Using the psycho-behavioral model as a conceptual framework, the purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between self-esteem, body dissatisfaction, muscle dysmorphia, and exercise dependence among college men. Participants (n = 110) completed surveys including a demographic questionnaire, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Body Part Satisfaction Scale, Drive for Muscularity Scale, and Exercise Dependence Scale-21. No significant relationship was found between self-esteem and muscle dysmorphia. A significant correlation was found between body dissatisfaction and muscle dysmorphia, as well as between muscle dysmorphia and exercise dependence. These results partially support the psycho-behavioral model of muscle dysmorphia.

Historically, cultural pressures to be thin and their effects on women (e.g., body dissatisfaction, disordered eating) have received considerable attention from researchers and clinicians. However, acknowledgement of cultural pressures on men to be muscular and lean is much more recent, as are men's increasing rates of body dissatisfaction and body-changing behaviors (i.e., drive for muscularity, nutritional supplement/steroid use, excessive weightlifting). The increasing presence of idealized lean, muscular men in the media may be one of the influences on men's increasing body dissatisfaction, although studies examining the relationship between viewing these idealized portrayals and men's drive for muscularity/body satisfaction have yielded mixed results. Additionally, individual difference factors that may influence this relationship need further investigation. The purpose of this study was to address these two areas of research. It was hypothesized that men exposed to idealized television portrayals of lean, muscular men would report higher muscle/body fat dissatisfaction and drive for muscularity attitudes scores compared to men exposed to television portrayals of average-looking men. Additionally, it was predicted that men who report higher perfectionism, neuroticism, and drive for muscularity, and who more strongly endorse traditional attitudes about the male role, would report higher drive for muscularity and muscle/body fat dissatisfaction at post-test compared to men who report lower perfectionism, neuroticism, and drive for muscularity, and who are less concerned with traditional male role norms. Two-hundred-thirty-five undergraduate men at The University of Texas at Austin participated in the online study. During Phase 1, participants completed questionnaires assessing drive for muscularity, muscle/body fat dissatisfaction, perfectionism, neuroticism, and attitudes about the male role. One week later, they were randomly assigned to either the muscular-image or average-image group to complete Phase 2. After viewing television commercials corresponding with their experimental groups, participants again completed all pre-test measures. Results suggested that men in the average-image group (rather than the muscular-image group) with high drive for muscularity experienced greater body fat dissatisfaction than men with low drive for muscularity. Interesting findings regarding the relationships among perfectionism, neuroticism and drive for muscularity/body dissatisfaction also emerged. Implications of the study, strengths, limitations and suggestions for future research are discussed. / text

A cross-sectional and longitudinal examination of thin-ideal internalization and self-objectification was conducted within the context of an eating disorder prevention program. The sample consisted of 177 undergraduate women enrolled in a sorority between the ages of 18 and 22 who participated in a dissonance-based eating disorder prevention program. Participants completed self-report assessments at baseline, post-intervention, 5-month, and 1-year follow-up. Measures included the Ideal-Body Stereotype Scale-Revised, Self-Objectification Questionnaire, Body Shape Questionnaire, and Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire. A cross-sectional path analysis indicated that thin-ideal internalization and self-objectification predict each other and both predict body dissatisfaction, which in turn, predicts eating disorder symptoms. A longitudinal examination of the prevention program indicated that participants showed significant reductions in thin-ideal internalization, self-objectification, body dissatisfaction, and eating disorder symptoms after participating in a cognitive dissonance eating disorder prevention program. Significant reductions of all symptoms were maintained at 1-year follow-up, with the exception of self-objectification, which had a significant reduction up to the 5-month assessment. A longitudinal path analysis indicated that post-intervention thin-ideal internalization and self-objectification predicted body dissatisfaction at 5-month follow-up assessments which in turn predicted eating disorder symptoms at this same time point. This model was replicated for 1-year follow-up body dissatisfaction and eating disorder symptoms with the exception of the direct path from self-objectification to body dissatisfaction. Assessment of temporal sequence of change between self-objectification and thin-ideal internalization revealed that neither variable significantly predicted meaningful change in the other variable. Finally, individuals who showed meaningful change in self-objectification before showing meaningful reduction in thin-ideal internalization from baseline to post-intervention assessments had greater reductions in eating disorder symptoms 1-year following the intervention. Collectively, these results suggest that eating disorder prevention programs should focus on targeting both thin-ideal internalization and self-objectification simultaneously to increase further the reduction of eating disorder symptoms.

Eating disorders are among the most common psychological problems faced by women. Perfectionism, impulsivity and poor self-esteem have been identified as significant risk factors for the development and maintenance of eating disorders. Further, elevated body mass has been found to amplify the effect of these risk factors on the development of eating pathology. However, although the symptoms associated with eating disorders have been theorised to lie on a continuum with frank eating disorders at one end and normative eating concerns at the other, there is limited research and findings are mixed about the correlates and predictors of dysfunctional eating attitudes and behaviours in non-clinical populations. The present research contributes to a clearer understanding of risk factors associated with dysfunctional eating attitudes and behaviours in non-clinical populations. Correlational analyses in the present study indicated that dysfunctional eating attitudes and behaviours are associated with increased perfectionism, lowered self-esteem and elevated body mass. Regression analyses identified body dissatisfaction as a significant predictor of bulimic symptomatology. Further research is needed to extend these results. The current study found that dysfunctional eating attitudes and behaviours occur in non-clinical populations and are associated with similar risk factors to those associated with eating pathology in clinical populations. Further, it advocates the need for early detection and intervention of eating disturbances in at risk non-clinical samples, particularly in relation to body image dissatisfaction. Finally, it highlights the need for further research focussing on non-clinical samples in order to more clearly understand the correlates and predictors of dysfunctional eating attitudes and behaviours in these populations.

L'insatisfaction corporelle, définie comme la différence entre le corps perçu et le corps idéal (Cash, 2002), a été mise en évidence comme facteur de risque de nombreux troubles et symptômes psychopathologiques. Ainsi, l’une des priorités de la recherche sur l’insatisfaction corporelle est d’identifier les processus psychologiques impliqués dans le développement et le maintien de l’insatisfaction corporelle. L'analyse de la littérature sur l’insatisfaction corporelle, la rumination, le perfectionnisme et l’autorégulation a révélé plusieurs résultats intéressants ainsi qu’un manque d’information dans ce domaine. La plupart des recherches sur le rôle de ces processus dans l'insatisfaction corporelle sont transversales. Ainsi, il a été avancé que davantage de recherche était nécessaire pour examiner les facteurs de risque causaux impliqués dans l'insatisfaction corporelle (Watson et al., 2016). Les objectifs de cette recherche étaient de développer et tester plusieurs instruments de mesure (questionnaire, tâches implicites et comportementales) et protocoles (conception longitudinale, inductions expérimentales) afin d'explorer les relations causales entre perfectionnisme, rumination, autorégulation et insatisfaction corporelle en tenant compte des différences entre hommes et femmes. Les résultats suggèrent des cercles vicieux entre insatisfaction corporelle, rumination et perfectionnisme, ainsi que des différences entre hommes et femmes sur les relations entre ces processus et l'insatisfaction corporelle. De plus, nos résultats concernant les outils de mesure implicites et comportementaux du perfectionnisme comme alternatives aux mesures classiques d’auto-évaluation sont encourageants. Un modèle présentant la manière dont ces cercles vicieux pourraient contribuer à l'insatisfaction corporelle est proposé et des orientations futures sont explorées dans la discussion générale. / Body dissatisfaction, defined as the difference between the perceived and the desired body (Cash, 2002), has been highlighted as a risk factor of numerous psychopathological disorders and symptoms. Thus, one of the priorities in body dissatisfaction research is to identify psychological processes involved in the development and maintenance of body dissatisfaction. The overview of the literature about body dissatisfaction, rumination, perfectionism, and self-regulation revealed several interesting results and also a lack of information in this field. Most of the research on the role of these processes in body dissatisfaction is cross-sectional. Thus, it has been brought forward that more research is needed to examine the causal risk factors involved in body dissatisfaction (Watson et al., 2016). The objectives of this research were to develop and test several measurement instruments (i.e., questionnaire, implicit and behavioural tasks) and protocols (i.e., longitudinal design, experimental inductions) to explore the causal relationships between perfectionism, rumination, self-regulation and body dissatisfaction, while taking into account gender differences. The results suggest vicious circles between body dissatisfaction, rumination, and perfectionism, and differences between men and women on the relationships between those processes and body dissatisfaction. More, our results about implicit and behavioural measurement instruments of perfectionism as alternative to the classical self-report measures are encouraging. A model presenting how all these vicious circles could contribute to body dissatisfaction is proposed and futures directions are explored in the general discussion.

abstract: The relations among internalization of the U.S. sociocultural standard of the ideal male body image, male body dissatisfaction, and behavioral and psychological outcomes of male body dissatisfaction were examined in a sample of 215 ethnically diverse male college students. Concerns regarding accurate assessment of male body dissatisfaction were addressed. Structural equation modeling was utilized to identify the relations among the internalization of the sociocultural ideal male body image, male body dissatisfaction (as measured by the Male Body Attitudes Scale, MBAS; Tylka, Bergeron, & Schwartz, 2005), and behavioral and psychological outcomes. Results demonstrated that internalization of specific aspects of the ideal male body (lean and muscular) predicted corresponding components of male body dissatisfaction (lean and muscular). Further, each component of male body dissatisfaction was related to distinct behavioral and psychological outcomes. Implications for clinical practice and research were discussed. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Counseling Psychology 2013

Tidigare forskning har funnit ett samband mellan sociala medier och attityder till sig själv. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om det finns ett samband mellan användningen av Instagram, självkänsla och kroppsmissnöje samt om det finns några könsskillnader eller åldersskillnader avseende detta. Sammanlagt besvarade 232 gymnasister och högskolestudenter enkäten som mätte användning av Instagram samt graden av självkänsla respektive kroppsmissnöje. Av deltagarna var 132 kvinnor.   Resultaten visade att det inte fanns något samband mellan användningen av Instagram och graden av självkänsla respektive kroppsmissnöje, vilket strider mot tidigare forskning. Vidare visade resultaten på att lägre grad av självkänsla var relaterad med högre grad av kroppsmissnöje. Gällande detta visades en könsskillnad, där kvinnor hade lägre självkänsla och högre kroppsmissnöje än män. Detta resultat stödjer tidigare forskning som har påvisat samma resultat. Studien bidrar med ökad kunskap om användningen av Instagrams betydelse för individers attityder till sig själva.

Common features of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), including hyperandrogenism, ovarian dysfunction and obesity, can be highly distressing. We compared 40 women with PCOS to women with infertility but not PCOS, and to women with neither PCOS nor infertility, on measures of depression and body image. Women with PCOS reported higher depression scores and greater body dissatisfaction (p < .001) than comparison group women. Body image was strongly associated with depression overall, even after controlling body mass. Among women with PCOS, body dissatisfaction measures and education explained 66 percent of the variance in depression, suggesting explanations of the PCOS-depression link should consider the role of potentially mediating psychosocial variables.

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