Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:55:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 481163 bytes, checksum: dff710e12faa7426a857bca7ddcd71a4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-20 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Diets formulated with protein sources presenting different resistance to ruminal degradation were compared by evaluating intake, total and partial digestibility, nitrogen balance, fluxes of nutrients to omasum, production and microbial efficiency and ruminal parameters in goats. Eight rumen cannulated non-lactating, non- pregnant goats were distributed in a 4 x 4 Latin square design with two repeats. Treatments consisted of four diets where different source of plant protein account for the major protein source named soybean meal (SM), roasted soybean (RS), corn gluten meal (CGM), and cottonseed cake (CC). No difference was found as both intake and apparent digestibility of dry matter and nutrients were compared among diets. Reduction of ruminal digestibility for dry matter, crude protein and non fiber carbohydrates by using ration with RS, CGM and CC. Biological values and true digestibility for diets were similar. Amount of rumen protein were similar among rations, however fluxes of dry matter, protein and non fiber carbohydrate to omasum were higher for rations using roasted soybean, corn gluten meal and cottonseed cake. Ammonia nitrogen concentration was higher for ration with soybean meal as major protein source. Values of pH higher values were obtained for rations with RS and CC. Regarding kinetic of transit similar values were found among rations. Rations containing RS, CGM and CC as major protein source presented degradability smaller than diet using soybean meal as the major source of protein, but no difference among rations were found as availability and use by animals were compared. Diets with protein sources presenting reduced ruminal degradation do not compromised the bacterial growth, increasing flux of nutrients to omasum. Although pH and rumen ammonia are altered no compromise is observed in both production and microbial efficiency as those sources are used for dairy goats, which grant their use with similar efficiency to rations using source of more degradable protein. / Objetivou-se com este estudo, avaliar o efeito do uso de fontes protéicas apresentando diferentes graus de resistência à degradação ruminal sobre o consumo, digestibilidade total e parcial, balanço de compostos nitrogenados, fluxo de nutrientes para o omaso, produção e eficiência microbiana e características ruminais. Foram utilizadas oito cabras fistuladas no rúmen, não-gestantes e não lactantes, distribuídas em um delineamento em quadrado latino 4 x 4, duplicado. Foram utilizadas quatro dietas com diferentes fontes de proteína: farelo de soja (FS), soja grão tostada (SGT), farelo de glúten de milho (FGM) e torta de algodão (TA). As rações contendo FS, SGT, FGM e TA como fontes principais de proteína não influenciaram o consumo, a digestibilidade aparente total da matéria seca e dos nutrientes. Houve redução da digestibilidade ruminal da matéria seca, da proteína bruta e dos carboidratos não-fibrosos com o uso das rações contendo SGT, FGM e TA. Os valores biológicos e a digestibilidade total das dietas contendo diferentes fontes de proteína foram semelhantes, independente do perfil da degradação ruminal. As rações com diferentes fontes protéicas não apresentaram diferença na quantidade de proteína presente no rúmen, porém as rações contendo SGT, FGM e TA promoveram um maior fluxo de matéria seca, de proteína e de carboidratos não-fibrosos para o omaso. Maiores valores para a concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal foram obtidos com a ração contendo farelo de soja como principal fonte principal de proteína. Na avaliação de pH foram obtidos maiores valores para as rações contendo SGT e TA. Não houve diferença entre as rações com diferentes fontes de protína quanto à cinética de trânsito. As rações contendo SGT, FGM e TA como principais fontes protéicas apresentam menor degradabilidade ruminal comparativamente ao FS, no entanto as mesmas não diferem entre si, quanto sua disponibilidade e aproveitamento pelos animais. O uso destas fontes de proteína de menor degradabilidade ruminal promovem aumento no fluxo de nutrientes para o omaso e alteram parâmetros digestivos (como nitrogênio amoniacal e pH), sem comprometer a produção e eficiência microbiana, podendo ser utilizadas na alimentação de cabras leiteiras, o que garante o seu uso com eficiência similar à rações utilizando fontes protéicas com maior degradabilidade.

The ongoing trend with urban infill often implicates a conflict with urban green areas, which becomes a problem when green areas in cities are declining and when biodiversity is threatened on a global scale. This case study investigates how green areas and existing biological values are prioritized in an area in Malmö where infill is taking place (Översiktsplan för del av Kirseberg). Specifically, planning process and dialogue, on detailed comprehensive planning level, between the municipality and the landowner is analysed and compared with the policy plan for the area. The methods used are semi-structured interviews combining qualitative and quantitative data.The results show that many of the planning policies regarding green areas are prioritized and considered. However, when it comes to preserving existing vegetation and biological values, these policy goals are prioritized lower than the other policies, which leads to postponed conservation measures. Arguments for planning green areas are about structural concerns and attractivity. Municipal planners are concerned about the low amount of green areas and they find that policies and the planning and building act for green areas give a poor support in the planning process.Vague policy goals for green areas make it difficult for planners to balance between the many policy goals they need to consider. Although the actors have common interests and two-sided compromises are done, profit and a high exploitation level are the priorities of the landowner,which leads to fewer green areas. Landownership therefore limits municipal influence to planfor public interests like green areas. Furthermore, the political focus on high exploitation is another reason for this. Insufficient and outdated policies and planning material are also concerns that affects the planning of green areas.Green areas and biological values are not prioritized enough on the detailed comprehensive planning level neither in the policies of the plan, in the planning process nor in other policies. To change this, both planning laws, policies and political will need to prioritize green areas higher. Many studies state that the planning and building act is insufficient for planning green areas that support ecosystem services on private properties. This seems to apply to this case study as well.