Les postures corporelles signalant domination ou soumission servent une fonction de communication chez les humains et d’autres animaux. La question de savoir si l'adoption de telles "postures de pouvoir" influence la perception et le comportement de l'agent fait actuellement l'objet d'un débat. Le travail réalisé pendant cette thèse consistait à explorer les effets de ces postures sur des comportements étroitement liés à leur fonction primaire, à savoir la communication sociale, en se focalisant sur les réponses aux visages, signaux sociaux particulièrement saillants. Dans une série d'expériences, j'ai utilisé des méthodes de corrélation inverse pour visualiser les représentations mentales de traits préférés du visage. Les représentations mentales des visages préférés implicitement et explicitement évoquaient une impression affiliative et légèrement dominante, mais ne révélaient aucun effet reproductible des postures. Deux autres expériences distinctes ont étudié les effets de la posture sur la perception d’expressions faciales menaçantes et sur les comportements d'approche ou d'évitement en réponse à ces signaux. Bien que les postures n'aient pas d’influence sur la reconnaissance explicite d’expressions faciales menaçantes, elles ont un impact sur les décisions d'approcher ou d'éviter des signaux de menace. Plus précisément, l'adoption d'une posture de soumission augmentait la tendance à éviter les personnes exprimant la colère. Enfin, une tentative de réplication des effets des postures sur les niveaux de testostérone et de cortisol a démontré que même l'adoption répétée d'une posture de pouvoir en contexte social ne provoque pas de changements hormonaux. Dans l'ensemble, ces résultats suggèrent que notre posture corporelle n’influence pas nos représentations mentales et notre perception des autres individus, mais pourrait influencer nos actions en réponse aux signaux sociaux. / Expansive and constrictive body postures serve a primary communicative function in humans and other animals by signalling power and dominance. Whether adopting such “power postures” influences the agent’s own perception and behaviour is currently a subject of debate. In this PhD thesis, I explored effects of adopting power postures on behaviours closely related to the postures’ primary function of social signalling by focusing on responses to faces as particularly salient social signals. In a series of experiments, I utilized reverse correlation methods to visualize mental representations of preferred facial traits. Mental representations of implicitly as well as explicitly preferred faces evoked an affiliative and slightly dominant impression, but revealed no replicable effects of power postures. Two further separate experiments investigated posture effects on the perception of threatening facial expressions, and approach vs. avoidance actions in response to such social signals. While postures did not influence explicit recognition of threatening facial expressions, they affected approach and avoidance actions in response to them. Specifically, adopting a constrictive posture increased the tendency to avoid individuals expressing anger. Finally, an attempt to replicate posture effects on levels of testosterone and cortisol demonstrated that even repeatedly adopting a power posture in a social context does not elicit hormonal changes. Altogether, these findings suggest that our body posture does not influence our mental representations and perception of other people’s faces per se, but could influence our actions in response to social signals.

In the Czech Republic occurred a change of lifestyle in recent decades, there was an increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity, and even for preschool children. With these changes can be related as well as the increasing number of children with bad posture. The aim of this research was to analyze weight parameters, body composition, fat distribution and its effect on posture in preschool children. Another aim was compare different methods for calculating the amount of body fat and see if it show the same clinical validity. Furthemore, we compared the measurement of the abdominal circumference with waist circumference in absolute and in relative form, these parameters are often used interchangeably. They are usedto detect fat distribution and estimate the amount of body fat. To determine the distribution of fat is also used centrality indices, which we also compared with abdominal and waist circumference. Our aim was also to evaluate the clinical validity in determining the type of fat distribution. The study included 208 children (101 boys, 107 girls) aged three to six years, most of Prague and its surroundings. Comparing the SDS BMI and weight - height ratio showed a statistically significant difference between the set 2013 and standard. The difference in the values of BMI (p = 0,0006)...

本研究以使用者為中心之設計角度出發，探討 Kinect 提供的肢體感測回饋，如何影響序列動作學習，並試圖找出在設計回饋資訊時應注意的要素。本研究提出兩項假設，探討在序列動作學習時，有無肢體感測回饋資訊，對動作表現的影響： H1 使用者在序列動作學習時，提供其肢體感測回饋，可以提高使用者「動作部位精確度」的學習效果。 H2 使用者在序列動作學習時，提供其肢體感測回饋，可以提高使用者對「序列動作完整度」的學習效果。 本研究招募60位受測者，隨機分配到控制組與實驗組。控制組僅提供示範影片，實驗組則同時提供肢體感測回饋。受測者隨示範者練習5次後，在沒有線索輔助下，將所學的六組動作演練一次。研究者同時全程錄影演練過程。結束後，受測者需填答問卷。 透過影片分析，研究者針對「動作部位精確度」及「序列動作完整度」進行評分，以檢視控制組與實驗組在動作表現上之差異。實驗結果卻與研究預期相反，在「動作部位精確度 」與「序列動作完整度」，實驗組都表現較差，且達顯著水準。亦即提供肢體感測回饋，並未提升序列動作的精確度或完整度表現。針對此實驗結果，綜合問卷所得之受測者需求分析，本研究歸因於肢體感測回饋資訊設計不良所致。回饋訊息未能針對使用者需求設計。受測者最需要知道的資訊：動作正確與否、如何修正以及評分標準，實驗組並未能有效獲得。因此，本研究提出肢體感測回饋資訊設計上的三點建議： 1. 系統應給予學習者宏觀概念圖，事先告知學習者序列動作之項目順序。 2. 系統應讓學習者清楚瞭解每個動作之學習項目。 3. 系統除了提供學習者表現獲知的回饋資訊，更需提供修正線索。 / This research was based on user-center design thinking, and discussed how the body posture visual feedback provided by Kinect influenced the learner on motor sequence learning. We tried to find out the key elements of designing feedback. Here we proposed two hypotheses to probe the effects of body posture visual feedback on motor sequence learning: H1 When learning motor sequence, users provided body posture sensing feedback would learn better in “accuracy of moving parts”. H2 When learning motor sequence, users provided body posture sensing feedback would learn better in “completeness of sequence order”. We recruited 60 subjects, and they were distributed into control and experiment group randomly. The control group learned the motor sequence only with demonstrating video; experiment group, on the other side, were provided body posture visual feedback at the same time. All the subjects should practice the motor sequence, which included 6 items, 5 times, then tried to demonstrate the sequence without any cue. They were videotaped at the same time. After that, they should fill out a questionnaire. The researcher scored “accuracy of moving parts”, and “completeness of sequence order” through video analysis, then comparing the differences between two groups. The results were different from what we expected. The experiment group performed significantly worse than control group both in “accuracy of moving parts” and “completeness of sequence order”, which meant providing body posture visual feedback did not enhance the performance of motor sequence learning in both aspects. In the light of the results and the requirements suggested in the questionnaire by subjects, we thought the results caused by bad design of body posture visual feedback, which couldn't fit the users’ needs. The subjects didn’t get the information they need most, like the correctness of their performance, how to adjust the performance and the criteria of scroing. Therefore, we proposed three suggestions on designing body posture visual feedback: 1. The system should provide learners the macro concept of the whole sequence order in advance. 2. The system should let leaners to understand all the movements clearly and thoroughly. 3. The system should provide the information of “Knowledge of Performance”; and further, providing the hints of adjustments.

Clefts of orofacial komplex are the most common birth development defects. One of them is Pierre Robin sequence, which is characterized by presence of micrognathia, glossoptosis and upper airway obstruction. Because of these symptoms, isolated cleft palate "U" or "V" shaped can be part of the diagnose. Other clinical manifestations are feeding difficulties, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and / or gastroesophageal reflux disease. The aim of the treatment is to secure the airway and the child's thriving after birth by using conservative or invasive treatment methods. Choosing of methods and procedures should be established by multidisciplinary cooperation. The other part of diploma thesis is trying to find out, which clinical manifestation are the most common in patients from the Czech Republic compare to foreign patients and the differences in management of the treatment. Furthermore we are trying to investigate, whether there is higher percentage of patients with delayed neuromotor development among PRS patients, which are under physical therapy. The last part is trying to find out the relationship between the poor posture and PRS diagnose in children age 4 - 6 years.

Le corps humain et les vêtements sont toujours en interaction directe avec l’environnement, le corps devant maintenir sa température à environ 37°C. Les transferts de chaleur sont affectés non seulement par les propriétés de l’étoffe constitutives du vêtement, mais également par l’épaisseur de la couche d’air entre le corps et le vêtement. Les propriétés thermiques de la couche d’air dépendent de son étendue, influencée par les courbures du corps humain, des propriétés mécaniques de l’étoffe et de la forme du vêtement. Il est donc nécessaire de déterminer la forme 3D du corps et la répartition, l’étendue et l’épaisseur de la couche d’air ainsi que les zones de contact entre la peau et le vêtement dans des conditions posturales de la vie courante. Dans la présente étude, l’influence thermique de couches d’air homogènes (épaisseur constante) et hétérogènes (épaisseur variable) a été montrée. De plus, la distribution des couches d’air et de l’aire de contact réelle a été analysée minutieusement. L’influence des conditions posturales (à l’aide d’un mannequin) et du mouvement (à l’aide d’un logiciel de simulation de mouvement) a été étudiée dans différents cas. Une méthode de post-traitement des données provenant du logiciel de simulation 3D de mouvement a alors été mise au point. Les résultats montrent que le niveau de confort peut être ajusté en sélectionnant l’étoffe et la forme du vêtement et que cela dépend de la région du corps. La connaissance issue de cette étude sera directement utilisée en modélisation des transferts de chaleur au travers des vêtements et contribue à l’amélioration de la conception des vêtements pour la protection ou la pratique sportive. / In real life, human body and clothing are always in direct interaction with environment, where human body attempts to keep its core temperature constant at around 37 °C by physiological thermoregulatory processes. The heat transfer from the wearer’s body to the environment is affected not only by the fabric properties but also by the presence of air layers and the contact between body and garment. The thermal properties of air layer are related to its size, which in turn, depends on the form of the wearer’s body, mechanical properties of fabric and garment design. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the three dimensional (3D) map and the quantitatively determination of air layers and contact area on the garment in real life situations, such as for various body postures and movement. In the present study, a comparison of the thermal effect of the heterogeneous and homogeneous air layers was sought. Additionally, the distribution of air layers and the contact area for lower body garments were analysed systematically. The effect of various body posture and movement on sought parameters was investigated. Moreover, new method was introduced to post-process the sought parameters for the ready output from 3D simulation software. Consequently, the results of this study indicated that the comfort level of the human body can be adjusted by selection of fabric type and the design of ease allowances in the garment depending on the body region and given purpose. The knowledge gained in this study will be directly used in modelling of the dry and latent heat transfer through garment and contribute to the improvement of clothing design for protective and active sport garments.

This master's thesis is based on the specifics of physiological development in middle childhood and searches for the pupil's natural behaviour at this stage. It begs the question as to why movement is so important for the human being and what role locomotion plays in having good postural habits. It highlights the magnitude of movement for child development and shows that physical activity is an inseparable part of our lives. The third chapter is about dance which is perceived as one of the oldest forms of human art. I look for displays of dance in everyday life and describe the particularities of expression in dance in middle childhood. Finally, I highlight the benefits and its educational dimension, values, and use. The following chapter talks about dance and movement education as a supplementary education field and its implementation in the FEP. The practical part describes an application of five dance lessons. These lessons were taught by a pedagogue who had no previous experience with teaching dance and movement activities. The main reason for this decision was that, in the future, a pedagogue could teach the lessons regardless of their past practice with dance and movement education. The three key observed factors are described below. Firstly, from the pedagogical point of view, I reflect the...

Text in Afrikaans / Summaries in English and Afrikaans / This study aims to investigate the relation between a crane operator in a slab handlingarea's experience of his/her work environment and occupational health. A study of the literature leads one to the conclusion that the nature of crane operators' work environment may cause health problems. According to the literature crane operators are high risk cases regarding musculoskeletal disorders. The empirical study affirms that there are risk factors present in the crane operator's work environment, which may influence his/her occupational health. It is statistically proven that there is a meaningful difference between crane operators with a negative experience of the work environment and crane operators with a positive experience of the work environment, and the amount of illnesses experienced by crane operators as well as their general health. Recommendations are made regarding training, adjustability and flexibility of the work station, job rotation, job expansion and enrichment, and social contact. / Die doel van die studie is om die verband tussen 'n kraanoperateur in 'n platblokhanteringsarea se ervaring van sy/haar werksomgewing en beroepsgesondheid te ondersoek. Die literatuurstudie lei tot die gevolgtrekking dat die aard van kraanoperateurs se werksomgewing aanleiding kan gee tot gesondheidsprobleme. Volgens die literatuur is kraanoperateurs hoerisikogevalle ten opsigte van spierskeletstelselbeserings. Die empiriese studie bevestig dat daar risikofaktore voorkom in die kraanoperateur se werksomgewing wat sy/haar beroepsgesondheid kan be"invloed. Statisties is bewys dat daar 'n betekenisvolle verskil is tussen kraanoperateurs met 'n negatiewe ervaring van die werksomgewing en kraanoperateurs met 'n positiewe ervaring van die werksomgewing en die hoeveelheid siektetoestande wat kraanoperateurs ervaar, en die algemene gesondheid van kraanoperateurs. Aanbevelings om risikofaktore te beheer word gemaak ten opsigte van opleiding, verstelbaarheid en buigbaarheid van die werkstasie, posrotasie, posverbreding en - verryking, en sosiale kontak. / Industrial Psychology / M. Com (Industrial Psychology)

Text in Afrikaans / Summaries in English and Afrikaans / This study aims to investigate the relation between a crane operator in a slab handlingarea's experience of his/her work environment and occupational health. A study of the literature leads one to the conclusion that the nature of crane operators' work environment may cause health problems. According to the literature crane operators are high risk cases regarding musculoskeletal disorders. The empirical study affirms that there are risk factors present in the crane operator's work environment, which may influence his/her occupational health. It is statistically proven that there is a meaningful difference between crane operators with a negative experience of the work environment and crane operators with a positive experience of the work environment, and the amount of illnesses experienced by crane operators as well as their general health. Recommendations are made regarding training, adjustability and flexibility of the work station, job rotation, job expansion and enrichment, and social contact. / Die doel van die studie is om die verband tussen 'n kraanoperateur in 'n platblokhanteringsarea se ervaring van sy/haar werksomgewing en beroepsgesondheid te ondersoek. Die literatuurstudie lei tot die gevolgtrekking dat die aard van kraanoperateurs se werksomgewing aanleiding kan gee tot gesondheidsprobleme. Volgens die literatuur is kraanoperateurs hoerisikogevalle ten opsigte van spierskeletstelselbeserings. Die empiriese studie bevestig dat daar risikofaktore voorkom in die kraanoperateur se werksomgewing wat sy/haar beroepsgesondheid kan be"invloed. Statisties is bewys dat daar 'n betekenisvolle verskil is tussen kraanoperateurs met 'n negatiewe ervaring van die werksomgewing en kraanoperateurs met 'n positiewe ervaring van die werksomgewing en die hoeveelheid siektetoestande wat kraanoperateurs ervaar, en die algemene gesondheid van kraanoperateurs. Aanbevelings om risikofaktore te beheer word gemaak ten opsigte van opleiding, verstelbaarheid en buigbaarheid van die werkstasie, posrotasie, posverbreding en - verryking, en sosiale kontak. / Industrial Psychology / M. Com (Industrial Psychology)