O manganês (Mn) é um elemento essencial, porém pode ser tóxico em concentrações acima do requerido fisiologicamente. Assim, motivado pelo aumento nos teores desse metal na bacia hidrográfica Alto do Paranapanema (ALPA) e o crescente número de estudos internacionais relacionando desordens neurológicas ao excesso de Mn em águas superficiais, o presente trabalho foi conduzido para avaliar o perfil geoquímico e neurotoxicológico do Mn nos organismos em desenvolvimento em função da especiação química do metal. Desta maneira, no período de agosto/2006 a abril/2007, foram realizadas quatro coletas de amostras de águas superficiais e de sedimentos, nos rios Paranapanema e Itapetininga e no reservatório Jurumirim, localizados na bacia hidrográfica Alto do Paranapanema (ALPA, SP). Os estudos de fracionamento químico demonstraram que na bacia ALPA o Mn ocorre basicamente nos sedimentos (Mn ligado a hidr(óxidos) de Fe e Mn > Mn ligado a carbonatos ≈ Mn intercambiável ≈ Mn ligado a silicatos > Mn ligado a matéria orgânica) porém em constante troca com a coluna líquida, onde o Mn ocorre como metal particulado e em menor proporção como metal lábil. Acredita-se que esse padrão de distribuição esteja governado pelas características oxidantes e alcalinas desses sistemas aquáticos. Adicionalmente, foi verificado que a origem do Mn nesses sistemas é de caráter natural, porém com ~ 30 % de riscos ecotoxicológicos. Neste sentido, estudos in vitro (modelos de neurônios) e in vivo (embriões de paulistinha, Danio rerio) com as espécies MnCl2, Mn(II)Cit, Mn(III)Cit, Mn(III)PPi (Cit: Citrato, PPi: Pirofosfato) sugeriram que o Mn(II) é mais tóxico do que o Mn(III). Contudo, independentemente da especiação química, o Mn foi mais tóxico para neurônios glutamatérgicos do cerebelo em diferenciação, e para o paulistinha no período embrio-larval, pós-eclosão (> 72 horas pós-fertilização), no qual foram verificados danos neuromusculares. No entanto, a espécie mais tóxica para embriões expostos por 48 h foi o MnCl2 e por 120 h o Mn(II)Cit, sugerindo que o citrato está mediando essa toxicidade, o que é uma exceção ao “Free Ion Activity Model”. Conforme esses resultados foram verificados inibição do metabolismo do lactato e do ascorbato in vitro. Estudos de expressão gênica no paulistinha, mediante RT-PCR qualitativo e quantitativo permitiram verificar alterações no gene mitocondrial mt-co1, que pode ser compensada pela superexpressão do gene hspb11. Esses resultados sugerem que os danos induzidos pelas espécies de Mn devem estar associados à disfunção mitocondrial e do metabolismo energético, seguido da indução de estresse oxi-redutivo, o qual pode ser parcialmente revertido pela administração exógena de lactato e/ou ascorbato, sendo propostos os prováveis mecanismos. A probabilidade de que esses eventos toxicológicos aconteçam em outras espécies, incluindo os seres humanos, é sustentada principalmente pelos estudos tóxico-genômicos, dado que em outras espécies podem ser encontrados ortologos para esses genes, e especialmente para mt-co1, que poderia ser um biomarcador da toxicidade do Mn. Finalmente, sugere-se que os valores de referência de Mn em sedimentos sejam revistos em função das contribuições de frações biodisponíveis, e que esses resultados sejam considerados pelas agências ambientais do Estado em seus programas de avaliação e gerenciamentos de riscos / Manganese (Mn) is an essential element, however it may be toxic in higher than recquired physiological levels. The present work was motivated by the increased levels of this metal in the Alto do Paranapanema (ALPA, São Paulo state) hydrographic basin and to the growing amount of international evidence relating neurological disorders to excess Mn in superficial waters. Therefore, experiments were conducted in order to evaluate Mn both geochemical and neurotoxicological profiles on the developmental stages of aquatic organisms and mammaliam models as a function of metal speciation. During August 2006 to April 2007, four expeditions to ALPA were performed to collect water and sediment samples from rivers Paranapanema and Itapetininga, as well as from Jurumirim reservoir. Chemical fractioning studies showed that Mn occurs mainly in sediments (Mn bound to Fe, Mn (hydr)oxides > Mn bound to carbonates ≈ Interchangeable Mn ≈ Mn bound to silicates > Mn bound to organic matter) but in constant exchange with the liquid column, where Mn occurs as particulated metal and, in lesser amounts, as a labile metal. This distribution pattern is thought to be governed by the oxidant and alkaline conditions of this aquatic system. Also, Mn was found to be of natural origin, however posing ~ 30% of ecotoxicological risks. In vitro (neuronal cells) and in vivo (zebrafish, Danio rerio embryos) studies with the species MnCl2, Mn(II)Cit, Mn(III)Cit, Mn(III)PPi (Cit: Citrate, PPi: Pyrophosphate) suggest that Mn(II) is more toxic than Mn(III). However, independently of chemical speciation, Mn was more toxic to cerebellar glutamatergic neurons during differentiation and to zebrafish in the embryo- larval period (> 72 hours pos-fertilization), to which neuromuscular damage was observed. The most toxic species for embryos exposed for 48 h was MnCl2, but in the 120 h exposition experiment Mn(II)Cit was more toxic, suggesting that citrate mediates the toxicity, in an exception to the Free Ion Activity Model. According to these results, it was observed inhibition in the metabolism of lactate and ascorbate in vitro. Gene expression studies of zebrafish were performed by both qualitative and quantitative RT-PCR, displaying changes in the expression of the mithocondrial gene mt-co1 which may be compensated by an overexpression of hspb11 gene. These results suggest that the damage induced by Mn species may be related to mitochondrial and energy metabolism disfunction followed by induction of oxi-reductive stress, which can be partially reverted by the exogenous administration of lactate and/or ascorbate. The putative mechanisms are proposed. The possibility that these toxic events might be important to other species, humans included, is substantiated mainly by the toxicogenomics studies, since ortologs for both genes are widespread. This is especially true to mt-co1, which may be a biomarker for Mn toxicity. Finally, it is suggested that the reference values of Mn in sediments should be revised to accomodate the contributions of bioavailable fractions, and that results should be considered by official environment control agencies during their evaluation and risk management programs

Macrocyclic ligand-complexed transition metal-oxo intermediates are the active oxidizing species in a variety of important biological and catalytic oxidation reactions. Many transition metal catalysts have been designed to mimic the predominant oxidation catalysts in Nature, namely the cytochrome P450 enzymes. Ruthenium porphyrin complexes have been the center of the research and have successfully been utilized, as catalysts, in major oxidation reactions such as the hydroxylation of alkanes. This study focuses on kinetic and photocatalytic studies of oxidation reactions with wellcharacterized high-valent ruthenium-oxo porphyrin complexes. The trans-dioxoruthenium(VI) porphyrins have been among the best characterized metal-oxo intermediates and their involvement as the active oxidant in the hydrocarbon oxidation have been extensively studied. Following the literature known methods, a series of trans-dioxoruthenium(VI) porphyrin complexes (3a-b) were synthesized and spectroscopically characterized by UV-vis, IR and lH-NMR. In addition to the well-known chemical methods, we developed a novel photochemical approach for generation of trans-dioxoruthenium(VI) porphyrins with visible light. The fast kinetic study of two-electron oxidations of para-substituted phenyl methyl sulfides by these dioxoruthenium(VI) species was conducted by using stopped-flow spectroscopy. Results showed that the decay of trans--dioxoruthenium(VI) porphyrins in the presence of reactive sulfides follows a biexponential process. The reactivity order in the series of dioxoruthenium complexes follows TPFPP> TPP> TMP, consistent with expectations based on the electrophilic nature of high-valent metal-oxo species. Moreover, the sulfoxidation reactions are 3 to 4 orders of magnitude faster than the well-known epoxidation reactions. In addition, several ruthenium porphyrins were used as the catalysts in the competitive oxidation reactions to identify the kinetically competent oxidants during catalytic turnover conditions. The photocatalytic studies of aerobic oxidation reactions of hydrocarbons catalyzed by a bis-porphyrin-ruthenium(lV) fl-OXO dimer using atmospheric oxygen as oxygen source in the absence of co-reductants were investigated as well. The ruthenium(lV) fl-OXO bisporphyrin (6a) was found to catalyze aerobic oxidation of a variety of organic substrates efficiently. By comparison, 6a was found to be more efficient photocatalyst than the well-known 3a under identical conditions. A KIE at 298K was found to be larger than those observed in autoxidation processes, suggesting a nonradical mechanism that involved the intermediacy of ruthenium(V)-oxo species as postulated.

Thesis (M.S.)--Mississippi State University. Department of Chemistry. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Mississippi State University. Department of Chemistry. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

No description available.

This thesis includes the synthesis, characterisation, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Cu(II)-, Co(II)- and Co(III) complexes with N,N'-bis(3- methoxysalicylaldimine)propan-2-ol, 2-OH-oVANPN. The Schiff base ligand, 2-OHoVANPN, is derived from o-vanillin and 1,3-diaminopropan-2-ol. The o-vanillin condensed with 1,3-diaminopropan-2-ol in a 2:1 molar ratio yields this potential tetraor pentadentate ligand. The complexes synthesized are tetra (or penta or hexa) coordinated. Formation of the complexes is symbolized as follows:- MX₂ + 2-OH-oVANPN (2:1) -> [M(2-OH-oVANPN)Xn] + HnX MX₂ + 2-OH-oVANPN (2:1) -> [Mn(2-OH-oVANPN)OH] + H₂X₂ MX₂ + (o-vanillin : diaminopropanol) (1:1) -> [M(1:1)X₂] MX₂ + (o-vanillin : diaminopropanol) (1:1) -> [M₃(1:1)X₄] M = Cu(II), Co(II) or Co(III); X = Cl; n = 1, 2. Their structural features have been deduced from their elemental analytical data, IR spectral data, and electronic spectral data. With the exception of {Cu₃(C₁₁H₁₄N₂O₃)(Cl)₄(H₂O)₆}(A4), the Cu(II) complexes were monomeric with 2-OH-oVANPN acting as a tetradentate ligand. A binuclear Co(II) complex, [Co₂(C₁₉H₁₉N₂O₅)(OH)] (B1), was synthesised and the rest of the Co(II) and Co(III) complexes were monomeric with chloride ions coordinating to the metal centre in some cases. Electronic data suggest that the cobalt(II) complexes have octahedral geometries and the copper(II) complexes have square planar structures – Co(III) is likely to be octahedral. Thermal analyses, which included the copper-block-method for determining sublimation temperatures, revealed that some copper(II) and cobalt(II) complexes are hygroscopic and sublime at 200 °C and below. DSC analyses of the Cu(II) complexes gave exotherms around 300 °C for complexes K[Cu(C₁₉H₂₀N₂O₅)(OH)]·2H₂O (A1) and [Cu(C₁₁H15N₂O₃)(Cl)₂]·2H₂O (A2) and above 400 °C for [Cu(C₁₁H₁₆N₂O₃)(Cl)₂] (A3) and {Cu₃(C₁₁H₁₄N₂O₃)(Cl)₄(H₂O)₆} (A4). Antioxidant studies were carried out against the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH·). The cobalt(II) complex, [Co₂(C₁₉H₁₉N₂O₅)(OH)] (B1), which was synthesized in the presence of KOH, had no antioxidant activity, whilst the other cobalt(II) complexes, [Co(C₁₇H₁₇N₂O₅(Cl))]·1½H₂O (B2), [Co(C₁₉H₂₂N₂O₅) (Cl)₂]·5½H₂O (B3) and [Co(C₁₉H₂₂N₂O₅)(Cl)₂]·5½H₂O (B4), which were synthesised in the absence of KOH, demonstrated antioxidant activity. The latter complexes are candidates for cancer cell line testing, while [Cu(C₁₁H₁₆N₂O₃)(Cl)₂] (A3), {Cu₃(C₁₁H₁₄N₂O₃)(Cl)₄(H₂O)₆} (A4), [Co(C₁₉H₂₁N₂O₅)(Cl)₂ ]·5H₂O (C2) and [Co(C₁₉H₂₀N₂O₅)(Cl)]·3H₂O (C3) may show anticancer activity through possible hydrolysis products. Most of the complexes synthesized displayed antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. The results indicated that complexes [Cu(C₁₁H₁₆N₂O₃)(Cl)₂](A3), [Co(C₁₉H₂₂N₂O₅)(Cl)₂]·5½H₂O (B3) and [Co(C₁₉H₂₁N₂O₅)(Cl)₂ ]·5H₂O (C2) are active against the Gram-negative Ps. aeruginosa and that the ligand, 2-OH-oVANPN, did not have any activity. The same trend was observed with 2-OH-oVANPN, {Cu₃(C₁₁H₁₄N₂O₃)(Cl)4(H₂O)₆} (A4) and [Co(C₁₉H₂₀N₂O₅)(Cl)]·3H₂O (C3) against the Gram-positive S. aureus. As for activity against E. coli and C. albicans, some complexes showed more activity than the ligand. There is an observed trend here that the metal complexes are more active (toxic) than the corresponding ligand, which is in agreement with Tweedy’s chelation theory.

Orientador: Pedro Paulo Corbi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T01:00:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paiva_RaphaelEnoqueFerrazde_M.pdf: 15807547 bytes, checksum: e13f0a8a3bbde08ba558ac7cdb13c9a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Complexos metálicos têm sido estudados quanto as suas propriedades medicinais há décadas. Neste trabalho, dois complexos inéditos de Ag(I) e Pt(II) foram sintetizados com o anti-inflamatório nimesulida (NMS), e avaliados como agentes antibacterianos e antitumorais. O complexo Ag-NMS (AgC13H11N2O5S) apresenta o ligante em uma coordenação bidentada à prata pelos átomos de N e O do grupo sulfonamida. A estrutura proposta foi confirmada por DFT. Devido à baixa solubilidade em água, foi preparado um complexo de inclusão de Ag-NMS em b-CD, pelo método de co-evaporação. Utilizando o método de Scatchard, foi determinado o valor de Ka = 370 2 L mol. Estudos de RMN por correlação H-H através do espaço mostram que a inclusão ocorre pelo grupo fenoxi da NMS. Já o complexo Pt-NMS (PtC26H22N4O10S2) apresenta dois ligantes, coordenados pelos átomos de N e O do grupo sulfonamida, para cada Pt(II). A DFT indica que o isômero N, O trans é o mais estável. O complexo Ag-NMS apresentou valores de MIC na faixa de 15,0-120 mmol L sobre cepas de Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia col e Staphylococcus aureus. O CE-[(Ag-NMS)·b-CD], embora mais solúvel em água do que o Ag-NMS, não apresentou atividade antibacteriana nas concentrações testadas. Os complexos Ag-NMS e Pt-NMS mostraram-se citotóxicos sobre células normais (Balb/c 3T3) e tumorais (SK-Mel 103 e Panc-1), porém o Pt-NMS foi significativamente mais seletivo contra as linhagens tumorais. Os ensaios de intercalação com EtBr e a avaliação da estrutura do DNA por dicroísmo circular indicam que o DNA não é um alvo biológico para o complexo Pt-NMS, indicando um mecanismo de ação diferente da cisplatina / Abstract: Metal complexes have been studied regarding its medicinal properties for decades. In this work, novel complexes of Ag(I) and Pt(II) with the anti-inflammatory nimesulide were synthesized and evaluated regarding their antibacterial and antitumoral properties. The Ag-NMS complex (AgC13H11N2O5S) shows the ligand in a bidentate coordination mode, bound to silver through the N and O atoms of the sulfonamide group. The proposed structure was confirmed by DFT. Due to its poor solubility in water, the Ag-NMS complex was included in b-CD, by co-evaporation. The Ka = 370 2 L mol was determined using the Scatchard method. Studies by H-H NMR correlation through space shows the inclusion of NMS by the fenoxi group. The Pt-NMS complex (PtC26H22N4O10S2) contain two ligands, coordinated through the N and O atoms of the sulfonamide group, for each Pt(II). DFT studies indicate that the N,O trans isomer is the most stable. The Ag-NMS complex presents MIC values in the range 15.0-120 mmol L over Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus aureus. The inclusion complex CE-[(Ag-NMS)·b-CD], although more soluble in water than Ag-NMS, shows no antibacterial activity in the tested concentrations. Both complexes were cytotoxic against normal (Balb/c 3T3) and tumor (SK-Mel 103 and Panc-1) cells, but the Pt-NMS complex was significantly more selective against tumor cells. The EtBr competitive intercalation assay and the evaluation of CT-DNA structure using circular dichroism show that DNA is not a biological target for the Pt-NMS complex, indicating a mechanism of action different of the cisplatin one / Mestrado / Quimica Inorganica / Mestre em Química

No description available.

Les métaux sont impliqués dans de nombreux processus biologiques essentiels pour le vivant. Ils interviennent au sein de métallo-enzymes sélectives et efficaces, qui catalysent des réactions chimiques dans des conditions douces. Les plus illustres sont les RiboNucléotide Réductases (RNR), essentiels à la synthèse de l'ADN, ou bien encore la Méthane MonoOxygènase (MMO) capable à partir du méthane de former le méthanol, molécule à fort potentiel énergétique. Ces métallo-enzymes fonctionnent au travers d'un site actif contenant deux fers. Récemment, un nouveau membre de cette famille a été isolé et présente un nouveau site actif hétérodinucléaire à fer et manganèse. Le potentiel chimique de ces enzymes commence juste a être caractérisé, mais les premières études suggèrent une réactivité semblable aux enzymes homodinucléaires à fer. Puisque le comportement de l'ion métallique dans les protéines n'est pas très différent de la chimie fondamentale du métal, l'étude de petits analogues synthétiques de site actif est particulièrement utile. Nous proposons la synthèse de complexes dinucléaires à Fe-Mn pour étudier la réactivité et les propriétés électroniques de ce nouveau site actif. Par une étude physicochimique approfondie et des études de réactivités, nous avons apporté une meilleure compréhension sur la réactivité de ce nouveau système enzymatique. / Nonheme enzymes possessing a dinuclear active site are performing many essential functions such as Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) in DNA production and Methane oxygenation (MMO) to convert gas toxic methane in combustible methanol. While most of these enzymes have been shown to possess a diiron active site, new members of this protein family were recently isolated from bacteria and found to possess instead a heterodinuclear Fe-Mn active site. The chemical potential of the heterodinuclear metal site is just starting to be evaluated, but available data suggest that it may have capabilities for similarly versatile chemistry as the extensively studied diiron-carboxylate cofactor. In recent years, the study of models based on simple dinuclear metal complexes has became an important tool for gaining insight into the biological functions of such bimetallic cores. The design of binucleating ligands capable of providing asymmetric dinuclear complexes is a subject of great interest. We propose to synthesize dinuclear Fe-Mn complexes to investigate the reactivity and the electronic properties of this new active site. By combining spectroscopic and electronical studies we have gain a better understanding on the reactivity of this new enzymatic system.

No description available.