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Environmental concerns are becoming increasingly relevant during a period of hemorrhaging ecosystem goods and services. Restoring these would result in positive outcomes for public health and economic benefit. This thesis seeks to address two environmental concerns: (1) accurate soil mapping and (2) treatment of nitrogen to affect water quality change.The current method of soil mapping, SSURGO (USDA‐NRCS Soil survey), is often erroneous and misleading. Two studies in this dissertation are conducted to evaluate the potential that different resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) have to distribute soil characteristics successfully. These studies are conducted in southwest Virginia and western Vermont. The aforementioned studies evaluated 36 and 59 soil samples, respectively. Spatial characteristics, including slope, catchment area, and topographic wetness, are derived from several DEMs. In chapter 2, these characteristics are spatially compared, and we found that small resolution rasters result in narrow flow paths relative to coarser rasters. In chapter 3, we isolate the analysis to focus on resolution size, instead of a mix of both resolution size and generation method. This is done by recursively coarsening small rasters, deriving spatial attributes from said rasters and evaluating their potential to fit the soil characteristics of interest. Here we found that slopes generated from resolutions smaller than 11m were poor predictors of soil characteristics. Both chapters are finished by proposing and evaluating a soil map. Proposed regressions beat SSURGO in all investigated properties. Furthermore, proposed maps consistently beat out uninformed smallest resolution derived maps.Chesapeake bay water quality managers are struggling to achieve targets for nitrogen loading. This is in part due to the widespread presence of legacy nitrogen. Legacy nitrogen is an emerging issue, and springs exporting high levels of nitrogen are not uncommon in northern Virginia. This thesis explores, in part, a novel concept of treating large loads of nitrogen exported from a spring with a bioreactor. Bioreactors are a young science that most typically pair carbon heavy subterranean receptacles to agricultural drainage. This provides a location for nitrogen fixing bacteria to consume nitrate/nitrite, turning these into inert nitrogen gas. A spring fed bioreactor is studied for 10 months, and bioreactor conditions including influent and effluent nitrogen concentrations, bioreactor flow, and temperature are collected. A model driven by first order reaction equations is found to be most accurate with inputs of temperature and bioreactor age. The resulting marginal effects of these inputs were consistent with previously reported studies. / Doctor of Philosophy / Centuries of industrialization have resulted in widespread human progress but have, at times, adversely impacted the environment. Constituents rely heavily on environmental services, such as clean air and water, to subsist. Environmental degradation has resulted in detrimental effects to public health, and remediation is currently economically viable. As such, there are strong incentives for researchers to understand environmental processes at a fundamental level. One such process is soil characteristic distribution. The distribution of soil characteristics, such as soil texture or organic matter, is especially important for agriculturalists, hydrologists and geotechnicians. Soil texture and organic matter distribution can affect crop yield, nitrogen export to surface waters, and structural stability of soils. Thus, accurate characterization of measured soil properties is paramount to multiple fields. The most typically used soil map is USDA‐NRCS Soil survey (commonly referred to as SSURGO). Currently, the SSURGO database is a poor predictor of soil characteristics. There is an opportunity to improve soil characteristic distribution using digital elevation models (DEMs). As DEMs become cheaper to develop, they are typically available in multiple resolutions and generation methods. In this research, several DEMs are used to better soil maps for watersheds in Southwest Virginia and Western Vermont. Both studies showed that DEMs can better distribute soils when compared to the current SSURGO maps. Additionally, we showed that the finest resolution dataset was not always best, and mixed resolution topographic wetness indices to be most advantageous for distributing soils.Another such process is remediation of surface waters from high loads of nitrogen and phosphorus. The Haber-Bosch method of producing nitrogen fertilizer is one of the most important human innovations in recent history. This method is likely responsible for the aversion of widespread famine in the early 1900s. However, residents of multiple river systems, including the Chesapeake Bay and the Mississippi River, are suffering from the adverse effects of widespread hypoxic/anoxic (with little/no oxygen, respectively) zones within water. These have partially been responsible for the decline of commercial ventures such as fisheries and tourism. These zones are caused by eutrophication, a process of unsustainable plant growth in the presence of nitrogen and phosphorus. Water quality managers typically target agricultural runoff and point source polluters when trying to eliminate anthropogenic nitrogen. However, legacy nitrogen (nitrogen stored in groundwater in excess of a year) has become an emerging concern for water quality. It is not uncommon for springs in karst areas to be contaminated with high concentrations of nitrogen. These springs present a point source that can be treated by an emerging technology: bioreactors. Bioreactors are subterranean, woodchip filled basins that provide a location for microbes to exchange water soluble nitrogen for inert nitrogen gas. The consistency in nitrogen loading and constant flow provide stability relative to more traditional bioreactor installations. Most typically, bioreactors are installed downstream of agricultural drainage systems, and influent flow and nitrogen load depend wholly on precipitation/irrigation and nitrogen application. In this thesis, a novel spring fed bioreactor is studied. Removal rates of nitrogen are quantified using a regression driven by reaction kinetics. The analysis showed bioreactor efficiency was intimately related to hydraulic residence time, nitrogen loading, bioreactor bed temperature, and bioreactor age. The spring fed bioreactor is found to be advantageous because of its consistency, and disadvantages because springs are colder and thus less efficient than typical irrigated runoff.

Thesis (M.Tech.: Chemical Engineering)-Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, 2005 1 v. (various pagings) / In bubble-less aeration oxygen diffuses through the membrane in a molecular form and dissolves in the liquid. Oxygen is fed through the lumen side of silicone rubber tube. On the outer surface of the membrane there is a boundary layer that is created by oxygen. This then gets transported to the bulk liquid by convective transport created by water circulation through the pump. The driving force of the convective transport is due to concentration difference between the dissolved oxygen in water and oxygen saturation concentration in water at a particular temperature and pressure. The design of a membrane aerated bioreactor needs an understanding of the factors that govern oxygen mass transfer. It is necessary to know the effects of operating conditions and design configurations. Although various methods of bubble-less aeration have been reported, there still exists a lack of knowledge on the immersed membrane systems. This study is aiming at contributing to the development of an immersed membrane bioreactor using silicone rubber tubular membrane as means of providing oxygen. The secondary objective was to investigate the influence that the operating conditions and module configuration have on the system behaviour. From the experimental study, the characteristic dissolved oxygen -time curve show that there is a saturation limit equivalent to the equilibrium dissolved oxygen concentration, after which there is no increase in dissolved oxygen with time. At ambient conditions the equilibrium dissolved oxygen is approximately 8 mg/L. This is when water is in contact with air at one atmospheric pressure. At the same conditions the equilibrium dissolved oxygen concentration when water is in contact with pure oxygen is approximately 40 mg/L. This is why all the experiments were conducted from 2mg/L dissolved oxygen concentration in water, to enable enough time to reach equilibrium so as to determine mass transfer coefficient. The most important parameters that were investigated to characterise the reactor were, oxygen supply pressure, crossflow velocity, temperature and module orientation. Observations from the experimental study indicated that when the system is controlled by pressure, crossflow does not have a significant effect on mass transfer. When the system is controlled by the convective transport from the membrane surface to the bulk liquid, pressure does not have a significant effect on mass transfer. All four effects that were investigated in the study are discussed.

M.Tech. (Civil Engineering) / This study presents work on the design and construction of three dual-chamber microbial fuel cells (MFCs) using a sandwich separator electrode assembly (SSEA) and membrane cathode assembly (MCA) for the dual purposes of energy generation from domestic wastewater and wastewater treatment. MFC1 was designed using an improvised SSEA technique (i.e. a separator electrode membrane electrode configuration, SEMEC) by gluing a sandwich of anode, membrane and a mesh current collector cathode to an anode chamber made from a polyethylene wide-mouth bottle. The reactor was filled with 1500 mL of domestic wastewater and operated on a long fed-batch mode with a residence time of 3 weeks. The reactor was inoculated with a mixed culture of bacteria present in the wastewater stream. The aim was to study the impact of wastewater COD concentration on power generation and wastewater treatment efficiency. For MFC2 and MFC 3, cathodes were constructed using the MCA technique consisting of a membrane and a mesh current collector cathode, with the anode electrode at the opposite side of stacked Perspex sections used for the anode chamber. The impact of electrode material on current production was examined in this study. For MFC2 a mesh current collector treated with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and activated carbon (AC) functioned as the cathode, while the MFC3 cathode was an uncatalyzed mesh current collector. The two reactors were both filled with 350 mL of domestic wastewater...

Os produtos de cuidado pessoal (PCP) são substâncias utilizadas para fins de saúde, beleza e higiene, enquadrando-se como contaminantes de caráter emergente. Dentre os PCP estão os parabenos (alquil-p-hidroxibenzoatos), considerados desreguladores endócrinos, encontrados em águas fluviais e efluentes de estações de tratamento em concentrações na faixa de ng L-1 a ?g L-1. A presença destes compostos nessas matrizes reforça a importância de processos alternativos de tratamento de efluentes, como o processo de biorreator com membranas (MBR) e o processo oxidativo avançado (POA) baseado em persulfato (PS) ativado. Aliando um reator biológico e membranas de separação, o MBR destaca-se como alternativa para obtenção de efluentes de boa qualidade, com remoção de contaminantes por sorção, biodegradação e/ou retenção física. Em contrapartida, o POA com persulfato ativado utiliza radicais sulfato como espécie oxidante para degradação de poluentes. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a remoção de metilparabeno (MeP) e propilparabeno (PrP) pelo processo MBR, bem como estudar a degradação de tais compostos por persulfato ativado com radiação UVA (UVA/PS) ou ferro de valência zero (Fe0/PS). Objetivou-se, outrossim, avaliar a remoção dos parabenos do permeado do MBR por esses POA. Os resultados mostraram que o processo MBR apresentou eficiência média de 95,9% na remoção de MeP e PrP ([parabenos]0 = 0,5 mg L-1) e eficiência média de 85% na remoção de PrP ([PrP]0 = 10 mg L-1). A degradação de MeP e PrP em mistura (50-500 ?g L-1, cada) por UVA/PS exibiu interferência de um parabeno sobre o outro. Assim, optou-se por investigar a degradação apenas de PrP (1 mg L-1) via UVA/PS e Fe0/PS. Para UVA/PS (120 min), quanto maior a irradiância e a concentração inicial de PS, menor o tempo de meia-vida, sendo possível atingir t1/2 mínimo de 37,9 min, com remoção máxima de 77,3%. Para Fe0/PS (15 min), obteve-se um mínimo de t1/2 igual a 0,65 min, para [PS]0 = 5,38 mmol L-1 e [Fe0]0 = 51,6 mg L-1, com porcentagens de degradação superiores a 97% para todos os ensaios realizados. Nesses casos, a identificação de intermediários de degradação do PrP para os processos UVA/PS e Fe0/PS permitiu comprovar a formação de benzoato de propila, benzoato de metila, ácido 4-hidroxibenzoico e MeP. Finalmente, no tratamento do permeado do MBR, obtiveram-se remoções de PrP de 24,5% para UVA/PS (120 min) e de 61,2% para Fe0/PS (90 min), o que se deve ao efeito da matriz complexa. / Personal care products (PCP) are substances used for health, beauty and hygiene purposes, and are classified as emerging contaminants. Parabens (alkyl-p-hydroxybenzoates), included among the PCPs, are considered endocrine disrupters and found in river waters and effluents from wastewater treatment plants, at concentrations ranging from ng L-1 to ?g L-1. The presence of these compounds in environmental matrices reinforces the importance of alternative effluent treatments, such as membrane bioreactors (MBR) and advanced oxidation processes (AOP) based on activated persulfate (PS). The MBR combines a biological reactor and membrane separation membranes, standing out as an alternative to obtain good quality effluents, with contaminants removed by sorption, biodegradation and/or physical retention. In contrast, the AOP based on activated persulfate uses sulfate radicals as oxidizing species for the degradation of pollutants. This work aimed to evaluate the removal of methylparaben (MeP) and propylparaben (PrP) by the MBR process, as well as to investigate the degradation of these compounds by using persulfate activated with UVA radiation (UVA/PS) or zero valence iron (Fe0/PS). The results showed that the MBR process achieved 95.9% MeP and PrP removals ([parabens]0 = 0.5 mg L-1), and 85% PrP removal ([PrP]0 = 10 mg L-1). However, the degradation of MeP and PrP in the mixture (50-500 ?g L-1, each) by the UVA/PS process exhibited the interference of one paraben over the other. It was therefore decided to investigate the degradation of only PrP (1 mg L-1) via UVA/PS and Fe0/PS. For the UVA/PS process (120 min), the higher the irradiance and the initial PS concentration, the shorter the PrP half-life time, with a minimum t1/2 of 37.9 min and maximum removal of 77.3%. For Fe0/PS (15 min), a minimum t1/2 equal to 0.65 min was achieved for [PS]0 = 5.38 mmol L-1 and [Fe0]0 = 51.6 mg L-1, with percent removals higher than 97% for all the experiments performed. In these cases, the identification of PrP degradation intermediates for the UVA/PS and Fe0/PS processes allowed to prove the formation of propyl benzoate, methyl benzoate, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, and MeP. Finally, regarding the post-treatment of the MBR permeate, lower PrP removals of 24.5% for the UVA/PS process (120 min), and 61.2% for Fe0/PS (90 min) were obtained, which are due to the effect of the complex aqueous matrix.

La simulation devient un outil incontournable pour concevoir ou optimiser les procédés en biotechnologies. Elle est particulièrement pertinente pour permettre le changement d'échelle de l'échelle laboratoire à la mise en œuvre de cultures biologiques industrielles. Cette thèse se concentre sur le développement d'une structure de modèle pour les fermenteurs, qui ne néglige ni les problématiques de mélange, ni la complexité biologique, tout en permettant des simulations rapides. Pour intégrer l'ensemble des phénomènes couplés et dynamiques interagissant dans les bioréacteurs, l'approche proposée couple (i) un modèle métabolique dynamique pour décrire le comportement des cellules, (ii) un modèle de bilan de population pour suivre la diversité biologique et (iii) un modèle de compartiments pour décrire l'hydrodynamique du fermenteur. Une structure de modèle métabolique, générique et numériquement peu couteuse a été appliquée à E. coli et S. cerevisiae et été confrontée avec succès à de nombreuses données expérimentales. Parmi plusieurs méthodes numériques permettant de traiter les équations de bilan de population, la méthode EQMOM a été sélectionnée pour sa stabilité et sa précision et son coût a été réduit d'un facteur 10. L'hydrodynamique gaz-liquide d'un fermenteur industriel a été obtenue par simulations CFD et des outils ont été développés pour en extraire des modèles de compartiments. Le couplage de ces différents aspects a finalement été illustré par la simulation d'une culture industrielle. Ce travail ouvre la voie à la création d'outil de simulation rapide, ce qui permettra des études d'ingénierie de design et d'optimisation de procédés industriels. / Simulations are becoming an essential tool to design and improve processes in the field of biotechnologies. They are especially relevant to facilitate the scale-up of biological cultures from laboratory to industrial scales which is a key difficulty as of now. This thesis focuses on developping a model structure for fermenters, which does not neglect either mixing issues known to occur in industrial bioreactor, nor biological complexity inherent to micro-organisms, while enabling fast and low-cost simulations. To account for all coupled and dynamic phenomena that occur in bioreactors, the developed approach couples (i) a dynamic metabolic model to describe cells behaviour, (ii) a population balance model tracking biological cell-to-cell diversity and (iii) a compartment model to account for fermenter hydrodynamics. A structure for low-cost dynamic metabolic model has been developed, applied to E. coli and S. cerevisiae and successfully challenged against experimental data. Among multiple numerical methods tackling population balance equations, the EQMOM method has been selected for its stability and precision, and its algorithm has been improved by reducing its cost by a factor 10. The gas-liquid hydrodynamics of an industrial fermenter has been obtained through CFD simulations, and tools have been developed to extract compartment model from these simulation results. Finally, the coupling between all these modeling blocks has been demonstrated by simulating an actual industrial culture. This work paves the way to the emergence of fast bioreactor simulation tools, which will then enable new enginnering studies for designing and optimising industrial bio-processes.

Dans cette thèse ont été développés des modèles mathématiques pour les procédés de distillation membranaire à contact direct (DCMD) et avec balayage gazeux (SGMD) ainsi qu’un modèle sur l’hydrodynamique des bioréacteurs membranaires anaérobiques (AnMBRs) équipés d’un système de vibration membranaire induite (MMV). Les modèles pour la DCMD et la SGMD permettent de simuler le comportement des modules plats ou à fibres creuses sous différentes conditions opératoires, sans avoir recours aux données expérimentales ou à des équations empiriques pour les transferts de masse et de chaleur. Les modèles ont été validés avec des résultats expérimentaux et de la littérature et ont permis de déterminer l'influence de différents paramètres opérationnels et de la géométrie des modules sur les performances des procédés. Le modèle développé pour les AnMBRs équipés du système MMV permet d’étudier l’effet de la vibration membranaire sur l’hydrodynamique du réservoir. L’analyse paramétrique a permis d’étudier l’effet de la fréquence et de l’amplitude des vibrations sur la vitesse du fluide et la fraction volumique des solides dans le réservoir. Dans ce travail il a été démontré que les modèles proposés pourront être potentiellement appliqués à des études expérimentales préliminaires, l’optimisation des conditions opératoires, la conception des modules membranaires ainsi que pour l’estimation des coûts des procédés. / In this work have been developed general predictive models for direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) and sweeping gas membrane distillation (SGMD) as well as a hydrodynamic model for anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs) equipped with the induced membrane vibration (MMV) system. The DCMD and SGMD models allow simulating hollow fibre and flat sheet configurations under wide range of process conditions without empirical mass and heat transfer coefficients or laboratory experiments. The models have been validated with experimental and literature data. Indeed, the influence of operating conditions and membrane geometric characteristics on the process performance has been investigated. The model for AnMBRs with MMV studies the effect of the membrane vibration on the hydrodynamics of the AnMBR tank. The parametric study allows knowing, the effects of the vibration frequency and amplitude on the fluid velocity and volume fraction of solids. The conducted studies prove that all the proposed models would be potentially applied for the pre-experimental study, optimization of process conditions, design of membrane modules as well as for the further cost estimation of the processes.

As células estromais mesenquimais (CMMs) se tornaram de grande interesse para a terapia celular devido ao seu potencial de se diferenciar e reconstituir tecidos especializados. Mais recentemente, este interesse tem aumentado significativamente devido à descoberta de que as CMMs são capazes de secretar uma infinidade de mediadores para estimular a regeneração in situ de tecidos lesados. Dessa forma, CMMs podem ser consideradas tanto como um produto terapêutico em si, quanto uma biofábrica de diversas proteínas relevantes do ponto de vista terapêutico. Para atender a estas crescentes demandas, ambas as aplicações requerem o desenvolvimento de processos de expansão celular com alto rendimento, sob condições de cultivo definidas, reprodutíveis, escalonáveis, permitindo a obtenção de produtos com adequada identidade, potência, pureza, segurança e viáveis economicamente. Frente ao exposto, este trabalho teve como objetivos principais o estabelecimento de um processo de expansão de CMMs baseado em biorreatores e a caracterização do secretoma destas células visando aplicações terapêuticas. Para isto, a expansão de CMMs do cordão umbilical (MCUs) foi realizada em frascos multicamadas (MC) e nos biorreatores de leito fixo (LF), tanque agitado com microcarregadores (TA) e fibrasocas (FO). Os resultados mostraram que a taxa de proliferação específica das células foi maior (< tempo de duplicação) no biorreator de FO (36,8 ± 1,7 horas), bem como o fator de expansão (9,8 ± 1,0) e a eficiência na recuperação celular (100%). Um nível similar de produção celular foi observado para o TA, MC e LF com elevado fator de expansão celular (8,8 ± 0,39, 8,7 ± 0,90, 6,9 ± 1,3, respectivamente). No entanto, em termos de eficiência na recuperação celular (%), LF apresentou a menor taxa de recuperação dentre todos os sistemas (18% (± 0,77)), acompanhado pelo TA (61% (± 15,7)). As células mantiveram suas características imunofenotípicas e o potencial de diferenciação em adipócitos, osteócitos e condrócitos em todos os sistemas de cultivo avaliados. Foi também realizada a análise de custos (COG) e avaliação da viabilidade econômica para produção de CMMs visando tratamento da doença do enxerto contra o hospedeiro (DECH) em escala comercial, utilizando os sistemas de cultivo avaliados experimentalmente sob diferentes estratégias de reembolso. Apesar dos resultados experimentais satisfatórios para o biorreator FO, o COG revelou que este sistema tem o maior custo devido aos elevados custos dos consumíveis requeridos e do custo do equipamento. O frasco MC foi considerado como a tecnologia mais rentável e robusta no cenário avaliado e o biorreator TA obteve a segunda posição. O biorreator TA foi escolhido como o mais adequado analisando de maneira conjunta os dados experimentais obtidos, a análise dos custos dos diferentes sistemas de cultivo e a escalonabilidade de cada sistema. Assim, esse biorreator foi eficientemente utilizado para o cultivo de MCUs em condições isentas de SFB e xenoantígenos, sendo possível a produção de uma grande quantidade de células, representando um passo importante no desenvolvimento de um bioprocesso em conformidade com as normas das agências regulatórias. Por fim, com a análise do secretoma das CMMs por espectrometria de massas foi possível a identificação de uma gama enorme de proteínas interessantes (aprox. 2400) envolvidas em importantes processos biológicos. O futuro monitoramento dessas proteínas em biorreatores poderá representar um método inovador e original de produção de produtos livres de células para uso na terapia celular. / Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) have become of great interest for cell therapy because of its potential to differentiate and reconstitute specialized tissues. More recently, such interest has significantly increased due to the discovery that MSC are capable of secreting a plethora of mediators to stimulate the in situ regeneration of injured tissues. Thus, MSC can be considered as a therapeutic product itself and as a biofactory of various relevant therapeutic proteins. To meet these increasing demands, both applications require the development of high-yield, reproducible, scalable and cost-effective bioprocesses under defined culture conditions, obtaining products with proper identity, purity and safety. Based on these, the main goal of this work was the establishment of a MSC expansion process based on bioreactors and secretome characterization of these cells targeting therapeutic applications. The MSC expansion was performed using multi-layered flasks (ML) and fixed bed (PB), stirred tank (STR) and hollow fiber (HF) bioreactors. The results showed that the proliferation rate of the cells was higher (< doubling time) in the HF bioreactor (36.8 ± 1.7 hours), as well as the expansion fold-increase (9.8±1.0) and harvesting efficiency (100%). A similar level of cell production was observed for STR, ML and PB with high fold-increase (8.8±0.39, 8.7±0.90, 6.9±1.3, respectively). However, in terms of harvesting efficiency (%), PB bioreactor presented the lowest retrieval rate across all the technologies (18% (±0.77)), followed by STR (61% (±15.7)). The cells retained their functional properties after culture in all the culture systems evaluated. This study was then extended through the use of a bioprocess economics tool for the evaluation of the economic feasibility of producing MSC-based treatment for acute graft vs. host disease (aGvHD) at commercial scale, using the culture systems experimentally evaluated under different reimbursement strategies. Despite the advantageous experimental results of HF bioreactors, the COG analysis has revealed that this is the least cost effective cell culture system to be used, due to its high consumable and equipment costs. ML flasks ranked first as the most cost effective and robust technology in this scenario and microcarrier-based technologies (STR) ranked in second position. The STR bioreactor was chosen as the most suitable for MSC expansion analyzing the experimental data, COG analysis and scalability of each culture system. Thus, STR bioreactor was efficiently tested for MSC expansion under serum and xeno-free conditions and it was possible to produce a large amount of cells. The development of a scalable microcarrier-based stirred culture system using xeno-free culture medium that suits the intrinsic features of UCM-derived MSC represents an important step towards a GMP compliant large-scale production platform for these promising cell therapy candidates. Finally, with the MSC secretome analysis by mass spectrometry it was possible to identify a wide range of interesting proteins (approx. 2400) involved in important biological processes. The future monitoring of these proteins in bioreactors may represent a novel and unique method of producing cell-free products for use in cellular therapy.

Orientador: Marcus César Avezum Alves de Castro / Resumo: No Brasil são geradas quantidades significativas de resíduos orgânicos provenientes das perdas no segmento de produção e processamento da cadeia de fornecimento de alimentos, ou desperdiçadas no varejo e no consumo final. Ainda, no país há carência de aplicações do processo de digestão anaeróbia no tratamento dos resíduos orgânicos alimentares, tornando pertinente seu estudo. Este trabalho analisou a influência de diferentes proporções de resíduos alimentares no processo de biometanização. Os substratos consistiram de resíduos orgânicos coletados em restaurante universitário, sendo divididos em dois grupos: Resíduos de Pré-Preparo dos alimentos (RPP) e Resíduos de Sobras das refeições (RS). Testes em batelada foram realizados para avaliar o Potencial Bioquímico de Metano (BMP) das diferentes proporções de resíduos, sob condições mesofílica e termofílica, tendo como fontes de inóculos dois lodos anaeróbios granulares provenientes de reatores UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket). Para verificar a atividade dos lodos foram realizados testes de Atividade Metanogênica Específica (AME), tendo o acetato como fonte de carbono, com aplicação de diferentes relações Substrato/Inóculo (So/Xo) (0,5, 1,0 e 1,5). Os resultados dos testes de AME sob condições mesofílica e termofílica demonstraram bom desempenho dos inóculos com índices 0,1965 e 0,1559 g DQOCH4.g STV-1.d-1, respectivamente, sendo que a relação So/Xo=1,0 foi a mais indicada para aplicação na biodigestão anaeróbia dos resíduo... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In Brazil, significant amounts of organic waste are generated from losses in the production and processing segment of the food supply chain, or wasted on retail and final consumption. Still, in the country there is a lack of applications of the anaerobic digestion process in the treatment of organic food residues, making its study pertinent. This work analyzed the influence of different proportions of food residues on the biomethanization process. The substrates consisted of organic residues collected in a university restaurant, being divided into two groups: Food Pre-Preparation Residues (RPP) and Residues of Leftovers from meals (RS). Batch tests were carried out to evaluate the Biochemical Potential of Methane (BMP) of the different proportions of residues, under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions, having as inoculum sources two granular anaerobic sludge from UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) reactors. In order to verify the activity of the sludges, tests of Specific Methanogenic Activity (AME) were carried out, with acetate as carbon source, applying different Substrate/Inoculum (So/Xo) ratios (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5). The results of the AME tests under mesophilic and thermophilic temperatures showed good performance of the inoculum with indexes 0.1965 and 0.1559 g DQOCH4.g STV-1.d-1, respectively, with the ratio So/Xo=1.0 was the most indicated for application in anaerobic biodigestion of food waste. BMP tests under different proportions of food residues demonstrated ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

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No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertacao_camila_fernanda_junkes.pdf: 1289430 bytes, checksum: c3ed40aa6f1d8b5187b0894e8ea77b9b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-26 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / A macieira é uma frutífera lenhosa amplamente difundida no mundo. Suas mudas são propagadas por estaquia e os porta-enxertos por mergulhia de cepa devido ao alto grau de incompatibilidade entre os genótipos e grande período de juvenilidade. Os porta-enxertos conferem diferenças no vigor e resistência a doenças à cultivar copa, sendo mais utilizadas no Brasil as cultivares M.9 (anão) e ‘Marubakaido’ (vigoroso). Devido a problemas fitossanitários e de rendimento da técnica de propagação vegetativa, a micropropagação surge como uma tecnologia útil tanto a nível de pesquisa quanto a nível comercial. No entanto, cada genótipo de macieira responde de forma diferente aos estímulos in vitro, de forma que deve-se adequar os protocolos em função da cultivar em estudo. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo traçar os primeiros estudos sobre a utilização de sistema de imersão temporária (SIT) na micropropagação de ‘Marubakaido’. Para tal, testes preliminares sobre a influência do tipo de explante (apical ou axilar) foram realizados via sistema convencional em três variações do meio MS (composição convencional; NH4NO3 e KNO3 reduzido a ¾; e formulação industrial Himedia) suplementados com 0,8 mg.L-1 de BAP, 100 mg.L-1 de mio-inositol, 30 g.L-1 de sacarose e 7 g.L-1 de ágar. Após 45 dias observou-se que o meio Himedia conferiu maior homogeneidade entre as brotações, enquanto o tipo de explante não afetou a resposta quanto ao número e comprimento médio das brotações obtidas, podendo ambos serem utilizados sem prejuízo às taxas de multiplicação. Em seguida, os mesmos meios foram empregados na comparação entre micropropagação de explantes axilares de ‘Marubakaido’ em sistema convencional e SIT. Após 4 semanas verificou-se que as taxas de hiperidricidade obtidas em SIT foram muito mais elevadas do que em sistema convencional, chegando a 100% para meio MS. Uma intensa formação de calos foi observada nos meios MS e MS ¾ neste mesmo sistema, que impediram o desenvolvimento dos explantes. Quanto ao número médio e comprimento de brotações, o meio Himedia em SIT apresentou melhores resultados quando comparado a todos os tratamentos para meio e sistema (6,3 brotações por explante e 3,7 cm). O enraizamento das brotações produzidas em SIT com meio Himedia foi maior quando as brotações foram destacadas se comparadas com brotações mantidas em tufos (74,1% e 62,5% respectivamente), e a aclimatização das microestacas enraizadas resultou em 88,5% de sobrevivência após 21 dias. Embora os resultados tenham sido promissores, novos estudos ainda precisam ser realizados na tentativa de aperfeiçoar estes protocolos para ‘Marubakaido’, como alterações na composição hormonal, tempo e frequência de passagem do meio para os explantes ou enraizamento ao abrigo de luz. / The apple tree is a woody fruit widespread in the world. Your plants are propagated by cuttings and rootstocks by layering strain due to the high level of incompatibility between the genotypes and great period of juvenility. Rootstocks confer differences in vigor and disease resistance to scion, being more used in Brazil the cultivars M.9 (dwarf) and 'Marubakaido' (vigorous). Due to phytosanitary problems and yield of vegetative propagation technique, micropropagation appears as a useful technology at level of research or commercially. However, each apple genotype responds differently to in vitro stimuli, so the protocols must be adapted according to cultivar in study. Herewith, the present research aimed to draw the first studies about the use of temporary immersion system (TIS) in ‘Marubakaido's micropropagation. For this purpose, preliminary tests about the influence of the type of explant (apical or axillary) were performed via conventional system in three variations of the MS media (conventional composition; NH4NO3 and KNO3 reduced to ¾, and industrial formulation Himedia) supplemented with 0.8 mg.L-1 BAP, 100 mg L-1 myo-inositol, 30 g L-1 sucrose and 7 g L-1 agar. After 45 days it was observed that the Himedia conferred greater homogeneity among the shoots, while the type of explant did not affect the response in the average of number and length of shoots obtained, and both can be used without prejudice to the multiplication rates. Then, the same media were used in the comparison of micropropagation of ‘Marubakaido’ axillary explants between conventional system and TIS. After 4 weeks it was found that the hyperhydricity rates obtained with TIS were much higher than in conventional system, reaching 100% at MS medium. An intense callus formation was observed in MS and MS ¾ media at same system, which stopped the development of the explants. For the mean of number and length shoots, the Himedia composition in TIS showed better results when compared to all treatments for media and system (6.3 shoots per explant and 3.7 cm). Rooting of shoots produced in TIS with Himedia was higher when the shoots were separated compared with shoots kept in tufts (74.1% and 62.5% respectively), and acclimatization of the rooted microcutting resulted in 88.5% of survival after 21 days. Although the results have been promising, further studies still need to be performed to improve these protocols to ‘Marubakaido’, as changes in hormonal composition, time and frequency for passage of media to the explants or rooting under darkness.