Reproduction de : Thèse de doctorat : Géographie et aménagement : Paris 4 : 2005. / Titre provenant de l'écran titre. 72 références bibliographiques.

This thesis is a literary analysis of two novels, Comme le bon pain (2001) by Mariama Ndoye and Cendres et braises (1994) by Ken Bugul. It examines the representation of Islam in relation to African women's identity, with particular emphasis on its relationship with the postcolonial context of francophone West Africa. Chapter I reviews the emergence of African francophone literature by women authors and the trends of criticism that developed as a result of it. It also presents the theoretical framework of this research, namely feminist and postcolonial theories inspired by Frantz Fanon and African women theorists. Chapter II of this thesis explores the use of Sufi imagery in Cendres et braises and its metaphorical description of decolonization and of the postcolonial subject. Chapter III examines Comme le bon pain for Islamic elements and their interaction with African traditional beliefs, as it attempts to understand Ndoye's own attitude towards Islam. It briefly reviews definitions of syncretism and what was termed "African Islam." Chapter IV poses the question of whether the two novels can be inscribed within a feminist ideology, specifically in a postcolonial, West African and Muslim context.

The Bonpo Mendrup (sMan sgrub) Ritual: Its Medicine, Texts, Traceable History, and Current Practice Abstract This thesis studies the mendrup (sman sgrub) ritual of the Tibetan Bon religious tradition. The mendrup rite comprises a specific tantric meditative practice and consecration rite, which is ascribed great efficacy for both physical and mental healing and spiritual progress. The mendrup practice is conducted for curing ailments, rejuvenation, longevity, as well as general well-being and prosperity. When performed on a large scale, the Bonpo mendrup ritual represents one of the most elaborate healing rituals of present Tibetan milieu, and likely one of the rarest, special, most demanding and expensive Tibetan rituals performed. This work is concerned with one particular conduction of the ritual, which took place in the Bonpo exile monastery of Triten Norbutse in Kathmandu, Nepal, in December 2012. The thesis is based on both textual sources and ethnographic observation, and examines this Bonpo mendrup performance from various aspects. Firstly, it traces and compares the oral and written histories of the ritual, showing that the practice has probably emerged in the twelfth and thirteenth century in Central Tibet. Historical accounts on the practice are put into context with its current performance in...

Si le bon sens est fréquemment invoqué au cœur des préoccupations organisationnelles, il n’existe pas de théorie du bon sens en sciences de gestion. Nous avons, grâce aux travaux de Bourdieu (1980), exploré le bon sens comme un concept dyadique, comprenant deux dimensions, le sens commun et le sens pratique. Diverses perspectives dépendant de l’importance relative qui est accordée à chacune de ses deux dimensions, montrent que le bon sens est multiple. Il est une dynamique qui articule ensemble le sens commun, attaché au jugement, et le sens pratique, attaché à la réflexivité. Afin de comprendre les mécanismes fondamentaux du bon sens dans l’organisation, nous avons conduit une étude en trois phases, inductive, longitudinale, d’un cas paradigmatique.La dynamique du bon sens dans l’organisation résulte de la combinaison et de l’interaction entre la constitution du jugement et la culture de la réflexivité. Nos travaux montrent que le bon sens repose sur une l’alternance entre différents états, ouvert, fermé, en cours d’ouverture et en cours de fermeture, favorisant ainsi une « respiration » entre la constitution d’un jugement avec une culture de la réflexivité. Le bon sens peut être pleinement un outil de gestion, à condition d’être prévu et reconnu, pour une vie organisationnelle qui n’est jamais totalement accomplie. / While common sense is frequently cited as a core organizational concern, there is no common-sense theory in management science. Thanks to the work of Bourdieu (1980), we have explored common sense as a dyadic concept, comprising two dimensions, common sense and practical sense. Various perspectives depending on the relative importance given to each of its two dimensions show that common sense is multiple. It is a dynamic which articulates together common sense, attached to judgment, and practical sense, attached to reflexivity.To understand the fundamental mechanisms of common sense in organization, we conducted a three-phase, inductive, longitudinal study of a paradigmatic case.The dynamics of common sense in organization results from the combination and interaction between the constitution of judgment and the culture of reflexivity. Our work shows that common sense is based on an alternation between different states, open, closed, opening and closing, thus promoting a "breathing" between the constitution of a judgment and a culture of reflexivity. Common sense can be fully a management tool, provided it is planned and recognized, for an organizational life that is never fully accomplished.

Malgré la fréquence d’utilisation des psychotropes chez les personnes plus âgées et leur propension aux événements indésirables liés aux médicaments, peu d’études se sont intéressées au respect des règles de bon usage des psychotropes dans cette population. L’objectif de ce travail était d’évaluer les modalités d’utilisation des psychotropes et le respect des recommandations de bon usage publiées en France. Deux types de population ont été inclus : un échantillon clinique constitué de patients âgés d’au moins 65 ans hospitalisés dans deux Pôles de psychiatrie à Bordeaux, et un échantillon de la population générale âgée d’au moins 65 ans, à partir d’une base de données de l’assurance maladie française. En population clinique, les règles de bon usage étaient plutôt bien respectées, avec, pour les benzodiazépines, la prescription d’une produit à demi-vie courte dans près de trois quarts des prescriptions et une posologie adéquate dans près de deux tiers des cas. Toutefois, un arrêt de traitement n’était jamais prévu dès l’initiation du traitement et le rythme de prescription était discontinu dans seulement un tiers des cas. Dans la population générale âgée, la durée et la surveillance biologique des traitements antidépresseurs étaient conformes chez moins de 20% des sujets, alors que près des trois quarts des sujets initiant un traitement par benzodiazépine recevaient une durée adéquate. En revanche moins de la moitié des délivrances concernaient une benzodiazépine anxiolytique à demi-vie courte. L’étude de l’impact de la publication des recommandations n’a pas montré qu’elle permettait une amélioration de l’utilisation des psychotropes. Il est nécessaire d’accompagner la publication des recommandations d’autres mesures, afin d’insister sur le bon usage des psychotropes, notamment la durée nécessaire de traitement antidépresseur et le choix d’un anxiolytique à demi-vie courte. / Despite a high frequency of use and a tendency to present with adverse events of drugs, few studies assessed compliance with guidelines related to proper use of psychotropic drugs in the older population. The aim was to assess the patterns of psychotropic drugs use in this population, as well as the compliance with French guidelines. Two population samples were included, a clinical sample of older psychiatric inpatients and a sample of the older general population using claims database of the national health insurance. In clinical population, compliance with guidelines was rather good, with prescription of a short half-life benzodiazepine in nearly three quarters of prescriptions and adequate dosage in nearly two third of cases. However, treatment discontinuation was never specified at the time of treatment initiation and rhythm of prescription was discontinuous in only one third of cases. In the older general population, duration of antidepressant treatment and biological monitoring was appropriate in only 20 % of patients, whereas nearly three quarters of subjects initiating a benzodiazepine treatment were treated over an appropriate duration. However, less than half of them had received a benzodiazepine anxiolytic of short half-life. The assessment of the impact of practice guidelines publication found no improvement of psychotropic drugs use. Other interventions should accompany guidelines publication in order to underline the importance of proper use of drugs, particularly antidepressant treatment duration and use of short half-life benzodiazepine drugs.

Les milieux côtiers subissent de fortes pressions dues aux activités anthropiques. Ces pressions vont parfois impacter les écosystèmes benthiques. En Europe, des réglementations internationales, telle que la Directive Cadre sur l’Eau (DCE), ont vu le jour. La DCE a fixé un cadre pour obtenir le retour et le maintien d’un bon état écologique pour les masses d’eau côtières, jusqu’à un mile de la côte. Pour vérifier si ce bon état écologique est atteint, des outils de mesure adaptés et performants sont nécessaires. L’utilisation d’indices biotiques basés sur les faunes de foraminifères benthiques est un des moyens pour mesurer l’état des écosystèmes. Ces indices basés sur les faunes de foraminifères sont en pleine expansion, notamment en Méditerranée. En termes de méthodologie, nous avons pu améliorer une technique de concentration des foraminifères benthiques par séparation par densité, qui accélère le traitement des échantillons. L’indice TSI-Med a la particularité d’apporter une correction pour l’état trophique naturel, c’est-à-dire le taux d’enrichissement naturel en matière organique, sur la base de la granulométrie du sédiment. Nos données suggèrent néanmoins que cette correction est encore insuffisante. Nous avons également comparé plusieurs indices biotiques basés sur les faunes de foraminifères benthiques le long des côtes méditerranéennes françaises. Les indices basés sur la diversité, notamment l’exp(H’bc), ne sont pas adaptés à notre zone d’étude oligotrophe. Les indices basés sur les groupes écologiques d’espèces que nous avons testés (TSI-Med, Foram-AMBI et FSI) sont plutôt bien corrélés. Le principal facteur qui va induire des différences entre ces indices est la liste d’assignation écologique des espèces. Trop d’espèces n’ont pas encore été assignées et l’assignation de plusieurs espèces majeures est problématique. Néanmoins, nous avons montré que ces indices sont efficaces à détecter l’impact d’un enrichissement en matière organique diffus et/ou provenant de source ponctuelle, telle que les rejets de stations d’épuration (côte israélienne). Pour perfectionner ces indices, des efforts de caractérisation écologique des espèces doivent être poursuivis. / Coastal environments suffer from anthropogenic activities. Various types of pressure can have large impacts on benthic ecosystems. In Europe, international regulations, such as the Water Framework Directive (WFD), have been implemented. The WFD aims to attain and sustain a good ecological status for all coastal waters, up to one mile from the coast. To verify whether this good status has been reached, adapted and efficient measuring tools are needed. The use of biotic indices based on foraminiferal faunas are a mean to assess the ecosystem status. The use of indices based on foraminiferal faunas rapidly increases, especially in the Mediterranean. In terms of methodology, we were able to improve a method to concentrate benthic foraminifera by density separation, which accelerates the sample treatment. The TSI-Med index includes a correction to take into account the natural trophic state, i.e., the natural enrichment rate in organic matter, on the basis of sediment grain size. However, our data suggest that the applied correction is still insufficient. We also compared several biotic indices based on benthic foraminiferal faunas along the French Mediterranean coast. Indices based on diversity, such as the exp(H’bc), are not suited for our oligotrophic study area. The results of three tested indices based on ecological groups (TSI-Med, Foram-AMBI, FSI) are well correlated. The main factor inducing differences between the indices is the list of ecological assignments for the various species. In general, too many species have not yet been assigned to ecological categories and the assignment of several major species is problematic. Nevertheless, we show that the indices are already efficient in detecting the impact of diffusive organic matter enrichment or enrichment from point sources, such as sewage outlets (Israelian coast). To further perfection the foraminiferal indices, the efforts of ecological assignments of species have to be continued

The diploma thesis Bon Repos and baroque monuments in surroundings of Lysá nad Labem deals with the area of Bon Repos and baroque monuments in surroundings of Lysá nad Labem that arose thanks to the benefactor Count Francis Anthony Spork. Unfortunately, most of the monuments no longer exist. The first part of this diploma thesis deals with the history of the town Lysá nad Labem and also with its monuments including the life of Count Spork. In the second part of the thesis we can find the detailed description of the ecclesiastical and the secular monuments in surroundings of Lysá nad Labem, which were built at the times during the Count Spork's life. The monuments' description was done according to the engravings and sources from the period of the first half of the 18th century. The third part of this thesis describes the area of Bon Repos which was built by Count Spork. In this part we can also find the history of the site and the description of its baroque form. Unfortunately, the site of Bon Repos was rebuilt by archbishop Prichovsky in the second half of the 18th century. It is for this reason that the description of the baroque site was done thanks to the engravings and sources from that period. Afterwards, we can find the description of the existing baroque and late baroque buildings that were...

No description available.

This thesis discusses the philosophy of positivism in nineteenth century France. Based on an empirical vision of society, positivism advocated values of rationality, progress, and secularization. In that way, it stood as one of the defining systems of thought of the modern era. I discuss, however, an undercurrent of anxiety about those same values. Positivism's founder, Auguste Comte, argued that all sciences would become unified and organized under universal principles and empirical standards. He viewed the human mind as becoming more rationalized throughout history. In his later career, however, he argued that rationalism was a destructive force and that a new form of secular religion as necessary to establish morality and order. I argue that this transition from science to religion represents an underlying anxiety of the nineteenth century. Intellectuals from different sides of the political spectrum viewed progress as positive, but also limited. They argued that something beyond science, in the realm of the religious, the metaphysical, or the subjective, was necessary for society. They expressed these concerns through the language of gender. Comte argued that women would be at the center of his religion. They would socialize and moralize men, making them part of a new unified, pacifist and orderly social whole. I also discuss two later intellectuals, social psychologist Gustave Le Bon and pioneering sociologist Emile Durkheim. Le Bon represented the fin-de-siecle rejection of positivism. He began with positivist principles, but later argued that humanity was irrational and violent. He viewed the modern masses as a powerful force which threatened to destroy civilization. The other figure, Durkheim, rejected Le Bon's form of nationalist right-wing thought and formed theories of social harmony, altruism, and a solidarity. He sought to reconcile egalitarian republican principles with positivist science. Despite their diverging theories, however, Le Bon and Durkheim employed similar assumptions about modernity and gender. Le Bon argued that European men were superior, and that all other groups shared an undeveloped mentality. Durkheim argued that men were social while women were simpler and mentally limited. Their views, far from establishing an unproblematic hierarchy of gender and race, in fact expressed anxieties about the state of modernity. They identified women, the lower classes, and other societies with values of simplicity, unity, and tradition. They identified the modern, Western male individual with the problems of modern society: excessive rationalization, instability, and secularization. This sense of ambivalence about modernity reveals the central importance of positivism to understanding nineteenth century thought. Positivism sought to reconcile seemingly antithetical principles of order with progress, individualism with social unity, and morality with rationalization. In doing so, it established anxieties about the forces of change. Positivists advocated the most modern of principles, and sought to further the progress of civilization, but also identified those rationalized forces as problems in need of control. Positivism thus established its own undoing, which would come at the beginning of the twentieth century. In that era, intellectuals rejected purely scientific visions of the world in favor of subjective thought. I locate the origins of that rejection at the very foundations of positivist theory.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.