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This dissertation argues for a reappraisal of Beethoven’s middle period using the chamber music written between 1806 and 1815 to advance a new paradigm of “middleness.” I argue that Beethoven’s creative output was profoundly influenced by the circumstances of life in Vienna 1806-15. Napoleon’s eastward-advancing armies brought about the end of the Holy Roman Empire and undertook multiple bombardments of the city of Vienna itself, profoundly disrupting both the established social order and daily life. Unlike other scholarship that has made similar claims of influence on Beethoven’s oeuvre, this project does not seek to ascribe programmatic readings or political aspirations to Beethoven’s music, but rather to suggest that the effects of these events were echoed in the composer’s approach to manipulating musical time and conveying musical subjectivity. The stylistic developments that occurred in Beethoven’s music in this period are reflective of currents of upheaval and historical rupture that have been discussed in historiographic and critical literature on early nineteenth century Europe by such scholars as Reinhart Koselleck, Lynn Hunt, and Peter Fritzsche. These developments in Beethoven’s style are seen most clearly in his chamber music, a compositional venue notable both for its experimental potential as well as timbral and textural richness. To support formal and topical analyses of these works, I develop and advance a new paradigm for understanding “middleness.” Using tools from literary criticism, including work by Harold Bloom and Julia Kristeva, I conceive a framework for middleness that posits it as a fundamentally disruptive impulse. This paradigm provides artistic “middleness” with a stature comparable to oft-discussed “lateness” and opens pathways for potential future study. I furthermore theorize that, if middleness is disruptive, the nature of an artist’s disruptive middle style is heavily dependent on the context in which it occurs. Beethoven’s middle style therefore reflects the context of temporal dislocation and social change in which it occurs. Taking this into account, I consider anew questions of style in Beethoven’s middle period, which runs roughly concurrently with the period of Napoleonic upheaval in Vienna. Rather than relying on the idea of the “heroic” style, which is the most commonly cited archetype for Beethoven’s middle-period music, I establish a more capacious framework that allows for understanding even the non-heroic middle period works as part of a larger artistic current. In these works, we see a profusion of genres and topics related to improvisation, as well as new approaches to employing introductions and codas in sonata form movements. Movements from the String Quartet Op. 59 no. 3, the Piano Trio Op. 70 no. 2, the String Quartet Op. 74 “Harp”, the Violin Sonata Op. 96, the Piano Trio Op. 97 “Archduke,” and the Cello Sonata Op. 102 no. 1 are used as examples of Beethoven’s particular disruptive middle style.

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The occurrence of phytoplankton taxa, with special focus on harmful algal bloom (HAB) taxa, was monitored for one year off the central coast of California to examine both their co-occurrence and physical and chemical variables influencing their temporal patterns. Bi-weekly samples were taken from October 6, 2008 to October 5, 2009 in San Luis Obispo Bay, CA. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) of weekly samples indicated that 46.1% of the variability in species abundance was explained by the variables in the model, higher than previous reports. Cluster analysis divided phytoplankton communities into HAB and non-HAB groups of species, while shared distribution analysis identified specific co-occurring species of HABs. The HAB dinoflagellate group consisted exclusively of HAB taxa, including Cochlodinium polykrikoides Margalef, Dinophysis acuminata Claparède & Lachmann, and Alexandrium spp., and was correlated with a homogeneous water column and high nitrate concentration during the fall and winter seasons. The domoic acid producing diatoms Pseudo-nitzschia seriata (Cleve) H. Peragallo complex and Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima (Cleve) Heiden complex grouped with several other non-HAB diatoms, and were correlated with warm, thermally stratified waters of the summer season. These results contradict the classic diatom / dinoflagellate succession theory and suggest that event-scale processes influencing water column stability within seasons may influence the distribution of HAB species in near shore upwelling dominated regions.

We analyzed chlorophyll-a (chl-a) concentrations in shallow, turbid Utah Lake using Landsat data from 1984 to 2021. Utah Lake is ~40 km by 21 km, has a surface area of ~390 km2, an average depth of ~3 m, and loses ~50% of inflow to evaporation. This limits spatial mixing, allowing us to evaluate impacts to smaller lake regions. We evaluated long-term trends at the pixel level and for areas related to boundary conditions. We created 17 study areas based on differences in shoreline development and nutrient inflows. We expected impacted areas to exhibit increasing chl-a trends, as population growth and development in the Utah Lake watershed have been significant. We used the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test to evaluate trends. The majority of the lake exhibited decreasing trends, with a few pixels in Provo and Goshen Bays exhibiting slight increasing or no trends. We estimated trend magnitudes using Sen's slope and fitted linear regression models. Trend magnitudes in all pixels (and regions), both decreasing and increasing, were small; with the largest decreasing and increasing trends being about -0.05 and -0.005 µg/L/year, and about 0.1 and 0.005 µg/L/year for the Sen's slope and linear regression slope, respectively. Over the ~40 year-period, this would result in average decreases of 2 to 0.2 µg/L or increases of 4 and 0.2 µg/L. All the areas exhibited decreasing trends, but the monthly trends in some areas exhibited no trends rather than decreasing trends. Monthly trends for some areas showed some indications that algal blooms are occurring earlier, though evidence is inconclusive. We found essentially no change in algal concentrations in Utah Lake at either the pixel level or for the analysis regions since the 1980's, despite significant population expansion, increased nutrient inflows, and land-use changes. This result matches prior research and supports the hypothesis that algal growth in Utah Lake is not limited by direct nutrient inflows but limited by other factors.

The increased dependence on computers for critical tasks demands sufficient and transparent methods to audit its execution. This is commonly solved using logging where the log must not only be resilient against tampering and rewrites in hindsight but also be able to answer queries concerning (non)-membership of events in the log while preserving privacy. Since the log cannot assume to be trusted the answers must be verifiable using a proof of correctness. This thesis describes a protocol capable of producing verifiable privacy preserving membership proofs using Merkle trees. For non-membership, a method used to authenticate Bloom filters using Merkle trees is proposed and analyzed. Since Bloom filters are a probabilistic data structures, a method of handling false positives is also proposed. / Den ökande avlastningen av kritisk funktionalitet till datorer ställer högre krav på loggning och möjlighet till övervakning. Loggen måste vara resistent mot manipulation och möjliggöra för andra parter att ställa frågor berörande en viss händelse i loggen utan att läcka känslig information. Eftersom loggen inte antas vara att lita på måste varje svar vara verifierbart med hjälp av ett bevis. Denna rapport presenterar ett protokoll kapabelt till att producera verifierbara och integritetsbevarande svar på frågor om en viss händelse i loggen genom användning av Merkle-träd. Vid avsaknad av den förfrågade händelsen används ny metod för att autentisera ett Bloom filter med hjälp av Merkle-träd. Eftersom Bloom filtren är en probabilistisk konstruktion presenteras även en metod för att hantera falsk positiva svar.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第24677号 / 農博第2560号 / 新制||農||1100(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R5||N5458(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 吉田 天士, 教授 澤山 茂樹, 准教授 神川 龍馬 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Clay-based compounds are globally the most advanced and widely used method of direct suppression of marine harmful algal blooms, and are currently undergoing investigation as an option to control Karenia brevis blooms in Florida. Before clay may be accepted for widespread use, there are multiple concerns and challenges that must be addressed regarding the environmental safety of this method, such as effects on water quality, the fate of toxins, and potential impacts of clay treatment to non-target organisms. To contribute to ongoing assessments of clay as a potential control method for K. brevis blooms, we conducted experiments with a formulation of kaolinite clay modified with polyaluminum chloride known as Modified Clay II (MC II). In these experiments, we evaluated water chemistry dynamics and physiological responses in several bottom-dwelling marine species with ecological and economic significance, including blue crab (Callinectes sapidus), sea urchin (Lytechinus variegatus), and hard clam (Mercenaria campechiensis). First, we conducted an experiment with blue crabs in 20 L aquarium tanks (N = 48), exposing the animals to cultured K. brevis (1 x 106 cells L-1) and MC II (0.5 g L-1) and measuring mortality and reflexes over 192 hours. In our second experiment, K. brevis (1x106 cells L-1) and MC II (0.2 g L-1) were applied to 1,400 L mesocosms (N = 9) containing blue crabs, sea urchins, and hard clams, which were observed over 96 hours. In our final experiment, we modified the methods of the previous experiment to again examine K. brevis (1x106 cells L-1) and MC II (0.2 g L-1) with the same model species in 1,400 L mesocosms (N = 12) over 72 hours. In these two mesocosm experiments, we observed cell and toxin removal, changes in water quality characteristics including nutrients and carbonate chemistry, and measured mortality, respiration rate, reflexes, and internal toxin content. Our results were congruent across our three experiments. Treatment with MC II significantly reduced cell concentrations but did not reduce toxin concentrations in the water column. We found no notable impacts of clay treatment to reflexes, respiration rates, or internal toxin content for either of our three species. No significant differences in mortality were found for our three species, excluding crabs in the first mesocosm study, which were found to have pre-existing infections that confounded our results. Analyses of nutrients indicates MC II may remove dissolved phosphorus from the water column, and the potential to improve water quality which may make this formulation of clay desirable to managers. Overall, treatment with this formulation of clay did not appear to induce any significant measured effects on the model species within the observed time frames of these experiments. Clay appears to be a promising option to treat K. brevis blooms given its low cost, ease of application, and negligible impacts to the environment, and its use may relieve the damaging effects of K. brevis blooms by preventing mortalities that would otherwise occur were blooms allowed to persist. We therefore recommend that clays, including MC II, be considered for additional laboratory and field tests, with the goal of obtaining further information on potential ecological impacts so that managers and researchers can make informed decisions on the use of bloom control technologies in Florida waters.

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