Deep Throat is one of the most famous anonymous newspaper sources in American journalism. He is known for helping Washington Post reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein uncover the Watergate scandal that led to President Richard Nixon's impeachment and resignation in 1974. Deep Throat's identity was a source of curiosity until he was revealed in 2005 as the former number two figure at the FBI, William Mark Felt. This thesis will show that, despite Felt's notoriety, Deep Throat was not an indispensable part of Woodward and Bernstein's Watergate coverage, speaking with Woodward 16 times about Watergate during the reporters' coverage. Deep Throat was important to the Watergate story because he kept it alive. Deep Throat inspired numerous publications, which all served to create his mythic status. Many attempted to guess his true identity, although Woodward and Bernstein refused to confirm most guesses. An enduring Deep Throat legacy is that his nickname has become synonymous with deep background - a source that cannot be quoted or named. There was no clear consensus as to how people felt about Felt's role as Deep Throat. There were many negative and positive reactions when he revealed himself. His family sided with him; Nixon associates were unhappy with him. However, more than 30 years after the Watergate scandal, Deep Throat was still big news. No matter what people thought about him, they paid attention and they knew the story.

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The Freewheelin’ Bob Dylan was released in 1963, during the Cold War. Nuclear apocalypse was a big fear at the time and the fright deeply influenced the album. Therefore, this essay argues that the record contains a poetic narrative, with the overarching theme of contemporary apocalyptic death. The poetic narrative reveals an allusion to Noah’s Ark and the story of Judas, which is not present if the songs are analyzed independently. The narrative consists of five parts: “Blowin’ in the Wind” deals with the uncertainty of the 1960s; “Masters of War” describes the arming of the younger generation to fight a nuclear war; the actual apocalyptic event is chronicled in “A Hard Rain’s A-Gonna Fall”; “Talkin’ World War III Blues” narrates the post-apocalyptic event and the final part is “Corrina, Corrina”, which deals with the reproductive consequences. The material will be analyzed, and the conclusion supported, by recourse to historical contextualization and religious symbolism and allusions. The essay uses Beebee’s analysis of “A Hard Rain’s A-Gonna Fall” (1991) and Roos’ work on the entire Dylan canon from a thematic perspective (1982) to support the conclusions made, but compared to previous papers on The Freewheelin’ Bob Dylan, this essay takes the original mode of music consumption into account and studies the album as a greater whole. Through an analysis of the entire record, allusions are encoded that is not evident if each song is interpreted independently.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo compreender as abordagens que permitiram a quatro compositores brasileiros verterem com maestria três canções do compositor e cantor Bob Dylan (It’s All Over Now, Baby Blue, Romance In Durango e I Want You) e baseada nas abordagens adotadas pelos mesmos, compor uma versão de uma canção do vasto repertório dylaniano. A partir disso, procurei traçar os rumos que levaram ao primor das três versões Negro Amor, Romance no Deserto e Tanto, focando não apenas na mera tradução, mas na transposição para a língua portuguesa brasileira da lírica dylaniana mantendo para tal o formato da canção. As canções, apresentadas na ordem cronológica do lançamento das versões, são cotejadas com suas respectivas originais e os panos de fundo dos quatro versionistas, procurando analisar o caminho que cada um trilhou para chegar a sua interpretação. Ao final, tendo como enfoque as abordagens colhidas, apresento uma versão de própria lavra de uma canção do cancionista americano. / The present work aims to trace the approaches which led to the perfection of Negro Amor, Romance no Deserto and Tanto, three versions to songs of singer-songwriter Bob Dylan (It’s All Over Now, Baby Blue, Romance In Durango and I Want You respectively) e, focusing not merely on translation, but in the transposition of Dylan’s lyric into Brazilian Portuguese in which the song format has been maintained intact. The songs, presented in the chronological order of the versions, are collated with their corresponding originals and backgrounds of the four Brazilian composers, looking to analyze the way in which each one of them was able to reinterpret a Dylan song. At the end, taking into account the approaches gathered along this study, I present my own version of a Bob Dylan song.

Introdução: Os crustáceos ocupam o quarto lugar em volume de captura no mundo e o seu elevado valor comercial, os tornam relevantes em relação ao montante financeiro gerado pela atividade pesqueira. Atualmente, a garantia da qualidade é requisito para a permanência no mercado, sendo exigida dentro de especificações previamente estabelecidas, tanto pelas autoridades sanitárias brasileiras como dos países para os quais o pescado é exportado. Objetivo: Caracterizar a qualidade dos camarões sete-barbas desembarcados na região Metropolitana da Baixada Santista, visando a segurança alimentar e a sustentabilidade da cadeia produtiva e, a partir do método do índice de qualidade (QIM), desenvolver um protocolo de avaliação do frescor para o camarão marinho Xiphopenaeu kroyeri inteiro armazenado em gelo. Métodos: Após o levantamento dos principais pontos de desembarque do camarão sete-barbas na região Metropolitana da Baixada Santista, SP., considerando a produção e frota pesqueira; realizou-se a caracterização da qualidade do camarão desembarcado na região pela determinação da biometria e dos parâmetros físicos, químicos e microbiológicos regulados (pH, bases nitrogenadas voláteis totais (BNVT), trimetilamina (TMA), residual de dióxido de enxofre, mercúrio e pesquisa de Staphylococcus aureus e Salmonella spp). Foi realizada a determinação instrumental de cor e textura; a quantificação das substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), as contagens de coliformes totais e termotolerantes, de clostrídios sulfito redutores e testes sensoriais de aceitação. Para otimizar o protocolo de avaliação do frescor do camarão X. kroyeri armazenado em gelo, com e sem o uso de sulfito, foram conduzidos ensaios de vida útil empregando-se as análises física e químicas (pH, BNVT, TMA, TBARS e aminas biogênicas), microbiológicas (S.aureus, Salmonella spp, coliformes totais, bolores e leveduras, contagens padrão de bactérias heterotróficas aeróbias psicrotróficas e mesófilas) e testes sensoriais, onde se utilizou o protocolo elaborado. Resultados: A análise global dos parâmetros de qualidade de 20 desembarques mostra que os camarões apresentavam-se em desacordo com os limites propostos pelo Regulamento de Inspeção Industrial e Sanitária de Produtos de Origem Animal, embora atendessem aos padrões microbiológicos do Ministério da Saúde e, em alguns casos, foram qualificados sensorialmente como muito bons. Indicando a necessidade de adequação dos limites estipulados para os parâmetros físico e químicos nacionais vigentes para o consumo do camarão sete-barbas. Os padrões de coloração para a espécie parecem bem promissores, mas devem ser mais estudados, frente a gama de fatores que afetam a mesma. A rejeição sensorial do produto sem sulfito ocorreu primeiro, pelo escurecimento do cefalotórax do camarão (melanose) no 2° dia de armazenamento em gelo, tanto para o produto cru como para o cozido. A eficiência do uso de sulfitos, em solução a 1,25 por cento , na conservação do camarão foi indicada pela rejeição sensorial que ocorreu com 3 ou 4 dias e foi determinada pela presença de odores não característicos (amoniacal, ácido e/ou sulfídrico) no camarão cozido, os quais apresentaram correlação com o período de armazenamento em gelo (r= 0,70; p < 0,05). O limite residual de dióxido de enxofre em camarões provenientes de pescas longas (3 a 10 dias) apresentou-se sempre acima do limite permitido pela Agência Nacional da Vigilância Sanitária, confirmando que o uso do metabissulfito de sódio para retardar o aparecimento da melanose, deve ser cauteloso, com vistas a não causar prejuízos à saúde do consumidor. A regressão linear dos parâmetros sensoriais propostos no protocolo QIM (cor, odor, melanose, aderência do cefalotórax ao corpo e aderência da carapaça) mostrou a correlação dos mesmos com o período de estocagem em gelo, tanto para os camarões do controle, como para os tratados com sulfito. Conclusão: Com vistas à classificação de um lote de camarão sete-barbas como aceitável para o consumo são sugeridos os seguintes limites: pH 7,7; BNVT 35 mg.100 g -1 de músculo; firmeza muscular (entre os 2 primeiros segmentos da cauda) > 6 N, sendo desejável valores superiores para o camarão recém desembarcado. Há necessidade de melhorias nas práticas a bordo das embarcações pesqueiras. O protocolo QIM para o camarão X.kroyeri inteiro e conservado em gelo, consiste de 5 parâmetros e seus descritores, os quais somam 11 pontos de demérito e pode ser utilizado em camarões tratados ou não com sulfitos / Introduction: Crustaceans occupy the fourth place in world capture volume and their high economic value makes them relevant fishery activity in the market share. Nowadays, quality assurance is a mandatory requirement to be kept in market, due specific established requirements from national sanitary authorities or from imported countries. Objectives: Characterize the quality of the seabob-shrimp landed in Santos, SP (BR), to food security and sustainability of supply chain and, using the quality index method (QIM) to develop a protocol for freshness evaluation of Raw whole Xiphopenaeus kroyeri shrimp stored on ice. Methods: After the assessment of the main landing points of the seabob-shrimp in the metropolitan area of Santos, SP (BR), considering the production and shipping fleet; the characterization of the shrimp quality landed in the region was carried out by biometry determination and physical, chemical and regulated microbiological parameters (pH, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), trimethylamine (TMA), sulfur dioxide residue, mercury, S. aureus and Salmonella spp,). Instrumental determination of the color and texture, substances thiobarbituric acid reactive quantification (TBARS), total and fecal coliforms counts, Clostridium sulfide reductors and sensory acceptance tests were also performed. To optimize the protocol for the evaluation of ice stored X. kroyeri shrimp freshness, treated or not with sulfite, trials of shelf life were conducted using physical and chemicals analyzes (pH, TVB-N, TMA, TBARS and biogenic amines), microbiological (S.aureus, Salmonella spp, total coliforms counts, molds and yeasts, Mesophilic and Psychrotrophic Bacteria) and sensory analysis, where established protocol was used. Results: Overall analysis of the quality parameters of 20 landings has shown that the shrimps were in disagreement with limits proposed by the Regulation of Industrial and Sanitary Inspection of Animal Products, although the microbiological standards requirements of the Ministry of Health were attended and, in some cases, were sensorially qualified as \"very good\". This implies the necessity of physical and chemical parameters adequacy for the current national seabob-shrimp consumption. The staining patterns for the species look very promising, but should be further studied, since the great range of factors that affect it. The sensory rejection of products without sulfite occurred first with a darkening of the shrimp carapace (melanosis) in the 2nd day of storage on ice, as much to the crude product as cooked one. The efficiency of the sulphites, in solution at 1.25%, in the seabob-shrimp conservation was indicated by the sensory rejection that occurred in 3 or 4 days and was determined by the presence of uncharacteristic odors (ammonia, acid and/ or hydrogen sulfide) in cooked shrimp, that showed correlation with ice storage period (r = 0.70, p < 0.05). Results of residual sulfur dioxide in shrimps from long fisheries (3 to 10 days) were always above the limit allowed by ANVISA, which confirms that the usage of sodium metabisulfite to delay the onset of melanosis should be cautious to avoid consumer health. The linear regression of the parameters proposed in the protocol QIM (color, odor, melanosis, adhesion of the cephalothorax and of the carapace to the body) showed a correlation between the period of storage on ice for both, control shrimps and treated with sulphite. Conclusion: In order to classify a batch of seabob-shrimp as acceptable for consumption the following limits are suggested: pH 7.7; TVB-N 35 mg.100 g-1 of muscle; muscle firmness (between the first and second segment of tail) > 6 N, with higher values for freshly landed shrimp. It is necessary to improve practices onboard of fishing vessels. The Quality Index protocol for shrimp X. kroyeri \"in natura\" consists of five parameters and their descriptors, with total 11 demerit points and can be used in shrimps treated or not with sulfite

In this thesis I discuss the problems associated with the epistemological task of arriving at basic logical knowledge. This is knowledge that the primitive rules of inference we use in deductive reasoning are correct. Knowledge of correctness, like all knowledge, is available to us either as the product of inference, or it is available non-inferentially. Success in the campaign to justify the correctness of these rules is mired by opposing views on how to do this properly. Inferential justifications of rules of inference, which are based on reasons, lead to regressive or circular results. Non-inferential justifications, based on something other than reasons, at first do not seem to fare any better: without a basis for these justifications, they appear arbitrary and unfounded. The works of Boghossian and Dummett who argue for an inferentialist approach, and Hale who supports non-inferentialism are carefully examined in this thesis. I conclude by finding superiority in Hale's suggestion that a particular set of basic logical constants are indispensable to deductive reasoning. I suggest that we endorse a principle which states that rules are not premises, and are therefore to be excluded from expression as statements in a deductive argument. I argue that the quality of being indispensable is sufficient for a basic rule of deduction to be countenanced as default-justified, and therefore need not be expressed in argument. By a rule's evading expression in argument, it avoids circular reasoning in deductive arguments about its own correctness. Another important outcome that emerges from my research is the finding that non-inferential knowledge is ontologically prior to the inferential sort. This is because plausible inferential knowledge of basic logical constants shall always be justified by circular reasoning that already assumes the correctness of the rule to be vindicated. This initial assumption is tantamount to non-inferential knowledge, and therefore this latter is more primitive-in fact the only primitive-species of basic logical knowledge.

In this thesis I discuss the problems associated with the epistemological task of arriving at basic logical knowledge. This is knowledge that the primitive rules of inference we use in deductive reasoning are correct. Knowledge of correctness, like all knowledge, is available to us either as the product of inference, or it is available non-inferentially. Success in the campaign to justify the correctness of these rules is mired by opposing views on how to do this properly. Inferential justifications of rules of inference, which are based on reasons, lead to regressive or circular results. Non-inferential justifications, based on something other than reasons, at first do not seem to fare any better: without a basis for these justifications, they appear arbitrary and unfounded. The works of Boghossian and Dummett who argue for an inferentialist approach, and Hale who supports non-inferentialism are carefully examined in this thesis. I conclude by finding superiority in Hale's suggestion that a particular set of basic logical constants are indispensable to deductive reasoning. I suggest that we endorse a principle which states that rules are not premises, and are therefore to be excluded from expression as statements in a deductive argument. I argue that the quality of being indispensable is sufficient for a basic rule of deduction to be countenanced as default-justified, and therefore need not be expressed in argument. By a rule's evading expression in argument, it avoids circular reasoning in deductive arguments about its own correctness. Another important outcome that emerges from my research is the finding that non-inferential knowledge is ontologically prior to the inferential sort. This is because plausible inferential knowledge of basic logical constants shall always be justified by circular reasoning that already assumes the correctness of the rule to be vindicated. This initial assumption is tantamount to non-inferential knowledge, and therefore this latter is more primitive-in fact the only primitive-species of basic logical knowledge.

From fighting microbial infections to preparing for pandemics, Brett Finlay is discovering how the body's own defenses could boost our chances in the battle against infectious diseases.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Notre Dame, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 326-332). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Notre Dame, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 326-332).