La métagénomique vise à étudier le contenu génétique et génomique d'un échantillon provenant d'un environnement naturel. Cette discipline récente s'attache à étudier les génomes de différents organismes provenant d'un même milieu. La métagénomique pose de nouvelles questions, tant d'un point de vue biologique qu'informatique. Les masses de données générées par les études métagénomiques et la complexité des milieux étudiés nécessitent de développer de nouvelles structures de données et de nouveaux algorithmes dédiés. Parmi les différentes approches existantes en métagénomique, la métagénomique comparative consiste à comparer plusieurs métagénomes afin d'en connaitre les divers degrés de similarité. Lorsque cette comparaison se base uniquement sur le contenu brut des échantillons, sans faire appel à des connaissances externes, on parle de métagénomique comparative de novo. L'objectif des travaux que nous proposons est de développer une méthode permettant d'extraire les séquences similaires entre deux jeux de données métagénomiques, où chaque jeu peut être composé de centaines de millions de courtes séquences d'adn. La comparaison proposée consiste à identifier les séquences d'un premier jeu similaires à au moins une séquence d'un second jeu. Afin d'être rapide et économe en mémoire, l'implémentation de notre méthode a nécessité la conception d'une nouvelle structure d'indexation, basée sur le filtre de bloom. Le logiciel final, nommé Compareads, a une consommation mémoire faible (de l'ordre de quelques go) et peut calculer l'intersection de deux échantillons de 100 millions de séquences chacun en une dizaine d'heures. Notre méthode est une heuristique qui génère un faible taux de faux positifs. Le logiciel Compareads est dédié à l'analyse de grands jeux de données métagénomiques. À l'heure actuelle, il est le seul outil capable de comparer de tels jeux. Compareads a été appliqué sur plusieurs projets métagénomiques. Notre outil produit des résultats robustes, biologiquement exploitables et en accord avec diverses méthodes fondamentalement différentes. Il est actuellement utilisé de manière intensive sur les échantillons provenant de l'expédition tara oceans. Sur ce projet, notre méthode a permis de mettre en évidence que les grands systèmes océaniques influent sur la répartition globale des microorganismes marins.

To initiate algal virus research in the Bay of Quinte, three stations were sampled biweekly throughout 2011. By targeting algal virus DNA polymerase, major capsid protein genes (MCP), and a Microcystis aeruginosa cyanophage (Ma-LMM01) tail sheath protein gene, PCR amplification revealed diverse and unique Phycodnaviruses (viruses of eukaryotic algae) and cyanophage. When analysed statistically, patterns of virus abundance suggested that the seasonality of any one virus cannot be generalised to predict that of other viruses, even among closely related viruses. This study also demonstrated a strong relationship between algal virus abundance and host biomass. It was found that despite the apparent heterogeneity of virus abundance across the Bay, virus abundance patterns clustered by sampling date and geographic location. By providing evidence for diverse algal viruses with complex seasonality, this work highlights significant gaps in the current understanding of Bay of Quinte phytoplankton ecology.

To initiate algal virus research in the Bay of Quinte, three stations were sampled biweekly throughout 2011. By targeting algal virus DNA polymerase, major capsid protein genes (MCP), and a Microcystis aeruginosa cyanophage (Ma-LMM01) tail sheath protein gene, PCR amplification revealed diverse and unique Phycodnaviruses (viruses of eukaryotic algae) and cyanophage. When analysed statistically, patterns of virus abundance suggested that the seasonality of any one virus cannot be generalised to predict that of other viruses, even among closely related viruses. This study also demonstrated a strong relationship between algal virus abundance and host biomass. It was found that despite the apparent heterogeneity of virus abundance across the Bay, virus abundance patterns clustered by sampling date and geographic location. By providing evidence for diverse algal viruses with complex seasonality, this work highlights significant gaps in the current understanding of Bay of Quinte phytoplankton ecology.

In humans, Bloom’s Syndrome is caused by a mutation of the RecQ helicase BLM. Patients with Bloom’s Syndrome exhibit a high amount of genomic instability which results in a high incidence of cancer. Though Bloom’s Syndrome has been intensively studied, there are still many questions about the function of BLM which need to be answered. While it is clear that loss of BLM increases genomic instability, the other effects of genomic instability on the organism aside from cancer such as a potential effect on aging, have yet to be elucidated. In Chapter II, I identify new phenotypes in the C. elegans ortholog of BLM, him-6. him-6 mutants have an increased rate of cell death, a mortal germ line phenotype, and an increased rate of mutations. Upon further examination of the mutator phenotype, it was determined that the increased rate of mutations was caused by small insertions and deletions. The mutator phenotype identified in him-6 mutants closely mimics the cellular phenotype seen in Bloom’s Syndrome cells. This indicates that HIM-6 may behave in a similar fashion to BLM. In addition to the mutator phenotype, it was found that loss of him-6causes a shortened life span. This may provide evidence that there is a link between genomic stability and aging. In Chapter III, I identify a new role for the transcription factor DAF-16. DAF-16 in C. elegans has been intensively studied and regulates a wide variety of pathways. In this chapter, I demonstrate via the well established unc-93 assay that loss of daf-16 causes a subtle mutator phenotype in C. elegans. This indicates that DAF-16 may play a role in suppression of spontaneous mutation. When I examined other classic genomic instability phenotypes, I found at 25°C, the number of progeny in the DAF-16 mutants was significantly reduced compared to wild type worms. Additionally, I demonstrate daf-16(mu86)has a cell death defect. This study identifies several new phenotypes caused by a loss of him-6. These phenotypes provide further evidence that loss of him-6 causes genomic instability. In addition, this study also demonstrates that him-6 has a shortened life span which may be due to genomic instability. Secondly, this study identifies a new role for DAF-16 in preventing the occurrence of spontaneous mutations. This may indicate a novel function for DAF-16 in maintaining genomic stability.

The master´s thesis offers a look at Bloom´s Taxonomy and its revision. The thesis is not divided into theoretical and practical parts as it is usual for this kind of work as both parts are interconnected. The thesis describes both forms of Bloom´s Taxonomy and its reception in the Czech educational system. The relationship between the categories of the Revised Bloom´s Taxonomy and its corresponding parts of Spanish language is described here as well as the way of asking questions using RBT. An analysis of chosen exercises from Spanish student´s books for secondary schools is conducted and can be found in the work. Moreover, the activities which lead to using higher categories of RBT are described. In the final part, the questionnaire concerning the relationship of Czech teachers to RBT is assessed.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Valdecir Marvulle / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Mestrado Profissional em Matemática em Rede Nacional, 2016. / Na educação, desde sempre existe a necessidade de melhorar os resultados do desempenho de aprendizado de nossos alunos. Sendo assim, com grande frequência surgem novas propostas com intenção de aperfeiçoar o todo, ou parte do processo educativo. "As estruturas de avaliação escolar para mapear habilidades tomando como base a Taxonomia de Bloom em questões de múltipla escolha", tem por objetivo: propor uma metodologia de elaboração de questões seguindo os patamares da hierarquia de aprendizado proposto por Bloom; aplicação on-line de avaliações de múltiplas escolhas; priorizar a devolutiva dos resultados com a finalidade de mapear por meio de um gráfico de cores as habilidades dos alunos, das turmas, das séries, e da escola; obter indicadores do ensino dos professores e obter indicadores dos conteúdos envolvidos. Na prática, desenvolvemos uma planilha de correção on-line que dinamizou o processo de correção, fornecendo-nos indicadores de processo instantâneos, permitindo-nos refletir, discutir e propor intervenções do nosso ensino, através dos resultados de aprendizado de nossos alunos. / In education, we always felt the need to improve the outcome of the learning process of our students. Often we hear about new proposals, aimed at improving the whole teaching process, or just part of it. Models of school evaluation to map skills, based on Bloom¿s Taxionomy in multiple choice questions has the following objectives: to propose a methodology for the processing of the questions, based on the different levels of the learning hierarchy suggested by Bloom; the online application of multiple choice evaluations; to prioritize the feedback about results, in order to map the skills of students, classes, and of a given school through a color graph; to obtain indicators about the teaching performance of the teacher, and to the relevant contents that are involved. We developed a worksheet for the online correction, which can dinamize the proofing process and result in instantaneous process indicators, thus allowing us to reflect, discuss and suggest interventions in our education system, based on the performance of our students.

A partir d'un ensemble de données d'observation ainsi qu'un modèle couplé physiquebiogéochimique à haute résolution (CROCO-PISCES), cette thèse explore les processus biophysiques associés à l’une des plus grandes floraisons phytoplanctoniques de l’océan global, au Sud-Est de Madagascar, et le possible rôle des tourbillons sur ces blooms. L’étude montre que ce phénomène se produit dans une région caractérisée par une couche de mélange peu profonde, avec des eaux de surface moins salées probablement associées au courant Sud-Est de Madagascar (SEMC), et avec une structure dipolaire dans la circulation moyenne. Les observations ont révélé une diminution des remontées d’eaux froides (upwelling) le long des côtes sud-est de Madagascar pendant les mois de bloom. Dans le modèle, les nitrates provenant des niveaux de subsurface (advection verticale ; upwelling) ainsi que de la côte malgache (advection horizontale) favorisent la production phytoplanctonique simulée. Une expérience lagrangienne de particules montre une plus forte advection de ces dernières dans la zone de floraison pendant les périodes de bloom alors qu’elles sont déviées vers le sud de Madagascar vers le continent Africain pendant les années sans floraison. Une étude est réalisée à partir d’un jeu de données de suivi des tourbillons co-localisés avec des flotteurs de profilage Argo, pour mieux comprendre des tourbillons intensifiés en surface et subsurface. Une méthode d’identification des structures tourbillonnaires de subsurface a été mise en place en se basant sur l’anomalie de la hauteur dynamique stérique. Ces tourbillons, appelés ‘SIDDIES’ (South Indian ocean eDDIES), se produisent en tant que tourbillon intensifié en surface (surfSIDDIES) et en subsurface (subSIDDIES). Ils se déplacent le long d’une bande de latitude située entre 15°S et 35°S appelée « couloir SIDDIES ». Au cours de leurs déplacements, les subSIDDIES cycloniques (anticycloniques) transportent via les processus d’advection, des masses d’eaux chaudes et peu salées de l’Est vers l’Ouest de l’Océan Indien, contribuant ainsi à environ 58% (32%) du flux total de chaleur par tourbillons dans le sud de l'océan Indien. / Using observational datasets and a high resolution coupled biophysical model (CROCOPISCES), the main aims of this thesis is to study the biophysical processes associated with one of the largest phytoplankton blooms in global ocean, southeast of Madagascar, and the possible role of mesoscale eddies.The study has shown that the bloom occurs in a region of shallow-stratified mixed layer water, with low-salinity waters at the surface possibly associated with the South-East Madagasacar Current (SEMC), and dipole structure in the mean circulation. Observations show that curren-driven upwelling south of Madagascar is reduced during bloom months. It is shown in the model that nitrate from subsurface levels (upwelling) as well as from the Madagascan coast (advection) fertilize the simulated bloom. A Lagrangian analysis shows dispersion of higher percentages of particles in the bloom region during bloom years and south of Madagascar during non-bloom years.Using co-located Argo profiles and an eddy detected algorithm dataset, surface and subsurface-intensified eddies are studied. Subsurface eddies are identified using a detection method based on their steric dynamic height anomaly. Referred to as `SIDDIES’ (South Indian ocean eDDIES), they occur as surface (surfSIDDIES) or subsurface (subSIDDIES) and propagate along a latitudinal band (15°S-35°S) termed as `SIDDIES Corridor’. Advecting warm and fresh water during their propagation, cyclonic (anticyclonic) subSIDDIES contribute about 58% (32%) of the total eddy-heat flux in the South Indian Ocean.

A partir da grande complexidade e dos vários fatores inerentes ao processo de projeto em Arquitetura e Urbanismo, a presente tese busca analisar se na formação do Arquiteto, as escolas e professores estão preparados para enfrentar essa realidade pelo ponto de vista do conhecimento estrutural. Para tanto a presente tese analisou o resultado de trabalhos de TFG, das disciplinas de introdução aos Sistemas Estruturais e os procedimentos adotados por seus professores, de duas escolas de Arquitetura e Urbanismo no Paraná. A primeira é uma Universidade pública e a outra um Centro Universitário particular. A busca pela resposta a essa questão, demonstra que todo o processo de ensino de Arquitetura, requer mudanças significativas. Passando por atualizações nos currículos e nos procedimentos adotados por professores, em face a defasagem percebida durante a pesquisa. A pesquisa propõe inicialmente uma nova sistemática aliada ao cálculo, propiciando que o aluno tenha primeiramente uma visualização real dos diversos Sistemas Estruturais, apoiado em modelos digitais de edifícios reais. Esse novo procedimento foi aplicado aos alunos dessas disciplinas iniciais com resultados positivos quanto ao conhecimento adquirido. Nos períodos seguintes, em acompanhamento a um grupo desses alunos, verificou-se que os trabalhos elaborados nas disciplinas seguintes de Projeto Arquitetônico, não se utilizavam desse conhecimento adquirido em seus trabalhos. Uma pesquisa feita com os professores de Projeto mostrou a dificuldade que os próprios professores enfrentavam com orientações nas questões estruturais. Para tanto, além desse procedimento inicial de uso de modelos digitais, novas mudanças se fazem necessárias também no currículo e na proposta de trabalho de cada uma das instituições pesquisadas, objetivando que os conhecimentos adquiridos com o uso de modelos digitais pudessem ser permanentes. Como embasamento as mudanças de posicionamento pedagógico e curricular com o uso de modelos digitais, a tese foi construída sob dois pontos fundamentais. Primeiramente a Teoria das Inteligências Múltiplas do psicólogo americano Howard Gardner, focando na Inteligência Espacial e a Taxonomia de Bloom, elaborada por Benjamim Samuel Bloom, sobre o Domínio Cognitivo, que são aplicadas para verificação da aprendizagem através da analisa de seis categorias hierarquicamente separadas, da mais simples ao de maior complexidade, que envolve conhecimento, compreensão, aplicação, análise, síntese e avaliação. Como resultado a essa pesquisa, chegou-se à conclusão de que os cursos pesquisados devem prover o conhecimento de Sistemas Estruturais, através de projetos pedagógicos atualizados e mais eficientes, aliados a professores comprometidos com as modernas metodologias pedagógicas, visando uma ampla compreensão dos conteúdos de suas disciplinas por parte dos alunos e buscando que o conhecimento estrutural adquirido num primeiro momento, seja efetivamente praticado nas demais disciplinas. / From the great complexity and the various factors inherent in the design process in Architecture and Urbanism, this thesis seeks to analyze whether the architectural education, schools and teachers are prepared to face this reality from the point of view of structural knowledge. For this purpose, this thesis analyzed the result of TFG work, introduction of disciplines to structural systems and procedures adopted by their teachers, two schools of Architecture and Urbanism of Londrina in Parana. The first is a public university and the other a private university center. The search for the answer to this question show that the whole architecture of teaching process requires significant changes. Undergoing upgrades in the curricula and procedures adopted by teachers, given the lag perceived while searching. The search initially proposes a new system combined with calculation, enabling the student to first have a real view of various systems supported by digital models of real buildings. This new procedure was applied to the students of these disciplines with initial positive results regarding the acquired knowledge. In subsequent periods, in monitoring a group of these students, it was found that the works carried out in the following disciplines of Architectural Design, not used this knowledge acquired in their work. A survey of the project teachers showed the difficulty that teachers themselves faced with guidelines on structural issues. For that, beyond this initial procedure using digital models, new changes should also happen in curriculum and work proposal of each of the institutions surveyed, aiming that the knowledge acquired with the use of digital models could be permanent. As basis the changes in teaching and curriculum positioning with the use of digital models, the thesis was built on two fundamental points. First, the Theory of Multiple Intelligences of the American Howard Gardner psychologist, focusing on the Space Intelligence and Bloom\'s Taxonomy, developed by Benjamin Samuel Bloom, on the Cognitive Domain, which are applied for verification of learning through analyzes six hierarchically separate categories of the simplest to the most complex, involving knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis and evaluation. As a result to this research, we came to the conclusion that the surveyed courses should provide the structural systems knowledge through upgraded and more efficient educational projects, together with teachers committed to the modern teaching methods, aimed at a broad understanding of the contents of their disciplines by students and seeking the structural knowledge gained at first, is actually practiced in other disciplines.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T15:08:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 parte1.pdf: 2773821 bytes, checksum: fb76fff21676798c65b8f19a1378b235 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work presents a strategy for teaching mathematics in a meaningful learning perspective, concerning the content of high school called Combinatorial Analysis, to understand the processes of counting from the understanding of the concepts involved. For the development of research, we used the assumptions of a teaching methodology based on the theory of David Ausubel and strategies of concept maps by Joseph Novak and Bob Gowin, as a mechanism for structuring the knowledge of students in the teaching and learning of the content mentioned. Ausubel tells us that knowledge is acquired and retained if the learner able to associate the relevant ideas in our pre-existing cognitive structure with the new information being offered. In this sense, Novak uses the concept maps for this relationship between existing and acquired knowledge is meaningful to the learner. Our study was an experiment, exposing Combinatorial Analysis content through the use of concept maps constructed and systematized by Bloom's Revised Taxonomy, so that we find meaningful learning in the apprentice. To check this, we apply a test before and after exposure of the content, using concept maps in the experimental class and without the use of concept maps in class Control. The results were evaluated on a quantitative and a qualitative analysis, proving that the use of concept maps in the study of mathematics, specifically in the content worked, favored meaningful learning. / Este trabalho apresenta uma estratégia de ensino de matemática numa perspectiva de aprendizagem significativa, referente ao conteúdo do Ensino Médio intitulado Análise Combinatória, a fim de que possamos entender os processos de contagem a partir da compreensão dos conceitos envolvidos. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, utilizaram-se pressupostos de uma metodologia de ensino baseada na teoria de David Ausubel e nas estratégias dos mapas conceituais de Joseph Novak e Bob Gowin, como mecanismo de estruturação do conhecimento dos alunos no processo de ensino e aprendizagem do conteúdo mencionado. Ausubel nos fala que o conhecimento será adquirido e retido se o aprendiz conseguir associar as ideias relevantes pré existentes em sua estrutura cognitiva com as novas informações que estão sendo oferecidas. Nesta direção, Novak utiliza-se dos mapas conceituais para que essa relação entre o conhecimento existente e o adquirido tenha sentido para o aprendiz. Nosso trabalho foi de caráter experimental, expondo o conteúdo Análise Combinatória através do uso de mapas conceituais construídos e sistematizados pela Taxonomia de Bloom-Modificada, de maneira que verificamos a aprendizagem significativa no aprendiz. Para essa verificação, aplicamos um teste antes e depois da exposição do conteúdo, com uso de mapas conceituais na turma experimental e sem o uso de mapas conceituais na turma controle. Os resultados foram avaliados sobre um aspecto quantitativo e uma análise qualitativa, comprovando que o uso de mapas conceituais no estudo de matemática, especificamente no conteúdo trabalhado, favoreceu a aprendizagem significativa.

Good quality of bathing water is an increasingly important factor taken into account when we choose summer vacations, a place to stay for a weekend or a weekend trip destination. In the Czech Republic, bathing waters may be divided according to the legal status into outdoor swimming pools, surface waters used for bathing (swimming areas), other water surfaces or artificial pools. In my thesis I dealt only with outdoor swimming pools and swimming areas. The difference between them lies in the fact that outdoor swimming pools have their own operators who monitor water quality and provide other services in the waterside. Usually there is a fee charged. Swimming areas have no operators and water quality monitoring is placed under the responsibility of regional public health authorities. In the Czech Republic, at present, 188 outdoor swimming pools and swimming areas have been monitored on a regular basis each bathing season. For my research I chose four sites located in the South Bohemian region and four sites in the South Moravian region. For each of these eight sites, I collected results of laboratory analyses, including categories of water quality in bathing seasons of the past five years, it means from the year 2005. With these obtained data I assessed the water quality development both during the bathing season of 2009 and its evolution over the past five years. On the basis of particular categories of water quality I also tried to compare water quality in the South Bohemian and the South Moravian region and also to compare water quality between individual sampling points in one locality. Another aim was to evaluate some measures and interventions made in order to improve water quality. I focused particularly on the pond Olšovec in the South Moravian region and the VN (water reservoir) Orlík in the South Bohemian region. The results do not show any prominent changes in water quality both during the bathing season 2009 and over the past five years. Pronounced fluctuations in water quality were recorded only at certain locations during the 2007 bathing season. Not even between individual regions significant differences in water quality were found. The proportion of individual water quality categories in the two regions did not differ by more than 4%. We can therefore say that water quality in selected localities in the South Bohemian and South Moravian regions is comparable. As for certain measures and interventions implemented to improve water quality, it is important to focus also on the wider neighborhood of the locality, because it could also be a source of substances worsening water quality.