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Τις τελευταίες δεκαετίες ο πλανήτης μαστίζεται από μεγάλες φυσικές καταστροφές, το μέγεθος και η ένταση των οποίων έχουν επίδραση τόσο στο φυσικό περιβάλλον όσο και στον ανθρώπινο παράγοντα. Απτό παράδειγμα οι πρόσφατες πυρκαγιές του Αυγούστου του 2007 στην Ηλεία, οι οποίες θα μείνουν ανεξίτηλα χαραγμένες στη μνήμη όλων μας γιατί στέρησαν τη ζωή 44 συνανθρώπων μας, συντέλεσαν σε σχεδόν ολοκληρωτική καταστροφή του φυσικού περιβάλλοντος κι είχαν τραγικές συνέπειες για την οικονομία της περιοχής που βασίζεται κυρίως στην γεωργία και την κτηνοτροφία. Σκοπός της παρούσας μελέτης ήταν να εξετάσει τις επιπτώσεις που είχαν οι πυρκαγιές στον τομέα της βιολογικής γεωργίας στην ορεινή ζώνη Φιγαλείας -Ανδρίτσαινας και να ερευνήσει πιθανές προοπτικές ανάπτυξής της. Για το λόγο αυτό 20 άτομα (Ν=20), 19 άνδρες και 1 γυναίκα που εμπλέκονται με τον τομέα της βιολογικής γεωργίας κατέθεσαν τις απόψεις τους μέσω μιας ημιδομημένης συνέντευξης. Οι ερωτώμενοι κατηγοριοποιήθηκαν σε 4 ομάδες ανάλογα με τη σχέση που είχαν με τη βιολογική γεωργία: α) καλλιεργητές συμβατικής γεωργίας, β) βιοκαλλιεργητές, γ) διαχειριστές (άτομα φορείς εξουσίας) και δ) επιχειρηματίες. Σύμφωνα με τα αποτελέσματα της μελέτης και αναλογιζόμενοι το μέγεθος της καταστροφής και τα προβλήματα που υπάρχουν στον γεωργικό τομέα, η περιοχή μελέτης έχει τη δυνατότητα να αναπτύξει τη βιολογική γεωργία σε μεγάλο βαθμό. Έχοντας δεδομένη τη θέληση των γεωργών της περιοχής, η πολιτεία οφείλει να τους στηρίξει δημιουργώντας τις προϋποθέσεις ανάπτυξης της περιοχής, συγκράτησης του πληθυσμού και να δώσει τη δυνατότητα οικονομικής ανέλιξης τόσο στους ανθρώπους όσο και στην περιοχή που ταλαιπωρήθηκε σημαντικά με τις πυρκαγιές του Αυγούστου του 2007. / The last decades the planet suffers from natural destructions, the magnitude and the intensity of which have effect not only in the natural environment but also in the human factor. Tangible example the recent fires of August 2007 in Prefecture of Ilia, that will remain engraved in the memory of all of us because they deprived the life of 44 people, contributed in almost absolute destruction of natural environment and had tragic consequences for the economy of region which is based mainly on the agriculture and the livestock-farming. The purpose of this study was to examine the fires repercussions on biological agriculture in the mountainous area Figalias - Andritsainas and look at for likely prospects of growth. For this reason 20 subjects (N = 20), 19 men and 1 woman, that engaged in biological agriculture were interviewed. Subjects were categorized in 4 groups depending on the relation that they had with the biological agriculture: a) cultivators of conventional agriculture, b) biological cultivators, c) administrators (individuals working for institutions of power) and d) businessmen of the region. According to the results of study and taking under consideration that the size of destruction and the problems that exist in the agriculture, the region of study has the possibility of developing the biological agriculture to a large extent. Having given the will of farmers of region, the state owes to support them by creating the conditions of growth of the region, withholding the population and give the possibility of economic evolution so to the habitants as to the region that had a rough time during the fires of August 2007.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:44:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV05MA002.pdf: 1437644 bytes, checksum: b37dfaf349e14278d2b39fc75f6d2e3d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-12-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The common bean crops (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is very important for the human food due its proteins and energetic composition. In Brazil, its social and economical importance is due to the fact it s the main responsible to supply the nutritional necessity of the poorer population and of the small familiar farmers that aredevoted to bean production. In a similar way, vegetables are a big group of alimentary plants that are part of a great essential group responsible for the supply of minerals and vitamins, besides the contribution of calories and proteins. Several problems affect the bean and vegetables cultivation, among which stand out insects that cause losses on produtivity and quality. Leaf eating coleopterans, specially Diabrotica speciosa species (Germar, 1824) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), are responsible for great damages on bean and vegetables cultivation. The pest and diseases control with chemical products caused countless problems to the farmers, consumers and to the environment. To contribut for the development of efficient and appropriates alternatives technologies, two field experiments were carried out at the Escola Agrotécnica Federal in Rio do Sul, Santa Catarina State, Brazil, between October 2004 and October 2005. In the first experiment were tested the repellent effect of copper sulphate, on four concentrations: 0,15; 0,30; 0,50 and 1,00% (CB1, CB2, CB3, CB4). Jointly, were also carried out experiment to test the repellent effect of D. speciosa adults syrup, on two concentrations: 800 and 1600 insects/ha, (MV1 and MV2). In the second experiment, were tested five attraction substances to leaf eating coleopterans: roots of Cayaponia sp; green fruits of bottle gourd (Lagenaria sp.); chinese collard s softened 10% w/v (Brassica pekinensis); fermented salad of fruits 10% w/v and red vine vinegar s solution at 25%. Pure water was used as check. The experiment with repellents was carried out in the first and in the second harvest of summer 2004/05, in common bean field. The weekly treatments were started when bean plants had 50% of first definitive leafs expanded, until the flower s emission. The data collect were daily, with cloth beat tecnic. In the first harvest, the genus Epitrix coleopteran stood out by the number of collected insects. In the second harvest, there wasn t significant difference among medium number of leaf eating coleopteran among treatments. The copper sulphate and the syrup of adults of D. speciosa didn t present repellent effect on leaf eating coleopteran. Haven t seen significant leaf damages; fungi diseases, only small withered by Sclerotium rolfsii and Isariopsis griseola, in the second harvest. The medium productivity didn t differ among treatments. In the second experiment, with attractive substances in organic garden, green fruits of Lagenaria sp. captured significantly more beetles than roots of Cayaponia sp. and the check. By this results, it s possible recommend bottle gourd s green fruits and Cayaponia s roots as auxiliar technic for beetles population control in organic garden, without expose the farmers, consumers and the environment to dangers of the pesticides / A cultura do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) tem grande importância mundial na alimentação humana em vista de suas características protéicas e energéticas. No Brasil, sua importância social e econômica se deve ao fato de ser responsável pelo suprimento de grande parte das necessidades alimentares da população de baixo poder aquisitivo e pelo grande contingente de pequenos agricultores que se dedicam ao seu cultivo. De forma análoga, as hortaliças compreendem um grande grupo de plantas alimentares que são parte de um grupo essencial responsável pelo suprimento de sais minerais e vitaminas, além do aporte de calorias e proteínas. Vários problemas afetam os cultivos, tanto do feijoeiro quanto das hortaliças, dentre os quais se destacam insetos que causam perdas na produtividade e qualidade do produto final. Coleópteros desfolhadores, em especial a espécie Diabrotica speciosa (Germar, 1824) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), são responsáveis por grandes prejuízos na cultura do feijão e hortaliças. O controle de pragas e doenças com insumos químicos tem causado inúmeros problemas aos agricultores, consumidores e meio ambiente. Com o objetivo de contribuir para o desenvolvimento de tecnologias alternativas, eficientes e ecologicamente adequadas para o manejo de coleópteros fitófagos em feijão e hortaliças, foram conduzidos dois experimentos a campo na Escola Agrotécnica Federal de Rio do Sul, SC, de outubro/2004 a outubro/2005. No primeiro experimento foi testado o efeito repelente da calda bordalesa, em quatro concentrações: 0,15; 0,30; 0,50; e 1,00% (CB1, CB2, CB3, CB4) e, conjuntamente, foi testado também o efeito repelente do macerado de adultos da vaquinha D. speciosa triturados, em duas concentrações: 800 e 1600 insetos/ha (MV1, MV2). No segundo experimento, foram testados cinco substâncias atrativas, com seis repetições, para coleópteros desfolhadores: Raiz de taiuiá (Cayaponia sp.), frutos verdes de porongo ou cuia (Lagenaria sp.), extrato de couve chinesa (Brassica pekinensis) a 10% p/v, extrato de salada fermentada de frutas a 10% p/v e solução de vinagre de vinho tinto a 25%. A água pura foi usada como testemunha. O experimento com os repelentes foi conduzido na safra 2004/05 e safrinha 2005, em feijão preto, tendo iniciado os tratamentos, semanais, na etapa V2 da cultura, com 50% das plantas com o primeiro trifólio expandido, até a etapa R6, início da floração. Através da técnica da batida de pano, os insetos foram coletados, contados e registrados em planilha própria. O nível de infestação de D. speciosa ficou abaixo do esperado para a época. Na safra, o coleóptero Epitrix sp. se destacou em relação aos demais, pelo número de insetos coletados, sendo tratamento com 1600 insetos/ha o mais efetivo em relação aos demais, não diferindo, porém, da testemunha. Na safrinha, o número médio de coleópteros fitófagos não diferiu entre os tratamentos. Não foi observado efeito repelente da calda bordalesa e do macerado de adultos de D. speciosa triturados. Não foram observados danos significativos causados pelos coleópteros sobre as folhas. Entre as doenças fúngicas, apenas murcha por Sclerotium rolfsii, de pouca expressão e mancha angular, na safrinha. A produtividade média do feijão não diferiu entre tratamentos, tanto na safra quanto na safrinha. No segundo experimento, com atrativos em horta orgânica, os dados experimentais demonstraram uma grande atratividade dos frutos verdes de porongo (Lagenaria sp.) que capturou um número significativamente maior de adultos de D. speciosa que raízes de taiuiá (Cayaponia sp.) e testemunha. Pelos resultados obtidos, é possível recomendar o uso de frutos verdes de porongo e raízes de taiuiá como alternativa auxiliar no controle das populações de vaquinhas em cultivos orgânicos, reduzindo significativamente os riscos para agricultores, consumidores e o meio ambiente em relação aos perigos representados pelos agrotóxicos

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:44:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV05MA003.pdf: 808328 bytes, checksum: e3e69b370fd71047df532e63e0a922d7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-04-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Peach Prunus persica (L.) Batsch is an important cash crop cultivated in southern Brazil more specifically in the region of Encosta Superior do Nordeste belong to the state of Rio Grande do Sul . In that region, peach is cultivated in small areas by farmers that use family labour and have the diversification of activities as economic strategy. The potential for growing fresh peaches is enhanced by reaching local market in high quality fruit, and having premium prices for that. This study was carried out in two parts. The first one aimed to know the perception of peach organic growers facing the fruit fly Anastrepha fraterculus. The second part, three experiments were conducted in randomised blocks for testing the effect of homeophatic compounds to control A. fraterculus. The treatments consisted of nosodium of A. fraterculus and Staphysagria in two dilution levels, CH3 and CH6, combined by two application intervals , 5 and 10 days. A commercial Composto A , made with several herbs and largely used by organic farmers was evaluated in the third experiment. All experiments were conducted in organic orchard systems located in Antônio Prado, Rio Grande do Sul. Two experiments were conducted during the 2003-2004 crop cycle and another during the 2004-2005 crop cycle. The homeophatic compounds were prepared according to the Farmacopéia Homeopática Brasileira (1997). From the result we could see that farmers have a diversity of varieties of peach and production was mainly offered to local market. Anastrepha fraterculus was the only specie found into traps and fruits. The homeophatic compounds did not reduce significantly the A. fraterculus infestation compare to the proof. Fruit losses due to fly infestation varied from 40 to 98,3%. Nevertheless two treatments differed to the worst preparation treatment and can be used as an alternative treatment combined with other crop management measures. Although Composto A had the lowest infestation level (38%) it did not difered to the proof (63%). More studies would be necessary to recommend homeophatic compounds for protecting preaches from fruit fly. Besides bagging individual fruits, planting early maturation cultivars would an efficacy measure to control fruit fly although local monitoring is needed. In another hand, the preference for using Composto A by the organic farmers showed the fragility of the peach organic system studied / A cultura do pessegueiro Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, possui fundamental importância para a economia da Região da Serra Gaúcha geograficamente conhecida como encosta superior do nordeste do Rio Grande do Sul, onde é cultivado em minifúndios. O pessegueiro representa importante alternativa na diversificação da matriz produtiva, gerando renda em pequenas áreas e empregando mão-de-obra familiar. Neste trabalho, estudou-se a percepção dos agricultores frente à mosca-das-frutas sul americana Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied) (Diptera: Tephritidae) e a eficiência de preparados homeopáticos no manejo da mesma. Questionário semi-estruturado foi aplicado em 12 agricultores na região da Serra Gaúcha que adotam sistema de cultivo orgânico do pessegueiro. No estudo de preparados homeopáticos, três experimentos foram conduzidos também em sistema de cultivo orgânico com a variedade Chiripá, delineados em blocos ao acaso, sendo dois no ciclo de cultivo 2003/04 e um no ciclo 2004/05 no município de Antônio Prado, RS. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de nosódios de adultos de A. fraterculus e do composto homeopático Staphysagria na terceira e sexta diluição centesimal hahnemanniana, combinados a intervalos de aplicação de cinco ou 10 dias. O produto comercial Composto A, formulado a base de fermentados de plantas foi testado no ciclo de cultivo 2004/05. Os preparados homeopáticos foram obtidos conforme Farmácia Homeopática Brasileira (1997). Observou-se que os agricultores diversificam o cultivo do pessegueiro com uso de diferentes variedades, destinando sua produção aos mercados locais. Dados experimentais evidenciaram redução na infestação da mosca-das-frutas na primeira colheita com uso de..Staphysagria na Sexta diluição centesimal e Nosódio de Mosca-das-frutas também na Sexta diluição centesimal, respectivamente no primeiro e segundo experimento. Entretanto nenhuma das combinações testadas diferiu da testemunha sem intervenção. Perdas na produção de frutos variaram de 40 a 98,3%. Da mesma forma, o Composto A embora tenha apresentado a menor porcentagem de frutos infestados (38%) não diferiu da testemunha (63%). Pelo relato dos agricultores e pelos dados obtidos sobre a dinâmica populacional da mosca-das-frutas, observou-se que o cultivo de variedades precoces de pessegueiros aparece como medida mais eficaz para reduzir as perdas de frutas provocadas pela mosca-das-frutas sul americana, além do próprio ensacamento de frutos. Entretanto, pela praticidade apresentada os agricultores orgânicos, estes demonstraram preferência para uso do Composto A, o que revela a fragilidade das estratégias atualmente empregadas para o manejo desta praga na região da Serra Gaúcha

Les champignons endomycorhiziens arbusculaires (MA) forment des relations symbiotiques avec la majorité des espèces végétales terrestres. Leur rôle écologique dans la productivité et la stabilité des agrosystèmes sont connus depuis de nombreuses années. Plusieurs études ont montré que ces symbiotes augmentent la croissance végétale et la résistance des plantes aux stress biotiques et abiotiques. Malgré le potentiel avéré de la symbiose MA pour augmenter durablement la productivité des agrosystèmes dans le cadre d’une agriculture à faibles apports d’intrants, cette biotechnologie est encore sous exploitée. Ce constat résulte essentiellement de difficultés techniques pour produire en quantité un inoculum fongique de qualité et un manque de connaissance concernant les facteurs biologiques régulant la réceptivité des sols à l’inoculation des champignons MA. Les principaux objectifs de ces travaux sont d’optimiser les performances d’un inoculum MA. (1), en associant le champignon MA avec des bactéries PGPR ou MHB. Cette stratégie vise à promouvoir l’établissement et le fonctionnement de la symbiose MA. En effet, ces bactéries bénéfiques aux plantes peuvent augmenter la croissance végétale, directement en fournissant à la plante des composés bénéfique (phytohormone, etc), et indirectement en réduisant ou prévenant les effets délétères de phytopathogènes ou en augmentant l’établissement de la symbiose MA. (2), par la gestion des cultures, notamment par l’association céréales/légumineuses en culture intercalaire. Les légumineuses sont souvent dépendantes des associations symbiotiques avec les champignons MA, et ceux-ci peuvent participer dans la nutrition azotée et phosphatée de la plante. (3), par l’amendement en composé ou organique. Ces amendements peuvent être solubilisés et dégradés par des bactéries et ainsi promouvoir la nutrition végétale sans augmenter la disponibilité de P et N dans le sol. (4), en développant des inocula complexes associant bactéries bénéfiques, champignons MA et amendement, l’ensemble contenu dans un gel d’alginate. / Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi (AM) are ubiquitous microorganisms forming symbiotic relationships with the majority of terrestrial plant species. Their ecological functions in the productivity and stability of agroecosystems have been recognized for many years. Many studies have shown that these symbionts improved plant growth and plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Despite the proven potential of mycorrhizal symbiosis to sustainably improve the productivity of agroecosystems under low input agriculture, this biotechnology is still under exploited. This failure mainly results from technical difficulties to mass-produced fungal inoculum of high quality and a lack of knowledge about the biological factors regulating the soil receptivity of AM inoculation. The main objectives of our studies are to optimize the performance of an AM fungal inoculum. (1), by combining the AM fungus with Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria, or Mycorrhizal Helper Bacteria. This strategy aims to promote the establishment and the functioning of the mycorrhizal symbiosis. Indeed, this plant beneficial bacteria may affect plant growth through two different pathways, directly by providing to the plant some beneficial compounds (i.e. phytohormones, etc), indirectly, by reducing or preventing the deleterious effects of phytopathogens or by improving the establishment of the mycorrhizal symbiosis. (2), by plant management with the association of cereal/leguminous in intercropping. Leguminous are often dependent of AM association and AM fungi may participate to promote N and P plant uptake. (3), by amendment of mineral or organic compounds. These amendments can be degraded slowly by bacteria and promote plant nutrition without increase P and N soil availability. (4), by development of complex inocula associating beneficial bacteria, AM fungi and amendment, based on the entrapment of these inocula in alginate gels