Recently, Hudson Bay experienced unidirectional trends in temperature, sea-ice extent, time of break-up, and length of the open-water season. Predicted impacts on population dynamics of ice-associated species include habitat loss and shift in prey availability. The ringed seal (Phoca hispida) depends on a stable ice platform with sufficient snow depth and a productive open-water season for reproduction and survival. Evidence of ringed seal sensitivity to environmental variations has been reported, but mechanisms involved were poorly understood. In western Hudson Bay, density, life-history traits, and diet of ringed seals were monitored over two decades, providing an opportunity to understand the effects of climatic variations on the population dynamics of this long-lived carnivore. Ringed seal density was estimated through strip-transect analyses after aerial surveys were flown in western Hudson Bay in late spring during the annual moult in the 1990s and 2000s. During these periods, ringed seals were also sampled from Inuit subsistence fall harvests In Arviat, NU, and ages, reproductive status, percentage of pups in the harvest, body condition, and diet were assessed. Strong inter-annual variations in these parameters were observed, and a decadal cycle was suggested and related to variations in the sea-ice regime. The cold and heavy ice conditions that prevailed in western Hudson Bay in 1991-92 likely induced a decrease in pelagic productivity, reducing the availability to ringed seals of sand lances (Ammodytes sp.), their major prey. The nutritional stress endured, combined with a strong predation pressure, led to a decrease in ringed seal reproductive performances, pup survival, and density during the 1990s. The recovery of ringed seal demographic parameters and number in the 2000s was associated with the immigration of pups, juveniles, and young adults into western Hudson Bay. Impact of current climatic trends on ringed seal population dynamics was not apparent, but considering the limited range of environmental variations tolerated by ringed seals, the response of this species to climate warming might be of a catastrophic type. Ringed seals were found to be good indicators of ecosystem changes, and long-term monitoring of the species in Hudson Bay should be a priority.

Recently, Hudson Bay experienced unidirectional trends in temperature, sea-ice extent, time of break-up, and length of the open-water season. Predicted impacts on population dynamics of ice-associated species include habitat loss and shift in prey availability. The ringed seal (Phoca hispida) depends on a stable ice platform with sufficient snow depth and a productive open-water season for reproduction and survival. Evidence of ringed seal sensitivity to environmental variations has been reported, but mechanisms involved were poorly understood. In western Hudson Bay, density, life-history traits, and diet of ringed seals were monitored over two decades, providing an opportunity to understand the effects of climatic variations on the population dynamics of this long-lived carnivore. Ringed seal density was estimated through strip-transect analyses after aerial surveys were flown in western Hudson Bay in late spring during the annual moult in the 1990s and 2000s. During these periods, ringed seals were also sampled from Inuit subsistence fall harvests In Arviat, NU, and ages, reproductive status, percentage of pups in the harvest, body condition, and diet were assessed. Strong inter-annual variations in these parameters were observed, and a decadal cycle was suggested and related to variations in the sea-ice regime. The cold and heavy ice conditions that prevailed in western Hudson Bay in 1991-92 likely induced a decrease in pelagic productivity, reducing the availability to ringed seals of sand lances (Ammodytes sp.), their major prey. The nutritional stress endured, combined with a strong predation pressure, led to a decrease in ringed seal reproductive performances, pup survival, and density during the 1990s. The recovery of ringed seal demographic parameters and number in the 2000s was associated with the immigration of pups, juveniles, and young adults into western Hudson Bay. Impact of current climatic trends on ringed seal population dynamics was not apparent, but considering the limited range of environmental variations tolerated by ringed seals, the response of this species to climate warming might be of a catastrophic type. Ringed seals were found to be good indicators of ecosystem changes, and long-term monitoring of the species in Hudson Bay should be a priority.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2007. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

O trabalho conduzido na Fazenda Rancho Santa Zelina, Júlio de Castilhos/RS, avaliou o desenvolvimento corporal e o desempenho produtivo de 64 novilhas de um rebanho comercial Angus da concepção aos 13/15 meses de idade, submetidas a quatro sistemas alimentares durante a gestação: pastagem de Brachiaria com suplementação + pastagem natural no terço final de gestação (BRACS-PN}, pastagem natural com suplementação+ pastagem natural no terço final de gestação (PNCS-PN), pastagem de Brachiara + pastagem cultivada de aveia preta e azevém no terço final de gestação (BRA-PC}, pastagem natural + pastagem cultivada de aveia preta e azevém no terço final de gestação (PN-PC). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, quatro sistemas alimentares e duas repetições de área, sendo cada potreiro considerado uma unidade experimental. Para as variáveis de desempenho dos bezerros, cada bezerro foi considerado uma unidade experimental. Ao final dos sistemas alimentares de verão/outono (02/06/2012), as novilhas do BRACS-PN eram mais pesadas (392,0 kg) do que as do BRA-PC (375,5 kg), as quais igualmente superiores as do PNCS-PN (355,0 kg) e PN-PC (354,5 kg). No inverno, novilhas em pastagem natural (BRACS-PN e PNCS-PN) perderam peso, enquanto as em pastagem cultivada ganharam peso e condição corporal. Novilhas do BRA-PC (421 ,O kg) e PN-PC (377,0 kg) tiveram maior peso ao parto, porém as do PN-PC não diferiram do BRACS-PN (323,5 kg) e estas não diferiram das PNCS-PN (306,5 kg). O auxílio ao parto foi maior nas BRA-PC e PN-PC (37,5%), mas não diferiram das PNCS-PN (18,8%). O peso corporal das BRA-PC foi maior (417,4 kg) ao início da monta, mas não diferiru das PN-PC (392,0 kg) e BRACS-PN (351 ,8 kg}, os quais não diferiram das PNCS-PN (329,8 kg). As novilhas do PN-PC tiveram a maior prenhez (100,0%), mas não diferiram das BRA-PC (87,5%) e BRACS-PN (66,0%), os quais não diferiram das PNCS-PN (62,0%). Os bezerros filhos das vacas dos PN-PC e BRA-PC tiveram maiores ganhos de peso até o desmame. Conclui-se da necessidade de desenvolver mais estudos com objetivo de ter maior desenvolvimento das novilhas prévio o terço final de gestação, para aumentar o conhecimento sobre a oferta e o manejo da pastagem natural para minimizar perdas de peso ao final da gestação e para identificar tempo de pastejo pré-parto em pastagem cultivada, que minimizem auxílios e perdas ao parto. Possivelmente, a antecipação da primeira prenhez, através de melhor recria de bezerras, possibilite inicialmente um menor período pré-parto em pastagem cultivada, reduzindo problemas ao parto e, após, um longo período pós-parto em pastagem cultivada. / The work conducted at Rancho Santa Zelina Farm, Júlio de Castillos/RS, evaluated lhe grow and productive performance of 64 heifers of a commercial Angus herd since the conception to 13/15 months of age under four feeding systems during the gestation: Brachiaria pasture with supplementation + natural pasture in the final third of gestation (BRACS-PN), natural pasture with supplementation + natural pasture in the final third of gestation (PNCSPN), Brachiaria pasture + cultivated pasture (oat and ryegrass) in the final third of gestation (BRA-PC), natural pasture + cultivated pasture in the final third of gestation (PN-PC). The experimental design was completely randomized, four food systems and two plots, each paddock considered an experimental unit. For lhe performance variables of the calves, each calf was considered an experimental unit. At lhe end of the feeding summer/fall systems (06/02/2012), lhe heifers of BRACS-PN were heavier (392.0 kg) than lhe BRA-PC (375.5 kg), which were heavier than PNCS-PN (355.0 kg) and PN-PC (354.5 kg). During the winter, heifers on natural pasture (BRACS-PN and PNCS-PN) lost weight, while heifers on cultivated pasture gained weight and body condition. Heifers BRA-PC (421.0 kg) and PN-PC (377.0 kg) were heavier at calving, but the PNPC did not differ from BRACS-PN (323.5 kg) and these ones of PNCS-PN (306.5 kg). The aid to calving was higher in BRA-PC and PN-PC (37.5%) without differ of PNCS-PN (18.8%). The body weight of BRA-PC at the beginning of reproduction was higher (417.4 kg), without differ of PN-PC (392.0 kg) and BRACS-PN (351.8 kg), which ones did not differ of PNCS-PN (329.8 kg). Heifers of PN-PC had the highest pregnancy rale (100.0%), without differ of BRA-PC (87.5%) and BRACS-PN (66.0%), which ones did not differ of PNCSPN (62.0%). Calves of PN-PC and BRA-PC cows had higher weight gain until weaning. This results underscores lhe need for further studies in arder to identify higher growth of heifers prior the final third of gestation, to increase the know about the availability and management of natural pasture to minimize weight loss in late pregnancy and to identify grazing time on cultivated pasture pre calving to minimize tosses and aids to calving. Probaly, earlier first pregnancy through better rearing and genetics of calves initially enables a lower pre-partum period on cultivated pasture, reducing calving problems and, after, a long postpartum grazing on cultivated pasture.

Le cycle de vie pélagique annuel des Phocidés est interrompu à deux reprises pour la reproduction et la mue, à terre ou sur la banquise. La mue est une étape essentielle pour le renouvellement du poil et de l’épiderme chez certains Monachinae. Les éléphants de mer austraux (Mirounga leonina) forment des agrégations dans des flaques de boue, ou « souilles », lorsqu’ils muent. La mue, chez cette espèce, entraîne des pertes thermiques importantes par vasodilatation périphérique. La thermorégulation sociale (i.e. agrégation d’animaux) a permis à de nombreuses espèces d’oiseaux et de mammifères d’économiser de l’énergie. Néanmoins, l’étude du comportement et de l’énergétique de la mue chez l’éléphant de mer austral a été jusqu’ici peu développée. Notre travail de recherche repose sur l’hypothèse que le comportement d’agrégation des éléphants de mer austraux répondrait aux mêmes déterminants que le mécanisme de thermorégulation sociale et entraînerait des bénéfices thermiques et énergétiques. Nous avons étudié le comportement de mue des éléphants de mer austraux femelles en lien avec les paramètres environnementaux locaux et physiologiques individuels. Nous avons mis en évidence que la sélection de l’habitat, les déplacements à terre et le comportement d’agrégation dépendent de l’avancement de la mue, du type d’habitat et des conditions météorologiques. Au pic de la mue, les pertes thermiques sont augmentées, les femelles se déplacent moins et s’agrègent davantage. De plus, les éléphants de mer s’agrègent en plus grand nombre lorsque les conditions météorologiques se dégradent, ceci principalement dans les « souilles ». Cependant, ils augmentent aussi leurs déplacements lorsque la température de l’air ressentie (i.e. combinaison température-vitesse du vent) est basse ou lorsque l’insolation augmente. De plus, les individus agrégés ont une température corporelle (stomacale et de surface) en moyenne plus basse que les individus isolés. Le taux métabolique augmenté pendant la mue serait lié aux contraintes thermiques et à une activité hormonale augmentée. Bien que le comportement d’agrégation n’ait pu être mis en relation avec la perte de masse, celui-ci est corrélé à une diminution du taux métabolique. Ainsi, les éléphants de mer femelles sont sensibles aux variations environnementales et adapteraient leur comportement en diminuant leurs dépenses énergétiques. Le comportement d’agrégation permettrait de diminuer le coût de thermorégulation par diminution des pertes thermiques. Les « souilles » sont thermiquement avantageuses et permettraient d’optimiser la diminution des pertes thermiques par agrégation et de favoriser la mue. La diminution des pertes thermiques permettrait la modulation de la température interne des individus agrégés (baisse du coût de la thermorégulation), et l’énergie économisée pourrait être ainsi réallouée à la mue. Il semblerait que des stratégies individuelles de compromis entre déplacements et agrégation soient mises en place en fonction des réserves énergétiques des individus et en vue de diminuer leurs dépenses énergétiques. De nouvelles méthodes prometteuses de mesures physiologiques chez cette espèce et appliquées sur le terrain (mesure de la fréquence cardiaque par implant sous-cutané et de la composition corporelle par bio-impédancemétrie) permettraient, une fois standardisées, d’évaluer le métabolisme des éléphants de mer austraux au cours de leur mue ainsi que leur dépense énergétique, en lien avec les variations individuelles. / Annual life cycle of Phocids at sea is interrupted twice for reproduction and moult on land. The moult, an energetically costly phase, is essential for the renewal of hair, as well as epidermis in some monachine seals (Mirounga and Monachus). Southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) huddle in mud pools, or “wallows”, while moulting on land. Peripheral vasodilatation through the isolating layer of the blubber to renew skin cells during the moult creates major heat loss, that’s why this species moult on land, fasting, rather than staying in water. Many bird and mammal species developed an energy saving strategy based on social thermoregulation in order to decrease heat loss, especially in extreme environments or particular physiological stages. However, few studies have investigated behavioural and physiological adaptations of southern elephant seals during the moult. Our study rests on the hypothesis that huddling behaviour of moulting elephant seals follows the same determinants and allows equivalent thermal and energetic benefices than social thermoregulation. We studied behavioural adaptations on land of female southern elephant seals during five moult seasons, linked to local environmental and individual physiological variations. Our results show that habitat selection, distances moved on land and aggregation behaviour are influenced by the stage of the moult, the habitat type and meteorological conditions. At the peak of moult, heat loss and aggregation behaviour are both increased, as movements on land are decreased. Moreover, aggregation rate and aggregations size increase when local weather is deteriorated, mainly in “wallows”. However, distances moved increase when windchill is low or solar radiation is high. Furthermore, aggregated seals have a lower body temperature (skin and stomach) than isolated seals. The elevated metabolic rate observed would be linked to thermal constraints and an elevated hormonal metabolism. Although we found no correlation between aggregation and body mass loss, individual aggregation rate was negatively correlated to metabolic rate. Therefore, elephant seals are sensible to environmental conditions and would adapt their behaviour to decrease energy expenditure. Aggregation behaviour allows to decrease heat loss and thus thermoregulation cost. “Wallows” offer thermal advantages and induce an increased moult rate, supposedly by maximising the decrease in heat loss when aggregated. Decreased heat loss would allow an adjustment in body temperature in aggregated seals and energy save from thermoregulation could be reallocated to the moult process. Elephant seals seem to balance movements on land and aggregation, in relation to individual body reserves, in order to decrease energy expenditure. New promising methods to record physiological parameters in the field (heart rate method and the use of bio-impedancemetry) need to be calibrate in this species to allow more precised moult metabolism and energy expenditure records, linked to individual variations.

Submitted by Carlos Augusto Rolim da Silva Junior (carlos_jrolim@hotmail.com) on 2015-11-19T15:51:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2129832 bytes, checksum: 3b684f127d50c659a84b4938455dd401 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-19T15:51:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2129832 bytes, checksum: 3b684f127d50c659a84b4938455dd401 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Variations in the Body Condition Index (BCI), glycemia and ketonemia of Artibeus planirostris (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) were analyzed in Tabuleiro and Atlantic Forest areas of Paraíba State, at field and captivity conditions. BCI was chosen based on the minimum influence of forearm length on body mass and evaluated according to sex, reproductive status, location and time of capture. Glycemia and ketonemia were also correlated with BCI and other variables. Variations in the BCI and glycemia were recorded after capture, fasting and feeding bats in captivity. The results showed that Le Cren’s Relative Condition Factor (Kn) and Simple Ratio with Curve Fitting (CFt) indices were the most suitable for A. planirostris. Blood glucose was correlated with Kn and proved to be a good method to validate the BCI. In Guaribas Biological Reserve, females had higher Kn, probably related to biases in the methodology or energy reserves during reproductive status. Tabuleiro’s bats had higher Kn and glucose levels than those in Atlantic Forest, which may indicate sub-sampling by the exclusion of bats in the canopy of the latter area. The twelve hours of collection indicated that A. planirostris forages throughout the night and presents a variation of Kn and glucose, especially during early morning, when it reaches the maximum levels before it returns to the shelter. In captivity, bats showed a great variation of Kn and glucose levels after fasting and feeding, recording Kn measures for these states that can be used as a parameter for field studies in the region. Blood glucose remained at normal values for mammals, but about 30% of the bats had levels higher than normal during capture in all areas, probably due to stress. Ketone bodies have been correlated only to glucose, and thus were not considered a good method to validate Kn in these animals. / As variações no Índice de Condição Corporal (ICC), glicemia e cetonemia de Artibeus planirostris (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) foram analisadas em áreas de Tabuleiro e Mata Atlântica da Paraíba em campo e cativeiro. O ICC escolhido foi baseado na menor influência do comprimento do antebraço na massa corporal e avaliado de acordo com o sexo, estado reprodutivo, local e horário de coleta. A glicemia e cetonemia também foram correlacionadas entre si, com o ICC e as demais variáveis, e variações no ICC e glicemia foram registradas após captura, jejum e alimentação de morcegos em cativeiro. Os resultados mostraram que o Fator de Condição Relativa de Le Cren (Kn) e a Razão Simples com Ajuste de Curva (AjC) foram os índices mais indicados para A. planirostris. A glicemia esteve correlacionada com o Kn e se mostrou um bom método para validar o ICC utilizado. Na REBIO Guaribas, as fêmeas tiveram maior Kn, provavelmente relacionado a vieses na metodologia ou a reservas energéticas durante o estado reprodutivo. Os morcegos do Tabuleiro obtiveram maior Kn e glicemia que os da Mata Atlântica, o que pode indicar subamostragem pela exclusão de morcegos que forrageavam no dossel da última área. As doze horas de coleta indicaram que A. planirostris forrageia durante toda a noite com variação de Kn e glicemia, sobretudo durante a madrugada, quando atinge o valor máximo antes de retornar para o abrigo. Em cativeiro, os morcegos apresentaram grande variação de Kn e glicemia em jejum e após a alimentação, registrando medidas de Kn para estes estados que podem ser utilizadas como parâmetro para estudos em campo na região. A glicemia manteve valores considerados normais para mamíferos, mas cerca de 30% dos morcegos apresentaram níveis acima do normal após a captura em todas as áreas, provavelmente devido ao estresse. Os corpos de cetona estiveram correlacionados apenas aos níveis de glicose e, portanto, não foi considerado um bom método para validar o Kn nestes animais.

This paper presents a glimpse into the creative process of the contemporary dance performance \"Des(fio)\", which I experienced as a performer/creator, and where I aimed to discover the ways and procedures taken to reach the corporal state \"corponovelo.\" In order to obtain this, the work of creation was based on experiences of eutony that aimed to develop awareness and relaxation of muscle tone. For this research, I seek refuge in Jorge Larrosa´s concept of experience and in Narciso Telles´s view on the use of experience as a methodological approach. At the end, it was possible to notice that this personal and artistic search modified and broadened my vision of dance, resulting in a change of aesthetic and ethical positioning on my part. / O presente trabalho apresenta um olhar sobre o processo criativo do espetáculo de dança contemporânea Des(fio) , o qual vivenciei como intérprete/criadora, buscando perceber os caminhos e procedimentos percorridos para se chegar ao estado corporal corpo-novelo . Para isto o trabalho de criação teve como base vivências de eutonia que objetivavam desenvolver a consciência e a flexibilização do tônus muscular. Amparo-me no conceito de experiência de Jorge Larrosa e na visão de Narciso Telles sobre o uso da experiência como atitude metodológica para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa. Ao final foi possível perceber que esta busca pessoal e artística modificou e ampliou minha visão sobre a dança, provocando uma mudança de posicionamento estético e ético. / Mestre em Artes

O trabalho conduzido na Fazenda Rancho Santa Zelina, Júlio de Castilhos/RS, avaliou o desenvolvimento corporal e o desempenho produtivo de 64 novilhas de um rebanho comercial Angus da concepção aos 13/15 meses de idade, submetidas a quatro sistemas alimentares durante a gestação: pastagem de Brachiaria com suplementação + pastagem natural no terço final de gestação (BRACS-PN}, pastagem natural com suplementação+ pastagem natural no terço final de gestação (PNCS-PN), pastagem de Brachiara + pastagem cultivada de aveia preta e azevém no terço final de gestação (BRA-PC}, pastagem natural + pastagem cultivada de aveia preta e azevém no terço final de gestação (PN-PC). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, quatro sistemas alimentares e duas repetições de área, sendo cada potreiro considerado uma unidade experimental. Para as variáveis de desempenho dos bezerros, cada bezerro foi considerado uma unidade experimental. Ao final dos sistemas alimentares de verão/outono (02/06/2012), as novilhas do BRACS-PN eram mais pesadas (392,0 kg) do que as do BRA-PC (375,5 kg), as quais igualmente superiores as do PNCS-PN (355,0 kg) e PN-PC (354,5 kg). No inverno, novilhas em pastagem natural (BRACS-PN e PNCS-PN) perderam peso, enquanto as em pastagem cultivada ganharam peso e condição corporal. Novilhas do BRA-PC (421 ,O kg) e PN-PC (377,0 kg) tiveram maior peso ao parto, porém as do PN-PC não diferiram do BRACS-PN (323,5 kg) e estas não diferiram das PNCS-PN (306,5 kg). O auxílio ao parto foi maior nas BRA-PC e PN-PC (37,5%), mas não diferiram das PNCS-PN (18,8%). O peso corporal das BRA-PC foi maior (417,4 kg) ao início da monta, mas não diferiru das PN-PC (392,0 kg) e BRACS-PN (351 ,8 kg}, os quais não diferiram das PNCS-PN (329,8 kg). As novilhas do PN-PC tiveram a maior prenhez (100,0%), mas não diferiram das BRA-PC (87,5%) e BRACS-PN (66,0%), os quais não diferiram das PNCS-PN (62,0%). Os bezerros filhos das vacas dos PN-PC e BRA-PC tiveram maiores ganhos de peso até o desmame. Conclui-se da necessidade de desenvolver mais estudos com objetivo de ter maior desenvolvimento das novilhas prévio o terço final de gestação, para aumentar o conhecimento sobre a oferta e o manejo da pastagem natural para minimizar perdas de peso ao final da gestação e para identificar tempo de pastejo pré-parto em pastagem cultivada, que minimizem auxílios e perdas ao parto. Possivelmente, a antecipação da primeira prenhez, através de melhor recria de bezerras, possibilite inicialmente um menor período pré-parto em pastagem cultivada, reduzindo problemas ao parto e, após, um longo período pós-parto em pastagem cultivada. / The work conducted at Rancho Santa Zelina Farm, Júlio de Castillos/RS, evaluated lhe grow and productive performance of 64 heifers of a commercial Angus herd since the conception to 13/15 months of age under four feeding systems during the gestation: Brachiaria pasture with supplementation + natural pasture in the final third of gestation (BRACS-PN), natural pasture with supplementation + natural pasture in the final third of gestation (PNCSPN), Brachiaria pasture + cultivated pasture (oat and ryegrass) in the final third of gestation (BRA-PC), natural pasture + cultivated pasture in the final third of gestation (PN-PC). The experimental design was completely randomized, four food systems and two plots, each paddock considered an experimental unit. For lhe performance variables of the calves, each calf was considered an experimental unit. At lhe end of the feeding summer/fall systems (06/02/2012), lhe heifers of BRACS-PN were heavier (392.0 kg) than lhe BRA-PC (375.5 kg), which were heavier than PNCS-PN (355.0 kg) and PN-PC (354.5 kg). During the winter, heifers on natural pasture (BRACS-PN and PNCS-PN) lost weight, while heifers on cultivated pasture gained weight and body condition. Heifers BRA-PC (421.0 kg) and PN-PC (377.0 kg) were heavier at calving, but the PNPC did not differ from BRACS-PN (323.5 kg) and these ones of PNCS-PN (306.5 kg). The aid to calving was higher in BRA-PC and PN-PC (37.5%) without differ of PNCS-PN (18.8%). The body weight of BRA-PC at the beginning of reproduction was higher (417.4 kg), without differ of PN-PC (392.0 kg) and BRACS-PN (351.8 kg), which ones did not differ of PNCS-PN (329.8 kg). Heifers of PN-PC had the highest pregnancy rale (100.0%), without differ of BRA-PC (87.5%) and BRACS-PN (66.0%), which ones did not differ of PNCSPN (62.0%). Calves of PN-PC and BRA-PC cows had higher weight gain until weaning. This results underscores lhe need for further studies in arder to identify higher growth of heifers prior the final third of gestation, to increase the know about the availability and management of natural pasture to minimize weight loss in late pregnancy and to identify grazing time on cultivated pasture pre calving to minimize tosses and aids to calving. Probaly, earlier first pregnancy through better rearing and genetics of calves initially enables a lower pre-partum period on cultivated pasture, reducing calving problems and, after, a long postpartum grazing on cultivated pasture.

abstract: Niche variation among sexes and life stages within a population has been documented in many species, yet few studies have investigated niche variation within demographic groups or across ecological contexts. We examined the extent to which pregnant California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) at each of three breeding colonies target alternative prey resources and habitats. The three colonies are distributed across distinct regions of the Gulf of California, Mexico and have divergent population dynamics. We compared the nature of niche variation among colonies and investigated the fitness consequences of different foraging strategies within each colony. We analyzed the δ13C and δ15N values from fur collected from 206 suckling pups to characterize relative maternal foraging locations (δ13C) and trophic levels (δ15N) during the metabolically demanding late stages of gestation and lactation that occur simultaneously in California sea lions. The δ13C and δ15N values were regressed against pup body condition index values to compare the relative individual-level fitness benefits of different maternal foraging strategies. We found that the nature and extent of niche variation differed among colonies. Niche variation was most pronounced at the two largest colonies that appear to experience the highest levels of intraspecific competition and the variation was consistent with habitat features. One colony (Granito) displayed two distinct foraging groups with indistinguishable median pup body condition values, whereas the second (San Jorge) exhibited continuous niche variation and pup body condition varied in relation to maternal foraging location and trophic level, suggesting disparities among alternative foraging strategies. For the smallest colony (Los Islotes), females occupy similar niches with a few outliers. Body condition values of pups at this colony were most variable, but did not vary with maternal foraging strategy. Our results provide evidence for intrapopulation niche variation among demographically similar individuals during a period of high metabolic stress and reproductive importance. This work suggests possible fitness benefits conferred by alternative foraging strategies, and calls into question the common assumption that members of a population are ecologically equivalent. Future research aimed at understanding animal foraging strategies should consider the nature and extent of niche variation in the context of local ecological conditions. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Biology 2013

O trabalho conduzido na Fazenda Rancho Santa Zelina, Júlio de Castilhos/RS, avaliou o desenvolvimento corporal e o desempenho produtivo de 64 novilhas de um rebanho comercial Angus da concepção aos 13/15 meses de idade, submetidas a quatro sistemas alimentares durante a gestação: pastagem de Brachiaria com suplementação + pastagem natural no terço final de gestação (BRACS-PN}, pastagem natural com suplementação+ pastagem natural no terço final de gestação (PNCS-PN), pastagem de Brachiara + pastagem cultivada de aveia preta e azevém no terço final de gestação (BRA-PC}, pastagem natural + pastagem cultivada de aveia preta e azevém no terço final de gestação (PN-PC). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, quatro sistemas alimentares e duas repetições de área, sendo cada potreiro considerado uma unidade experimental. Para as variáveis de desempenho dos bezerros, cada bezerro foi considerado uma unidade experimental. Ao final dos sistemas alimentares de verão/outono (02/06/2012), as novilhas do BRACS-PN eram mais pesadas (392,0 kg) do que as do BRA-PC (375,5 kg), as quais igualmente superiores as do PNCS-PN (355,0 kg) e PN-PC (354,5 kg). No inverno, novilhas em pastagem natural (BRACS-PN e PNCS-PN) perderam peso, enquanto as em pastagem cultivada ganharam peso e condição corporal. Novilhas do BRA-PC (421 ,O kg) e PN-PC (377,0 kg) tiveram maior peso ao parto, porém as do PN-PC não diferiram do BRACS-PN (323,5 kg) e estas não diferiram das PNCS-PN (306,5 kg). O auxílio ao parto foi maior nas BRA-PC e PN-PC (37,5%), mas não diferiram das PNCS-PN (18,8%). O peso corporal das BRA-PC foi maior (417,4 kg) ao início da monta, mas não diferiru das PN-PC (392,0 kg) e BRACS-PN (351 ,8 kg}, os quais não diferiram das PNCS-PN (329,8 kg). As novilhas do PN-PC tiveram a maior prenhez (100,0%), mas não diferiram das BRA-PC (87,5%) e BRACS-PN (66,0%), os quais não diferiram das PNCS-PN (62,0%). Os bezerros filhos das vacas dos PN-PC e BRA-PC tiveram maiores ganhos de peso até o desmame. Conclui-se da necessidade de desenvolver mais estudos com objetivo de ter maior desenvolvimento das novilhas prévio o terço final de gestação, para aumentar o conhecimento sobre a oferta e o manejo da pastagem natural para minimizar perdas de peso ao final da gestação e para identificar tempo de pastejo pré-parto em pastagem cultivada, que minimizem auxílios e perdas ao parto. Possivelmente, a antecipação da primeira prenhez, através de melhor recria de bezerras, possibilite inicialmente um menor período pré-parto em pastagem cultivada, reduzindo problemas ao parto e, após, um longo período pós-parto em pastagem cultivada. / The work conducted at Rancho Santa Zelina Farm, Júlio de Castillos/RS, evaluated lhe grow and productive performance of 64 heifers of a commercial Angus herd since the conception to 13/15 months of age under four feeding systems during the gestation: Brachiaria pasture with supplementation + natural pasture in the final third of gestation (BRACS-PN), natural pasture with supplementation + natural pasture in the final third of gestation (PNCSPN), Brachiaria pasture + cultivated pasture (oat and ryegrass) in the final third of gestation (BRA-PC), natural pasture + cultivated pasture in the final third of gestation (PN-PC). The experimental design was completely randomized, four food systems and two plots, each paddock considered an experimental unit. For lhe performance variables of the calves, each calf was considered an experimental unit. At lhe end of the feeding summer/fall systems (06/02/2012), lhe heifers of BRACS-PN were heavier (392.0 kg) than lhe BRA-PC (375.5 kg), which were heavier than PNCS-PN (355.0 kg) and PN-PC (354.5 kg). During the winter, heifers on natural pasture (BRACS-PN and PNCS-PN) lost weight, while heifers on cultivated pasture gained weight and body condition. Heifers BRA-PC (421.0 kg) and PN-PC (377.0 kg) were heavier at calving, but the PNPC did not differ from BRACS-PN (323.5 kg) and these ones of PNCS-PN (306.5 kg). The aid to calving was higher in BRA-PC and PN-PC (37.5%) without differ of PNCS-PN (18.8%). The body weight of BRA-PC at the beginning of reproduction was higher (417.4 kg), without differ of PN-PC (392.0 kg) and BRACS-PN (351.8 kg), which ones did not differ of PNCS-PN (329.8 kg). Heifers of PN-PC had the highest pregnancy rale (100.0%), without differ of BRA-PC (87.5%) and BRACS-PN (66.0%), which ones did not differ of PNCSPN (62.0%). Calves of PN-PC and BRA-PC cows had higher weight gain until weaning. This results underscores lhe need for further studies in arder to identify higher growth of heifers prior the final third of gestation, to increase the know about the availability and management of natural pasture to minimize weight loss in late pregnancy and to identify grazing time on cultivated pasture pre calving to minimize tosses and aids to calving. Probaly, earlier first pregnancy through better rearing and genetics of calves initially enables a lower pre-partum period on cultivated pasture, reducing calving problems and, after, a long postpartum grazing on cultivated pasture.