of PLA. Impact strength tests showed an increment on PLA strength due to the presence of the PBAT. Chain extender reduced flexibility of PLA but also increased flexibility and tensile strength in PLA/PBAT blends. Keywords: polymer blends, biodegradable plastic, poly (latic acid), additives / Mestrado / Ciencia e Tecnologia de Materiais / Mestra em Engenharia Química

[pt] A interface do lixo urbano com a questão do Ecodesign é o fio condutor deste trabalho. A conscientização da importância do comprometimento do homem com seu meio ambiente, tem direcionado a inserção do Design no cenário da sustentabilidade. A partir da relação do homem com seus objetos e o acúmulo do lixo urbano, são apresentados, um estudo da composição dos resíduos sólidos urbanos na sociedade contemporânea, e as medidas atuais de gerenciamento deste problema. O papel do designer, como agente inovador, assume uma função neste cenário investigando as alterantivas para evitar a formação do lixo urbano, sob o enfoque da sustentabilidade. O que está sendo proposto, neste trabalho, é acentuar as perspectivas que se descortinam, para gerenciar o resíduo que pode ser evitado. Com o foco na desmaterialização e na biodegradabilidade, são apresentadas as possibilidades para a realização deste novo gerenciamento.A importância da inserção do plástico biodegradável, no processo produtivo, é relatada através do panorama mundial e das pesquisas que estão sendo realizadas no Brasil acerca deste material. O Ecodesign, desta forma, possibilita o aparecimento de uma atitude projetual direcionada para a qualidade de vida do homem e para a sobrevivência do nosso planeta. / [en] The interface between urban wastes and the issue of Ecodesign is the central theme of this work. Increasing awareness of the importance of man's commitment to the environment has moved Design towards sustainability. On the basis on the relation between people and their objects and the accumulation of urban refuse, a study is made of the make up of solid waste in contemporary cities, and present management measures for dealing with this problem are examined. The role of the designer as innovator in this context is to investigate alternatives to avoid accumulation of urban waste, from the perspective of sustainability, stressing new ways of managing avoidable wastes. Novel management measures are proposed, with emphosis on dematerialization and biodegradability. The importance of introducing biodegradable plastic in the productive process is described in the context of the world situation and of ongoing research on this material in Brazil. In this way, Ecodesign gives rise to an attitude in project design that aims at improved quality of life for people and the survival of our planet.

Burkholderia sacchari é uma nova espécie bacteriana do solo brasileiro que tem a capacidade de crescer em sacarose e acumular grânulos intracelulares de poliésteres pertencentes à família dos polihidroxiaIcanoatos (PHA). Quando cultivado em sacarose, o homopolímero poli-3¬hidroxibutirato é acumulado por esta bactéria, que é usado como um plástico biodegradável e biocompatível. Quando sacarose e ácido propiônico são fornecidos como fontes de carbono, as células de B. sacchari acumulam o copolímero poli-3-hidroxibutirato-co-3-hidroxivalerato (P3HB-co-3HV). Entretanto, uma pequena porcentagem do ácido propiônico fornecido é convertido a unidades 3HV devido à eficientes vias catabólicas que convertem este substrato preferencialmente a biomassa, CO2 e água, reduzindo portanto a eficiência da produção do polímero. Ao menos duas vias do catabolismo de propionato foram previamente propostas em B. sacchari: a-oxidação e ciclo do 2-metilcitrato (2MCC), sendo somente a última confilmada no nível molecular. Mutantes UV, obtidos anteriormente, foram incapazes de crescer em propionato (prp) e também apresentaram fenótipo afetado no crescimento em intermediários da a-oxidação. No presente trabalho, após uma busca em bibliotecas genômicas de B. sacchari, uma delas construída também no presente trabalho, três diferentes fragmentos de DNA presentes nos clones AI, PI e P2 foram capazes de restaurar o fenótipo prp+ aos mutantes. Experimentos quantitativos revelaram que AI somente restaurou parcialmente a conversão de propionato a unidades 3HV aos mutantes. PI foi capaz de restaurar a capacidade de crescimento em propionato, e em outros intermediários da a-oxidação, a um dos mutantes. Um DNA de 1.2 Kb, subfragmento de PI, ainda capaz de complementar mutantes prp, foi subclonado e seqüenciado, demonstrando similaridade a seqüências de DNA codificadoras de reguladores transcricionais do tipo LysR de várias bactérias, incluindo espécies de Bllrkholderia. Regiões adjacentes a LysR em diferentes genomas de Burkholderia são anotados como codificadores de acil-CoA desidrogenases, ao lado de proposta acil-CoA transferases/carnitina desidrogenases e de uma permease do facilitador maior da superfamília MFS-l. Após confirmação das mesmas regiões adjacentes em B. sacchari e também a sua específica deleção, será possível provar a presença da via do catabolismo de propionato indicada neste trabalho. / Burkholderia sacchari is a new bacterial species from brazilian soil, able to grow in sucrose, accumulating intracellular granules of polyester belonging to the polyhydroxyalkanoate family (PHA). When cultivated on sucrose, the homopolymer poly-3-hydroxybutyrate is accumulated by this bacterium, which is used as biodegradable and biocompatible plastic. When sucrose and propionic acid are supplied as carbon sources, B. sacchari cells accumulate the copolymer poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate (P3HB-co-3HV). However, a small percentage ofthe propionic acid supplied is converted to 3HV units, because efficient catabolic pathways convert this substrate preferentially to biomass, CO2 and water, thus reducing the efficiency of polymer production. At least two propionate catabolic pathways have been previously indicated in B. sacchari: a-oxidation and the 2-methylcitric acid (2MCC), the latter confirmed at molecular leveI. UV mutants previously obtained were unable to grow in propionate (prp) and also showed the phenotype affected concerning grow on intermediates of propionate a-oxidation. In the present work, after a screening in B. sacchari genomic libraries, one ofthem constructed also in the present work, the prp + phenotype was restored to the mutants by three different DNA fragments harbored by dones A), PI and P2. Quantitative experiments revealed that AI restored only partially the quantitative conversion of propionate to 3HV units to the mutants. PI restored the ability to grow in propionate and in other intermediates of a-oxidation to one prp mutant. A DNA 1.2 Kb subfragment of PI, still able to complement prp mutants, was subcloned and sequenced, showing similarity to DNA sequences encoding to LysR-type transcriptional regulators of various bacteria, including BlIrkholderia species. Adjacent regions to LysR in different genomes of BlIrkholderia are annotated as encoding to acyl-CoA dehydrogenases, neighboring a predicted acyl-CoA transferases/carnitine dehydratase and a permease ofthe major facilitator superfamily MFS-1. After confirmation ofthe same adjacent regions in B. sacchari and also their especific deletion, it will be possible to prove the presence of the pathway indicated here in the catabolism of propionate.

<p>Date: 6/16/2008</p><p>Institution: School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, Mälardalen University, Västerås (Sweden)</p><p>Authors:</p><p>Brüning, Andrea</p><p>830111</p><p>Västerås</p><p>Curtolo,Anna</p><p>820517</p><p>Västerås</p><p>Tutor: Tobias Eltebrandt</p><p>Title: A Study of Switch Pac: what would be the efficient ways for Switch Pac to increase potential demand and capitalize on green attitudes and behavior in the Swedish market?</p><p>Problem: What would be the efficient ways for Switch Pac to increase potential demand and capitalize on green attitudes and behavior in the Swedish market?</p><p>Purpose: The aim of our project is to see the potential of Switch Pac’s oxo-biodegradable plastic bags on the Swedish market by capitalize on green attitudes and behaviour.</p><p>Method: The report is based on primary data collected through questionnaires (end consumer/ B2B customers). For the investigation of Switch Pac’s macro- and microenvironment secondary data was used (books, journals, newspaper and the Internet)</p><p>Conceptual Framework: The conceptual framework consists of certain models to investigate the following topics:</p><p>Consumer behavior</p><p>AIDA-Model</p><p>STP-Model</p><p>Switch Pac´s business environment</p><p>PESTEL</p><p>Conclusion/ Recommendations: In our conclusion based on our frameworks PESTEL, AIDA and STP we concluded that peoples’ awareness regarding environmental friendly plastic bags are not very high based on our questionnaire. The efficient ways for Switch Pac to increase potential demand is to target the customer in the age range from 20 – 49 years and cooperate with supermarkets and (department) stores. Furthermore, Switch Pac needs to position its products in the consumers mind through create brand awareness by using certain elements of the marketing mix model.</p>

Date: 6/16/2008 Institution: School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, Mälardalen University, Västerås (Sweden) Authors: Brüning, Andrea 830111 Västerås Curtolo,Anna 820517 Västerås Tutor: Tobias Eltebrandt Title: A Study of Switch Pac: what would be the efficient ways for Switch Pac to increase potential demand and capitalize on green attitudes and behavior in the Swedish market? Problem: What would be the efficient ways for Switch Pac to increase potential demand and capitalize on green attitudes and behavior in the Swedish market? Purpose: The aim of our project is to see the potential of Switch Pac’s oxo-biodegradable plastic bags on the Swedish market by capitalize on green attitudes and behaviour. Method: The report is based on primary data collected through questionnaires (end consumer/ B2B customers). For the investigation of Switch Pac’s macro- and microenvironment secondary data was used (books, journals, newspaper and the Internet) Conceptual Framework: The conceptual framework consists of certain models to investigate the following topics: Consumer behavior AIDA-Model STP-Model Switch Pac´s business environment PESTEL Conclusion/ Recommendations: In our conclusion based on our frameworks PESTEL, AIDA and STP we concluded that peoples’ awareness regarding environmental friendly plastic bags are not very high based on our questionnaire. The efficient ways for Switch Pac to increase potential demand is to target the customer in the age range from 20 – 49 years and cooperate with supermarkets and (department) stores. Furthermore, Switch Pac needs to position its products in the consumers mind through create brand awareness by using certain elements of the marketing mix model.

Burkholderia sacchari é uma nova espécie bacteriana do solo brasileiro que tem a capacidade de crescer em sacarose e acumular grânulos intracelulares de poliésteres pertencentes à família dos polihidroxiaIcanoatos (PHA). Quando cultivado em sacarose, o homopolímero poli-3¬hidroxibutirato é acumulado por esta bactéria, que é usado como um plástico biodegradável e biocompatível. Quando sacarose e ácido propiônico são fornecidos como fontes de carbono, as células de B. sacchari acumulam o copolímero poli-3-hidroxibutirato-co-3-hidroxivalerato (P3HB-co-3HV). Entretanto, uma pequena porcentagem do ácido propiônico fornecido é convertido a unidades 3HV devido à eficientes vias catabólicas que convertem este substrato preferencialmente a biomassa, CO2 e água, reduzindo portanto a eficiência da produção do polímero. Ao menos duas vias do catabolismo de propionato foram previamente propostas em B. sacchari: a-oxidação e ciclo do 2-metilcitrato (2MCC), sendo somente a última confilmada no nível molecular. Mutantes UV, obtidos anteriormente, foram incapazes de crescer em propionato (prp) e também apresentaram fenótipo afetado no crescimento em intermediários da a-oxidação. No presente trabalho, após uma busca em bibliotecas genômicas de B. sacchari, uma delas construída também no presente trabalho, três diferentes fragmentos de DNA presentes nos clones AI, PI e P2 foram capazes de restaurar o fenótipo prp+ aos mutantes. Experimentos quantitativos revelaram que AI somente restaurou parcialmente a conversão de propionato a unidades 3HV aos mutantes. PI foi capaz de restaurar a capacidade de crescimento em propionato, e em outros intermediários da a-oxidação, a um dos mutantes. Um DNA de 1.2 Kb, subfragmento de PI, ainda capaz de complementar mutantes prp, foi subclonado e seqüenciado, demonstrando similaridade a seqüências de DNA codificadoras de reguladores transcricionais do tipo LysR de várias bactérias, incluindo espécies de Bllrkholderia. Regiões adjacentes a LysR em diferentes genomas de Burkholderia são anotados como codificadores de acil-CoA desidrogenases, ao lado de proposta acil-CoA transferases/carnitina desidrogenases e de uma permease do facilitador maior da superfamília MFS-l. Após confirmação das mesmas regiões adjacentes em B. sacchari e também a sua específica deleção, será possível provar a presença da via do catabolismo de propionato indicada neste trabalho. / Burkholderia sacchari is a new bacterial species from brazilian soil, able to grow in sucrose, accumulating intracellular granules of polyester belonging to the polyhydroxyalkanoate family (PHA). When cultivated on sucrose, the homopolymer poly-3-hydroxybutyrate is accumulated by this bacterium, which is used as biodegradable and biocompatible plastic. When sucrose and propionic acid are supplied as carbon sources, B. sacchari cells accumulate the copolymer poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate (P3HB-co-3HV). However, a small percentage ofthe propionic acid supplied is converted to 3HV units, because efficient catabolic pathways convert this substrate preferentially to biomass, CO2 and water, thus reducing the efficiency of polymer production. At least two propionate catabolic pathways have been previously indicated in B. sacchari: a-oxidation and the 2-methylcitric acid (2MCC), the latter confirmed at molecular leveI. UV mutants previously obtained were unable to grow in propionate (prp) and also showed the phenotype affected concerning grow on intermediates of propionate a-oxidation. In the present work, after a screening in B. sacchari genomic libraries, one ofthem constructed also in the present work, the prp + phenotype was restored to the mutants by three different DNA fragments harbored by dones A), PI and P2. Quantitative experiments revealed that AI restored only partially the quantitative conversion of propionate to 3HV units to the mutants. PI restored the ability to grow in propionate and in other intermediates of a-oxidation to one prp mutant. A DNA 1.2 Kb subfragment of PI, still able to complement prp mutants, was subcloned and sequenced, showing similarity to DNA sequences encoding to LysR-type transcriptional regulators of various bacteria, including BlIrkholderia species. Adjacent regions to LysR in different genomes of BlIrkholderia are annotated as encoding to acyl-CoA dehydrogenases, neighboring a predicted acyl-CoA transferases/carnitine dehydratase and a permease ofthe major facilitator superfamily MFS-1. After confirmation ofthe same adjacent regions in B. sacchari and also their especific deletion, it will be possible to prove the presence of the pathway indicated here in the catabolism of propionate.

Orientador: Ana Rita Morales / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T21:17:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pinheiro_IvaneiFerreira_M.pdf: 6507466 bytes, checksum: 544ce949996ee364af7bcc47e112b2ec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Neste trabalho estudou-se biocompósitos poliméricos obtidos a partir de um poliéster biodegradável e fibra natural de Munguba (Pseudobombax munguba) nativa da região amazônica. Trata-se de uma fibra de grande abundância encontrada nas regiões alagadiças da floresta, para a qual não existem relatos na literatura de sua utilização em biocompósitos poliméricos. Estudou-se a influência do tamanho da fibra, da concentração, e de tratamentos químicos na superfície da fibra, sobre as propriedades finais dos biocompósitos. As fibras naturais foram moídas e classificadas por tamanho e submetidas a tratamentos químicos. A fim de avaliar as modificações promovidas pelos tratamentos empregados, as propriedades mecânicas, morfologia e propriedades de superfície foram analisadas. A análise por Espectroscopia no Infravermelho (FTIR) mostrou o aparecimento de grupos ésteres confirmando a troca de hidroxila por acetila. Os ensaios mecânicos de tração mostraram que a modificação química proporcionou aumento de 75% no módulo elástico da fibra. Pelas análises de morfologia e de ângulo de contato, foram verificadas alterações superficiais significativas da fibra de munguba, enquanto que a análise termogravimétrica (TGA) mostrou que a modificação química aumentou a estabilidade térmica em comparação com a fibra natural. Os biocompósitos foram preparados por mistura em alto cisalhamento no estado fundido, utilizando fibras naturais e quimicamente tratadas com teores de 10 e 20% variando-se o tamanho das fibras. Os resultados indicaram que o aumento na concentração de fibra foi a principal responsável pelas mudanças nas propriedades mecânicas. As análises morfológicas mostraram que os tratamentos químicos não foram eficazes em promover boa interação fibra-matriz. Modelos mecânicos foram usados para prever o módulo de elasticidade dos biocompósitos sendo que o modelo de Russell descreveu com boa adequação os sistemas estudados. Através da calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) verificou-se que a adição de fibras provocou alterações na cristalinidade, diminuição na temperatura de fusão e aumento na temperatura de cristalização na matriz / Abstract: In this work it was studied polymer biocomposites made from a biodegradable polyester and natural fiber Munguba (Pseudobombax Munguba) native to the Amazon region, found in great abundance marshy areas of the forest, for which there are no literature reports of its use in polymer biocomposites. The effects of fiber size, concentration and chemical treatment on the fiber surface on the final properties of the biocomposites were studied. The natural fibers have been milled and classified by size and subjected to chemical treatment. In order to evaluate the changes promoted by employed treatment, the mechanical properties, surface properties and morphology were evaluated. Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis showed the appearance of ester groups to hydroxyl confirming the exchange by acetyl. By the tensile strength tests showed that the chemical modification time increased by 75% the elastic modulus of the fiber. The analysis of the morphology and the contact angle, significant surface changes were observed in the Munguba fiber, whereas the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the chemical modification increased the thermal stability in comparison to the natural fiber. The biocomposites were prepared by high shear mixing in the molten state using natural, and chemically treated fibers with levels of 10 and 20% varying the size of the fibers. The results indicated that increasing the concentration of fiber was mainly responsible for the changes in mechanical properties. The morphological analysis showed that the chemical treatments were not effective in promoting good fiber-matrix interaction. Mechanical models were used to predict the elastic modulus of the biocomposites and the model of Russell presented a good fit to the studied systems. By differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that the addition of fibers caused changes in crystallinity decrease in melting temperature and crystallization temperature increase in the matrix / Mestrado / Ciencia e Tecnologia de Materiais / Mestre em Engenharia Química

The incomplete degradation of bio-based and biodegradable plastics (BBPs) in soils causes multiple threats to soil quality, human health, and food security. Plastic residuals can interact with soil microbial communities. We aimed to link the structure and enzyme-mediated functional traits of a microbial community composition that were present during poly (butylene succinate-co-butylene adipate (PBSA) decomposition in soil with (PSN) and without (PS) the addition of nitrogen fertilizer ((NH4 )2SO4 ). We identified bacterial (Achromobacter, Luteimonas, Rhodanobacter, and Lysobacter) and fungal (Fusarium, Chaetomium, Clonostachys, Fusicolla, and Acremonium) taxa that were linked to the activities of ß-glucosidase, chitinase, phosphatase, and lipase in plastic-amended soils. Fungal biomass increased by 1.7 and 4 times in PS and PSN treatment, respectively, as compared to nonplastic amended soil. PBSA significantly changed the relationships between soil properties (C: N ratio, TN, and pH) and microbial community structure; however, the relationships between fungal biomass and soil enzyme activities remained constant. PBSA significantly altered the relationship between fungal biomass and acid phosphatase. We demonstrated that although the soil functions related to nutrient cycling were not negatively affected in PSN treatment, potential negative effects are reasoned by the enrichment of plant pathogens. We concluded that in comparison to fungi, the bacteria demonstrated a broader functional spectrum in the BBP degradation process

Expanding the use of environmentally friendly materials to protect the environment is one of the key factors in maintaining a sustainable ecological balance. Poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA) is considered among the most promising bio-based and biodegradable plastics for the future with a high number of applications in soil and agriculture. Therefore, the decomposition process of PBSA and its consequences for the carbon stored in soil require careful monitoring. For the first time, the stable isotope technique was applied in the current study to partitioning plastic- and soil-originated C in the CO2 released during 80 days of PBSA decomposition in a Haplic Chernozem soil as dependent on nitrogen availability. The decomposition of the plastic was accompanied by the C loss from soil organic matter (SOM) through priming, which in turn was dependent on added N. Nitrogen facilitated PBSA decomposition and reduced the priming effect during the first 6 weeks of the experiment. During the 80 days of plastic decomposition, 30% and 49% of the released CO2 were PBSA-derived, while the amount of SOM-derived CO2 exceeded the corresponding controls by 100.2 and 132.3% in PBSA-amended soil without and with N fertilization, respectively. Finally, only 4.1% and 5.4% of the PBSA added into the soil was mineralized to CO2, in the treatments without and with N amendment, respectively.