This study indicated that sewage sludge could be used as an alternative to commercial inorganic fertilizers. It is common practice in South Africa to use agricultural land for disposal of sewage sludge. The disposal of sludge must however be done in a responsible manner to avoid environmental pollution such as nitrate (NO3-) leaching. In South Africa strict guidelines exist regarding sludge disposal, and a maximum of 8 ton ha-1 year-1 (dry mass basis) sludge may be applied. This value was based on possible NO3- leaching, but no equivalent legislation exists for commercial fertilizer that could result in the same harmful effects. In this study the possible pollution hazard in terms of NO3- leaching from sewage sludge was investigated and compared to commercial fertilizer. An incubation trial was done to determine the mineralization rate of sludge and fertilizer. The rate at which inorganic N, NO3- and NH4+ was produced from sewage sludge was measured during this experiment. Sludge was applied at three different loads: 5, 10 and 20 ton dry ha-1. Commercial fertilizer was also applied on three different levels and each level was equivalent to 30% of the N content of the corresponding sludge treatments. It was found that in the sludge treatments the NH4+ levels immediately increased possibly due to microbial activity. The NH4+ levels reached a maximum on day 7, with a production rate of 14, 26 and 60 mg kg-1 NH4+ for the 5, 10 and 20 tondry ha-1 treatment, respectively. After day 7, the production rate decreased while the NO<sub3- production started increasing at the same rate at which the NH4+ levels decreased, as a result of nitrification. The 5, 10 and 20 tondry ha-1 did not show any increases in NO3- production initially, but production started increasing on day 7 and stabilized after 28 days. In the fertilizer treatments the NH4+ levels increased immediately after application. The levels decreased again due to nitrification. Unlike the sludge treatments, and immediate increase in NO3- production was observed. This is because of the inorganic nature of the applied fertilizer. The NO3- content increased over time, and at the same time the NH4+ content decreased. All the inorganic N from the fertilizer is immediately available, while the N in sludge must first be mineralized before the inorganic fraction becomes available. NO3- production from sludge is steady, and after day 28 the total NO3- production from sludge exceeds the total production from fertilizer. Even though more NO3- (mg kg-1) was produced from sludge, the distribution was different and could be utilized more effectively by plants. The risk of NO3- leaching from commercial fertilizer is therefore possibly more than the risk of NO3- leaching from sewage sludge applications. To correlate the above laboratory mineralization values to that of field conditions, a field trail was done. The potential leaching and the effect of plant uptake were also investigated. Two trials were done: one for winter and one for summer conditions. Each trial continued for three months, and soil samples were collected every two weeks on depths of 00-30 cm, 30-60 cm and 60-90 cm. For the winter trial, application levels of 4, 8 and 16 tondry ha-1 sludge were applied. Low mineralization rates and subsequently low NO3- and NH4+ levels were measured that could be attributed to low microbial activity. No NO3- leaching was detected. To obtain better results the application rates were adjusted to 20tondry ha-1 sludge and corresponding fertilizer treatments during the summer trial. Maize was used as a crop to measure the effect of plant uptake on NO3- leaching. No significant differences were obtained between the open blocks and the maize blocks. Significant leaching occurred under fertilizer treatments, but none under sludge treatments. Mineralization was also much slower in the field trial than in the laboratory trial, and after 90 days, there was still NH4+ production in the top horizons. A part of the organic N in sludge was lost through denitrification. These losses could reduce the available inorganic N and subsequently reduce the risk of NO3- leaching. An incubation study was done to measure the gaseous losses of N through N2O and N2. Gas samples were taken and measured on a gas chromatograph. Similar application rates that were used in the previous incubation study were applied, as well as different moisture contents. N2O production from sludge increased immediately after sludge application, after which the production rate steadily decreased until day 14. No significant differences were obtain between 50% and 100% moisture content, and very little N2O production was found from the fertilizer treatments. N kinetics were done on the data obtained from the incubation studies. These values indicate the rate at which sludge could be mineralized and the subsequent rate at which inorganic N, such as NO3- were produced. N balances were also drawn to indicate the quantity of organic N that is mineralized, as well as the change between different inorganic N fractions over time. This study compared the potential N pollution from sewage sludge and commercial fertilizer in agricultural soils. By using all the results mentioned above, a better idea on the dynamics of sewages sludge compared to commercial fertilizer could be obtained. This knowledge could assist to apply sludge as a fertilizer to achieve the maximum benefit from the N content in the sewage sludge, without detrimental environment impact such as groundwater contamination. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Plant Production and Soil Science / unrestricted

Here, we embarked a bioprospecting project that focuses on the isolation and characterization of plant root endophytes, collected from the Thar Desert. A total of 381 endophytes were isolated and based on their 16S rRNA gene sequences, genus Bacillus (58 strains) was identified as the major taxon and only endophytes from this genus were isolated from all plant types. Of the 58 Bacillus strains, only 16 strains were selected for screening of plant growth promotion traits such as P and Zn solubilization, indole-3-acetic acid and siderophore production, and antimicrobial activity. Based on the presence of specific plant growth promotion traits 10 strains were shortlisted for further in vitro screening with A. thaliana; to confirm that these bacteria can confer resilience to plants under salt stress conditions. B. circulans (PK3-15 and PK3-109), B. cereus (PK6-15) B. subtilis (PK3-9) and B. licheniformis (PK5-26) displayed the ability to increased the fresh weight of A. thaliana under salt stress conditions by more than 50 % compared to the uninoculated control. An interesting observation was that B. circulans (PK3-109) (shown to produce IAA exopolysaccharide) and B. circulans (PK3-138) (shown to produce IAA) in vitro results were substantially different as B. circulans (PK3-138) decreased the total fresh weight of A. thaliana by 47 %, whilst B. circulans (PK3-109) was one of the best performing strains. Thus, the genomes of these two strains were sequences to unravel the molecular versatility of B. circulans strains, specifically with respect to their interaction with plants. Most of the genome of these strains is identical but the most interesting feature was the presence of 1/ the DegS–DegU two-component system that is known to mediate the salt stress response and DegU also represses toxin wapA similar to antitoxin wapI, and 2/ YxiG, a gene in the unique orthogroup of PK3-109 was found to be linked to WapI. Thus, PK3-138 substantially decreasing the total fresh weight of A. thaliana under salt stress conditions suggests that the toxic activity of a toxin such as WapA is not effectively ameliorated by the antitoxin such as WapI in the absence of a functional YxiG gene.

No description available.

No description available.

In this study several free-living diazotrophs (FLD) were isolated and screened for their nitrogen fixing ability on a range of crops grown in greenhouse, hydroponics and field trials. Rhizosphere isolates of free-living diazotrophs (FLD) may be effective biofertilizer inoculants, and may improve plant health where crops are grown with little or no fertilizer, as is the case in the Developing World. FLD isolates from rhizospheric soils in KwaZulu-Natal were assessed by growing them on N-free media, which is a key isolation method. They were then evaluated for their nitrogenase activity by quantifying ethylene production from acetylene by gas chromatography (GC). The free living isolates that produced greater quantities of ethylene were detected by an acetylene reduction assay (ARA). These were further assessed for colony formation on N-free media with different carbon sources, and at a range of temperatures (20, 25 and 300C) and pH values (6.0, 7.0 and 8.0). Isolates G3 and L1 were identified using DNA sequencing by Inqaba Biotechnical Industries (Pty) Ltd as Burkholderia ambifaria Coenye et al, and Bacillus cereus Frankland, respectively. These isolates grew significantly better on an ethanol medium, at temperatures of 20, 25 and 300C and pHs of 6.0, 7.0 and 8.0. Isolates B3 (Burkholderia sp.) and D6 (Bacillus cereus Frankland) also grew well on an ethanol medium, but only at 200C and at a pH of 6.0 and 7.0, respectively, while Isolate E9 (Burkholderia cepacia Frankland) grew well on an ethanol medium only at 300C, and pH 6.0 and 7.0. Temperature and pH strongly influence FLD growth on N-free media using different carbon sources. Further trials were conducted to screen the best isolates under greenhouse condition, using both seed treatments and drenching application techniques onto several crops. The drenching application resulted in an increase in the growth and N-total of all the evaluated crops, relative to an unfertilized control. Growth and N-total of maize and sorghum increased with seed treatments, but did not increase the growth of lettuce and zucchini. Drenching of FLD isolates at 106cfu ml-1, applied on weekly basis, resulted in an increase in the growth of lettuce. Increased doses and frequency of application of the FLD bacteria resulted in a decrease in lettuce growth. This led to the conclusion that application of FLD bacteria at high doses and short intervals may create a situation where the applied FLD bacteria and the resident rhizosphere microbes compete for root exudates. High doses at low frequencies and low doses at high frequencies may be more effective on lettuce. Inoculation of Isolate L1 (B. cereus) at 106cfu ml-1 or in combination with Eco-T® (Trichoderma harzianum Rifai), significantly increased growth of lettuce. This result may have been due to nitrogen fixation, or to secretion of growth promoting substances by both the FLD and T. harzianum, and to biocontrol effects of Eco-T®. Application of Isolate L1 (B. cereus) at 106cfu ml-1 with or without Eco-T® was an effective tool for enhancing plant growth and nitrogen fixation. An FLD, Isolate L1 (B. cereus), was applied to lettuce plants together with a complete hydroponics fertilizer at 25% strength (Ocean Agriculture 3:1:3 (38) Complete), with the N level at 25mg l-1. These plants grew significantly better than the control plants grown on 25% of normal NPK fertilization, or with an inoculation of L1 alone. This indicates that it may be possible to integrate FLD applications with the application of low levels of commercial fertilizers, which is what resource poor farmers can afford. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2008.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:05:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ValeriaNS_TESE.pdf: 2082797 bytes, checksum: 3f7c49154416ffa0bea9f055c45ea17e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-03 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / he present model of agriculture is based on intensive use of industrial inputs, due to its rapid response, but it brings harmful consequences to the environment, and it is necessary the use of modern inputs. And an alternative is the use of rock biofertilizers in agriculture, a product easy to use, with higher residual effect and does not harm the environment. The objective of study was to evaluate the inoculation and co-inoculation of different microorganisms in the solubilization of rock phosphate and potash ground microbial evaluating the best performance in the production of biofertilizers comparing with rocks pure in soil chemical properties and, verify effect of inoculation of the bacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa in the absorption of minerals dissolved in the development of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.). The first bioassay was conducted in Laboratory (UFRN) for 72 days in Petri dishes, where the rock powder was increased by 10% and sulfur co-inoculated and inoculated with bacterial suspension of Paenibacillus polymyxa grown in medium tryptone soy broth, Ralstonia solanacearum in medium Kelman, Cromobacterium violaceum in medium Luria-Bertani and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans in medium Tuovinen and Kelly,and fungi Trichoderma humatum and Penicillium fellutanum in malt extract. Every 12 days, samples were removed in order to build up the release curve of minerals. The second bioassay was conducted in a greenhouse of the Agricultural Research Corporation of Rio Grande do Norte in experimental delineation in randomized block designs, was used 10 kg of an Yellow Argissolo Dystrophic per pot with the addition of treatments super phosphate simple (SS), potassium chloride (KCl), pure rock, biofertilizers in doses 40, 70, 100 and 200% of the recommendation for SS and KCl, and a control, or not inoculated with bacteria P. polymyxa. Were used seeds of cowpea BRS Potiguar and co-inoculated with the bacterial suspension of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and P. polymyxa. The first crop was harvested 45 days after planting, were evaluated in the dry matter (ADM), macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) and micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mn) in ADM. And the second at 75 days assessing levels of macro end micronutrients in plants and soil, and the maximum adsorption capacity of P in soil. The results showed synergism in co-inoculations with P. polymyxa+R. solanacearum and, P. polymyxa+C. violaceum solubilizations providing higher P and K, respectively, and better solubilization time at 36 days. The pH was lower in biofertilizers higher doses, but there was better with their addition to P at the highest dose. Significant reduction of maximum adsorption capacity of phosphorus with increasing dose of biofertilizer. For K and Ca was better with SS+KCl, and Mg to pure rock. There was an effect of fertilization on the absorption, with better results for P, K and ADM with SS+KCL, and N, Ca and Mg for biofertilizers. Generally, the P. polymyxa not influence the absorption of the elements in the plant. In treatments with the uninoculated P. polymyxa chemical fertilizer had an average significantly higher for weight and number of grains. And in the presence of the bacteria, biofertilizers and chemical fertilizers had positive values in relation to rock and control. The data show that the rocks and biofertilizers could meet the need of nutrients the plants revealed as potential for sustainable agriculture / A agricultura atual se baseia no uso intensivo de fertilizantes industrializados, por sua resposta r?pida, por?m traz consequ?ncias danosas ao ambiente, e faz-se necess?rio o uso de insumos modernos. Uma alternativa ? o uso de biofertilizantes de rochas na agricultura, um produto de f?cil manuseio, com efeito residual maior e n?o agride o meio ambiente. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a inocula??o e co-inocula??o de diferentes microrganismos na solubiliza??o de f?sforo e pot?ssio de rochas mo?das avaliando o melhor desempenho microbiano(s) na produ??o de biofertilizantes comparando com as rochas puras nas propriedades qu?micas do solo e, verificar o efeito da inocula??o da bact?ria Paenibacillus polymyxa na absor??o dos minerais solubilizados no desenvolvimento do feij?o caupi (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.). O primeiro bioensaio foi conduzido em Laborat?rio (UFRN) por 72 dias em Placas de Petri, onde o p? de rocha era acrescido de 10% de enxofre e inoculados e co-inoculados com suspens?o bacteriana de Paenibacillus polymyxa cultivada em meio caldo triptona de soja, Ralstonia solanacearum em meio Kelman, Cromobacterium violaceum em meio Luria-Bertani e Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans em meio Tuovinen e Kelly, e os fungos Penicillium fellutanum e Tricoderma humatum em meio contendo extrato de malte. A cada 12 dias, amostras eram retiradas a fim de construir uma curva de libera??o dos minerais. O segundo bioensaio foi conduzido em casa de vegeta??o da Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecu?ria do Rio Grande do Norte, onde utilizou-se 10 kg do Argissolo Amarelo Distr?fico, por vaso, com adi??o dos tratamentos super fosfato simples (SS), cloreto de pot?ssio (KCl), rocha pura, biofertilizantes nas doses 40, 70, 100 e 200% da recomenda??o para SS e KCl, e uma testemunha, inoculados ou n?o com a bact?ria P. polymyxa. Foram utilizadas sementes da caupi BRS Potiguar e co-inoculadas com suspens?o bacteriana de Bradyrhizobium japonicum e P. polymyxa. A primeira colheita foi aos 45 dias de plantio avaliando a mat?ria seca da parte a?rea (MSPA), teores de macronutrientes (N, P, K, Ca, Mg,) e micronutrientes (Zn, Fe, Mn) na MSPA. A segunda colheita aos 75 dias avaliando teores de macro e micronutrientes na planta e no solo, e a capacidade m?xima de adsor??o de P (CMAP) no solo. Os resultados mostraram que houve sinergismo nas co-inocula??es com P. polymyxa+R. solanacearum e, P. polymyxa+C. violaceum com maiores solubiliza??es de K e P, respectivamente, e melhor tempo de solubiliza??o aos 36 dias. O pH foi mais reduzido nos biofertilizantes de maiores doses, e houve melhoras com sua adi??o para P na maior dose. Houve redu??o significativa da CMAP com o aumento da dose do biofertilizante. Houve efeito da fertiliza??o na absor??o, com melhoras para P, K e MSPA com SS+KCL, e N, Ca e Mg para biofertilizantes. De modo geral, o P. polymyxa n?o influenciou na absor??o dos elementos na planta. Para Ca e K houve melhoras com SS+KCl, e para Mg com rocha pura. O fertilizante qu?mico foi significativamente superior para peso e n?mero de gr?os, sem a presen?a do P. polymyxa. Na presen?a da bact?ria, biofertilizantes e fertilizante qu?mico apresentaram valores positivos em rela??o ? rocha e testemunha. Os dados evidenciaram que as rochas e os biofertilizantes podem suprir a necessidade de nutrientes ?s plantas revelando-se como potencial para uma agricultura sustent?vel

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T19:15:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AmilsonSS_DISSERT.pdf: 2099866 bytes, checksum: 065190ef304f120a24f7c056262f6813 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-13 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / In the state of the Rio Grande do Norte called as New border of the onion production , the more expressive plantation of form is relatively recent, and was motivated by the highest prices of the last years. Some producers of fruits and vegetables of the state, already use biofertilizers or liquid manure, as more it is known in the region. The application in the onion if of the one through the irrigation water daily, in the levels varying 50 of 30 L ha-1. The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of the culture of the onion with the use of biofertilizers associates the mineral fertilizers applied through fertirrigation, in the Mossoró-RN. For in such a way an experiment was lead, in horta didactic of the Departmento de Ciências Vegetais da UFERSA in Mossoró-RN, in the period of September of 2011 the January of 2012. The experimental design was randomized complete block, with four repetitions in factorial project 3 x 3 + 2. The treatments had consisted of the combination of three levels of biofertilizers (15, 30 and 60 L/ha/day) and three levels of fertilization (25, 50 and 100% of the fertilization recommended for Cavalcanti (1998) and two treatments you add (the first one, the application of 100% of the mineral fertilization, following the recommendation of Cavalcanti, (1998) without biofertilizers and as only the application of biofertilizers in the 30 L/ha/day). The combination of the 60 doses L/ha/day of biofertilizers and 75% of the mineral fertilization promoted the biggest values for total, commercial productivity and dry mass of the bulb. The biggest not commercial productivity and average mass of the bulb had been reached with the absence of biofertilizers and 50% of the mineral fertilization. The lesser rubbish percentage was observed with levels 30 L/ha/dia of biofertilizers and 50% of the mineral fertilization. The texts of N, K, Here, Mg, Mn and Fe had been below of the recommended one for excellent development of the culture. The P and An plant was the only nutrient above of the value recommended for the onion / No estado do Rio Grande do Norte denominado como Nova fronteira da produção de cebola , o plantio de forma mais expressivo é relativamente recente, e foi motivado pelos preços elevados dos últimos anos. Alguns produtores de frutas e hortaliças do estado, já utilizam biofertilizantes ou calda orgânica, como é mais conhecido na região. A aplicação na cebola se dá através da água de irrigação diariamente, em doses variando de 30 a 50 L ha-1. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho da cultura da cebola com a utilização de biofertilizantes associados a fertilizantes minerais aplicados via fertirrigação, no município de Mossoró-RN. Para tanto foi conduzido um experimento, na horta didática do Departamento de Ciências Vegetais da UFERSA em Mossoró-RN, no período de setembro de 2011 a janeiro de 2012. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados completos, com quatro repetições em esquema fatorial 3 x 3 + 2. Os tratamentos consistiram da combinação de três doses de biofertilizante (15, 30 e 60 L/ha/dia) e três níveis de adubação (25, 50 e 100% da adubação recomendada por Cavalcanti (1998) e dois tratamentos adicionais (o primeiro, a aplicação de 100% da adubação convencional, seguindo a recomendação de Cavalcanti, 1998, sem biofertilizante e o segundo apenas a aplicação de biofertilizante na dose de 30 L/ha/dia). A combinação das doses 60 L/ha/dia de biofertilizante e 75% da adubação mineral promoveu os maiores valores para produtividade total, comercial e massa seca do bulbo. A maior produtividade não comercial e massa média do bulbo foram alcançadas com a ausência de biofertilizante e 50% da adubação mineral. A menor porcentagem de refugo foi observada com as doses 30 L/ha/dia do biofertilizante e 50% da adubação mineral. Os teores de N, K, Ca, Mg, Mn e Fe foram abaixo do recomendado para ótimo desenvolvimento da cultura. O P e o Zn foliar obtiveram valor dentro do recomendado para a cebola

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T19:18:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AmilsonSS_DISSERT.pdf: 2099866 bytes, checksum: 065190ef304f120a24f7c056262f6813 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-13 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / In the state of the Rio Grande do Norte called as New border of the onion production , the more expressive plantation of form is relatively recent, and was motivated by the highest prices of the last years. Some producers of fruits and vegetables of the state, already use biofertilizers or liquid manure, as more it is known in the region. The application in the onion if of the one through the irrigation water daily, in the levels varying 50 of 30 L ha-1. The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of the culture of the onion with the use of biofertilizers associates the mineral fertilizers applied through fertirrigation, in the Mossoró-RN. For in such a way an experiment was lead, in horta didactic of the Departmento de Ciências Vegetais da UFERSA in Mossoró-RN, in the period of September of 2011 the January of 2012. The experimental design was randomized complete block, with four repetitions in factorial project 3 x 3 + 2. The treatments had consisted of the combination of three levels of biofertilizers (15, 30 and 60 L/ha/day) and three levels of fertilization (25, 50 and 100% of the fertilization recommended for Cavalcanti (1998) and two treatments you add (the first one, the application of 100% of the mineral fertilization, following the recommendation of Cavalcanti, (1998) without biofertilizers and as only the application of biofertilizers in the 30 L/ha/day). The combination of the 60 doses L/ha/day of biofertilizers and 75% of the mineral fertilization promoted the biggest values for total, commercial productivity and dry mass of the bulb. The biggest not commercial productivity and average mass of the bulb had been reached with the absence of biofertilizers and 50% of the mineral fertilization. The lesser rubbish percentage was observed with levels 30 L/ha/dia of biofertilizers and 50% of the mineral fertilization. The texts of N, K, Here, Mg, Mn and Fe had been below of the recommended one for excellent development of the culture. The P and An plant was the only nutrient above of the value recommended for the onion / No estado do Rio Grande do Norte denominado como Nova fronteira da produção de cebola , o plantio de forma mais expressivo é relativamente recente, e foi motivado pelos preços elevados dos últimos anos. Alguns produtores de frutas e hortaliças do estado, já utilizam biofertilizantes ou calda orgânica, como é mais conhecido na região. A aplicação na cebola se dá através da água de irrigação diariamente, em doses variando de 30 a 50 L ha-1. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho da cultura da cebola com a utilização de biofertilizantes associados a fertilizantes minerais aplicados via fertirrigação, no município de Mossoró-RN. Para tanto foi conduzido um experimento, na horta didática do Departamento de Ciências Vegetais da UFERSA em Mossoró-RN, no período de setembro de 2011 a janeiro de 2012. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados completos, com quatro repetições em esquema fatorial 3 x 3 + 2. Os tratamentos consistiram da combinação de três doses de biofertilizante (15, 30 e 60 L/ha/dia) e três níveis de adubação (25, 50 e 100% da adubação recomendada por Cavalcanti (1998) e dois tratamentos adicionais (o primeiro, a aplicação de 100% da adubação convencional, seguindo a recomendação de Cavalcanti, 1998, sem biofertilizante e o segundo apenas a aplicação de biofertilizante na dose de 30 L/ha/dia). A combinação das doses 60 L/ha/dia de biofertilizante e 75% da adubação mineral promoveu os maiores valores para produtividade total, comercial e massa seca do bulbo. A maior produtividade não comercial e massa média do bulbo foram alcançadas com a ausência de biofertilizante e 50% da adubação mineral. A menor porcentagem de refugo foi observada com as doses 30 L/ha/dia do biofertilizante e 50% da adubação mineral. Os teores de N, K, Ca, Mg, Mn e Fe foram abaixo do recomendado para ótimo desenvolvimento da cultura. O P e o Zn foliar obtiveram valor dentro do recomendado para a cebola

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A agricultura orgânica ou agroecológica visa o estabelecimento e manutenção de sistemas agrícolas ecologicamente equilibrados e estáveis, com eficiência econômica, boa produção e seja eficiente na utilização dos recursos naturais. Em geral, a agroecologia usa a adubação orgânica como fonte de nutrientes às culturas,empregando-se o uso de biofertilizantes Esta pesquisa compreendeu dois experimentos realizados concomitantemente em ambiente protegido no campus Cauamé da Universidade Federal de Roraima UFRR, com tomate cereja (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) BRS Iracema e dois diferentes tipos de biofertilizante (comum e enriquecido) aplicados no solo dos baldes de cultivo que apresentavam capacidade de 12dm3 previamente peneirado e calcareado. A irrigação foi por gotejamento de acordo com a evaporação do tanque classe A e a necessidade da cultura. O primeiro experimento objetivou avaliar o efeito de diferentes doses de biofertilizante comum no desenvolvimento vegetativo e reprodutivo do tomate cereja BRS Iracema. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados (DBC) com uso de biofertilizante diluído em 5 proporções (0, 686, 960, 1600 e 2400 mL, compreendendo os tratamentos T1, T2. T3, T4 e T5 respectivamente) com 4 repetições. Para as variáveis vegetativas, foi observado que o aumento das doses de biofertilizante comum, proporcionou elevação nos valores da massa seca de folhas, assim como para massa fresca e seca de talos, atribuindo os melhores resultados para os tratamentos 4 e 5. As doses de biofertilizante influenciaram significativamente a massa seca de folhas, massa fresca e secade talos, sendo possíveis ajustes quadráticos com valores máximos obtidos entre 1275 e 2050 mL/planta. Entretanto, para o número de frutos e produção, as doses deste biofertilizante influenciaram linearmente. O segundo experimento objetivou avaliar o efeito de diferentes doses de biofertilizante enriquecido no desenvolvimento vegetativo e reprodutivo do tomate cereja BRS Iracema. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados (DBC) com uso de biofertilizante diluído em 5 proporções (0, 686, 960, 1600 e 2400 mL, compreendendo os tratamentos T1, T2. T3, T4 e T5 respectivamente) com 4 repetições.O aumento da dose de biofertilizante enriquecido proporcionou aumento nos valores de massa fresca e seca de folhas e talos, possibilitando ajustes quadráticos. Enquanto, o biofertilizante influenciou linearmente amassa seca de raiz. A dose de 2208 ml propiciou maior número de frutos (685 frutos por planta). Porém, as doses não influenciaram na produtividade. / The organic and agroecological farming aims at establishing and maintaining an ecologically balanced and stable agricultural systems, with economic efficiency, good production and be efficient in the use of natural resources. In general, the agroecology uses organic manure as a nutrient source for crops, employing the use of biofertilizers This research included two experiments was conducted in the Universidade Federal de Roraima (UFRR) with cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) BRS Iracema and two different types of biofertilizer(ordinary and enriched) applied to the soil of the crop which buckets capacity 12dm3 had previously sieved and limestoned. The drip irrigation was in accordance with the evaporation of class pan A and the need for crop. The first experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of different doses of ordinarybiofertilizers (only bovine biofertilizers) on vegetative and reproductive development of cherry tomato BRS Iracema. The experimental design was a randomized block designwith use of biofertilizers diluted in five ratios (0, 686, 960, 1600 and 2400 mL) with four repetitions. For vegetative variables, it was observed that increasing doses of ordinarybiofertilizer resulted in higher values of the dry mass of leaves, as well as fresh and dry weight of stems. Doses biofertilizer significantly influenced the dry mass of leaves, fresh and dry mass of stems, with possible adjustments quadratic with maximum values between 1275 and 2050 mL/plant. However, the treatments influenced linearly the number of fruits and production. The second experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of different doses of enriched biofertilizer on vegetative and reproductive development of cherry tomato BRS Iracema. The experimental design was a randomized block design with use of enriched biofertilizers diluted in five ratios (0 , 686, 960 , 1600 and 2400 mL/plant with fourrepetitions.The dose of enriched biofertilizer provided an increase in the values of fresh and dry weight of leaves and stems, allowing quadratic adjustments. While the biofertilizer influenced linearly the root dry weight. The enrichedbiofertilizer (2208 ml/plant)provided greater number of fruits (685 fruits per plant), but the doses had no effect on yield.

Orientador: José Maria Ferreira Jardim da Silveira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T09:07:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SilvaJunior_JaimJoseda_M.pdf: 2525719 bytes, checksum: d38aa205a46d664074614f1c0f151298 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O objetivo geral deste estudo é discutir a inserção da biotecnologia moderna no sistema de produção agrícola, com foco na nutrição vegetal. Nas lavouras brasileiras de soja, a tecnologia da inoculação é capaz de suprir toda a demanda das plantas por nitrogênio através da fixação biológica do nutriente. Com isso, o uso dos inoculantes permite a substituição integral dos fertilizantes nitrogenados no cultivo da soja no Brasil e constitui um processo de destruição criativa. Com intuito de avaliar de forma empírica o impacto econômico deste processo é desenvolvido um modelo insumo produto a partir da matriz insumo produto da economia brasileira do ano de 2006. A despeito da fixação biológica de nitrogênio, o uso dos inoculantes resulta também no enriquecimento da matéria orgânica do solo, em melhorias no padrão de germinação das sementes, em maior adsorção de nutrientes e no controle de estresses hídricos e térmicos do solo. Em conjunto, tais fatores possibilitam a prática de atividades agrícolas mais sustentáveis, sem comprometer o nível de produção. Porém, não são capazes de impulsionar a difusão dos inoculantes. A incorporação destes benefícios proporcionados pela inoculação ao sistema agrícola requer a construção de mecanismos de avaliação dos impactos dos inoculantes que extrapolem o âmbito dos mecanismos de mercado. Para isso, com base nas abordagens sistêmicas da inovação, este trabalho propõe ações que visam o fortalecimento da trajetória tecnológica dos inoculantes. Em linha com os objetivos deste estudo, a institucionalização de políticas de incentivo à difusão da inoculação constitui uma "porta de saída" para os esforços das organizações públicas de pesquisa e desenvolvimento agrícola e, aumentam as possibilidades de inovação em demais produtos biotecnológicos via o acúmulo de conhecimento nesta área / Abstract: The aim of this thesis is to discuss the insertion of modern biotechnology in the agriculture production system, in particular the plant nutrition. In the Brazilian soybean cultivation, the inoculation technology can supply all the nitrogen that plants need via the biological fixation of nutrients. Thus, the inoculation can replaces all the nitrogen fertilizers in soybean production representing a process of creative destruction. Seeking to empirically assess the economic impact of this process, an input-output model using the data from input-output matrix for the Brazil economy in 2006, is developed. In spite of nitrogen biological fixation, the inoculation also results in soil organic matter enrichment, better patterns of seed germination, great nutrients absorption and control of soil hydric and temperature stresses.Jointly, these factors contribute for more sustainable agricultures practices, without decreasing the production output. However, they cannot boost the diffusion of inoculation technology. To agriculture benefits from the adoption of inoculation technology it is necessary to build an evaluation mechanism that goes beyond the market mechanisms. Based on the systemic approaches innovation, this thesis recommends policies for strengthening the inoculation technology trajectory. In accordance with the proposal of this study, the institutionalization of policies that incentive the diffusion of inoculation technology represent a "way" to transform the efforts of public Research and Development centers in new products and process for agriculture. Additionally, it also increases the chance of innovation for other biotechnology products and processes via the learning by doing process / Mestrado / Ciências Economicas / Mestre em Ciências Econômicas