No description available.

The purposes of this research were i) to compare skeletal muscle development, function and bone mineralization in girls with Turner's syndrome (TS) (n=7) and healthy control girls (n=13), and ii) to examine the effects of growth hormone (GH) and estrogen (E2) therapy on musculoskeletal variables using a case study approach in two TS girls and one healthy control. Anthropometric measurements included: height, body mass, percent fat, and muscle and bone cross-sectional areas and muscle density from computed axial tomography. Evoked peak twitch torque (TT), maximal voluntary strength (MVC), contractile properties and motor unit activation (MUA) were determined for the elbow flexors (EF), plantar flexors (PF) and the knee extensors (KE). Total body and segmental bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) were measured with dual photon absorptiometry. Dietary intake and participation in physical activity were assessed from questionnaires. Absolute strength (TT and MVC) for the TS patients was lower than that of the control girls' for EF, PF and KE and could not be accounted for by differences in muscle density, contractile properties, MUA, diet or level of physical activity. There were no significant differences in evoked and voluntary strength corrected for muscle area and lever length between the TS and control girls. Total body, leg and trunk BMC were lower in the TS girls compared to the controls; however, when normalized for body mass and bone width, total body BMC (g/kg) and BMD respectively were comparable between the TS and control girls. Growth hormone therapy increased height and lean mass, and reduced adiposity. All measures of arm strength increased but leg strength (PF & KE) was reduced. These may reflect the lack of GH effects on the leg muscle or possibly a detraining effect from the subject's withdraw! from a skating program. Growth hormone therapy resulted in increased leg BMC which may reflect a lag time between bone growth and subsequent mineralization. Estrogen therapy resulted in increased muscle area, fat mass and strength at all 3 muscle groups. The latter may be due to the laying down of muscle proteins as a result of estrogen therapy. The lack of major changes in BMC or BMD probably reflects the short duration of the follow-up period. Further studies are required with larger numbers for longer treatment periods in order to make conclusive statements about the effects of hormonal therapy on muscle function and bone mineralization in Turner's patients. / Thesis / Master of Science (MS)

No description available.

No description available.

Dental implants are designed to replace tooth loss, due to periodontal diseases, trauma or decay. Among the biomaterials used for this purpose, titanium and zirconia have been investigated for some years, with excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility. Surface treatments such as anodizing, with the incorporation of Mg, Ca and P in the structure of the titanium oxide films, were used in order to increase tribocorrosion resistance and improve the osseointegration process. The cellular response to surfaces is mediated, among other factors, by the extracellular matrix (ECM) . However, very little is still known about the ECM proteomics during mineralization. Our objective was a longitudinal comparison of osteoblastic behavior on different materials, in terms of mineralization volume and actin cytoskeleton status, associated with the proteomic analysis of the extracellular matrix. The three types of biomaterial surfaces (pure titanium, anodized titanium and zirconia) were imaged by confocal 3D microscopy and analyzed in terms of roughness. MC3T3 cells were cultivated on the biomaterials for 7, 14 and 21 days, with osteogenic medium containing calcein. The cells were then fixed, stained with Rhodamine phalloidin and DAPI, and imaged by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The quantification of mineralization and actin cytoskeleton was performed by a novel technique, based on the acquired 3D images. For the proteomic analysis, the specimens were washed, decellularized and the ECM was collected in buffer solution. The anodized titanium surface is more porous when compared to that of cp-Ti and zirconia, and superior mineralization was obtained over it after 21 days of culture. The actin microtubular volume was increased on the three materials on the first 14 days, but on the 21th day there was a reduction over anodized titanium and zirconia, related to mineralization phase.. Conclusion: The greater mineralization obtained over anodized titanium after 21 days demonstrated an improved response provided by the surface modification. The innovative volume quantification technique adopted was useful in providing information about the cellular status and biomaterial performance. Alpha-1_4 glucan phosphorylase and Glycogen phosphorylase brain form were down-regulated on zirconia after 7 and 14 days of culture, and up-regulated on Anod Ti on the 7th day, suggesting the influence of material surface roughness and chemical composition on energy metabolism. Proteins related to bone development, like TGF-3, were found exclusively on cp-Ti on the 21st day. The small number of identified proteins demonstrates that the chosen decellularization process was effective at reducing the proteome dataset. Altogether, our results reveal new insights regarding osseointegration and how material surfaces affect this process. / Implantes dentários são projetados para substituir a perda de dentes, que pode ser causada por doenças periodontais, traumas ou cáries. Entre os biomateriais utilizados para este fim, titânio e zircônia têm sido investigados durante alguns anos, com excelentes propriedades mecânicas e biocompatibilidade. Tratamentos de superfície como a anodização, com a incorporação de Mg, Ca e P na estrutura dos filmes de óxido de titânio, foram utilizados a fim de aumentar a resistência à tribocorrosão e melhorar o processo de osseointegração. A resposta celular às superfícies é mediada, entre outros fatores, pela matriz extracelular (ECM). No entanto, muito pouco ainda é conhecido sobre a proteômica da matriz óssea durante a mineralização. Nosso objetivo foi a comparação longitudinal do desempenho de osteoblastos em diferentes materiais em termos do volume da mineralização e do status do citoesqueleto de actina, associada à análise proteômica da matriz extracelular. Imagens dos três tipos de superfícies de biomateriais (titânio puro, titânio anodizado e zircônia) foram adquiridas por microscopia confocal 3D e analisadas em termos de rugosidade. Células MC3T3 foram cultivadas na superfície dos biomateriais durante 7, 14 e 21 dias, com meio osteogênico contendo calceína. As células foram então fixadas, coradas com faloidina-rodamina e DAPI, e levadas ao microscópio confocal de varredura a laser. A quantificação da mineralização e do citoesqueleto de actina foi feita por uma nova técnica, baseada em imagens 3D. Para a análise proteômica, os espécimes foram lavados, descelularizados e a matriz extracelular foi coletada em solução tampão. A superfície de titânio anodizado é mais porosa quando comparada com a de cp-Ti e zirconia e apresentou mineralização superior após 21 dias de cultura. O volume dos microtúbulos de actina foi aumentado sobre os três materiais nos primeiros 14 dias, mas no 21º dia houve uma redução relacionada ao aumento da mineralização sobre o titânio anodizado e zirconia. Conclusão: a mineralização superior obtida sobre o titânio anodizado após 21 dias de cultura demonstrou a melhoria provocada pela modificação de superfície. A nova técnica adotada para a quantificação do volume foi útil para fornecer informações sobre o status celular e o desempenho dos biomateriais. Alpha-1_4 glucano fosforilase e glicogênio fosforilase forma cerebral foram sub-expressas sobre a zircônia após 7 e 14 dias de cultura e sobre-expressas sobre o titânio anodizado no 7º dia, sugerindo a influência da rugosidade e composição química da superfície dos materiais no metabolismo de energia. Algumas proteínas relacionadas com o desenvolvimento ósseo, como a TGF- 3, foram encontradas exclusivamente sobre o cp-Ti no 21º dia. A pequena quantidade de proteínas identificadas demonstra que o processo de descelularização adotado foi eficiente em reduzir o conjunto de dados da análise proteômica. Em suma, nossos resultados revelam novos detalhes sobre a osseointegração e como a superfície dos materiais podem afetar esse processo.

Um estudo foi realizado para avaliar os efeitos da suplementação de uma fitase e duas fontes de Zinco (Zn), Cobre (Cu) e Manganês (Mn) sobre o desempenho produtivo e a digestibilidade de nutrientes em frangos de corte. Um total de 528 pintos da linhagem Cobb 500, machos com um dia (d) de idade foram distribuídos em 4 tratamentos com 12 repetições de 11 aves cada. Um arranjo fatorial 2 x 2 foi utilizado, sendo duas suplementações de fitase (com ou sem) e duas fontes minerais (inorgânica ou orgânica). A suplementação de fitase foi de 500 unidades de fitase (FTU)/kg, enquanto Zn-Cu-Mn foram suplementados em concentrações de 32-30-32 ou 100-120-100 ppm para as formas orgânica e inorgânica, respectivamente. Foi utilizado um programa alimentar de duas fases: inicial (1 a 12 d) e crescimento (12 a 25 d). As dietas foram formuladas de forma a atender as exigências nutricionais dos animais de acordo com a idade, exceto para Fósforo (P) disponível (Pd) e Cálcio (Ca), que tiveram níveis reduzidos (0,32% e 0,77 % na dieta inicial e 0,23% e 0,71 % na dieta crescimento para Pd e Ca, respectivamente). Os níveis de metionina nas dietas foram reduzidos conforme a adição de minerais orgânicos, que tinham como agente quelante metionina hidróxi-análoga (HMTBA). As tíbias das aves foram coletadas aos 12 e aos 25 dias de idade para determinação do teor de cinzas, Ca e P Aos 25 dias, também, foi coletado conteúdo ileal para determinação da digestibilidade ileal aparente da matéria seca (MS), Ca e P. A suplementação de fitase aumentou o ganho de peso (GP) e a conversão alimentar (CA) dos frangos dos 12 aos 25 dias e também no período acumulado (1 a 25 d). Foi observada interação entre fontes minerais e as fitases para digestibilidade de MS e P (P<0,05). A digestibilidade ileal da matéria seca foi maior nos frangos alimentados com dietas suplementadas com fitase, e também naqueles que receberam fontes inorgânicas de Zn-Cu-Mn. Os frangos que receberam dietas com fitase tiveram melhores coeficientes de digestibilidade de Ca e P (P<0,05). A fonte orgânica de microminerais resultou em maior o conteúdo de tíbia em percentual aos 12 dias. A suplementação de 500 FTU/kg de fitase nas dietas à base de milho e soja também levou a um aumento no conteúdo de cinzas das tíbias aos 12 e 25 dias, mas não houveram diferenças entre o conteúdo de Ca e P entre os animais alimentados com e sem fitase. Conclui-se que a suplementação de fitase melhora o desempenho produtivo, digestibilidade ileal de Ca e P e a mineralização óssea, e que concentrações mais baixas de minerais, através do uso de fontes orgânicas, podem ser utilizadas sem prejuízos ao desempenho animal. / A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of phytase and mineral sources of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn) on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of broiler chickens. A total of 528 Cobb x Cobb 500 male chicks were distributed into 4 treatments with 12 replicates of 11 birds each. A 2 x 2 factorial arrangement was used with two enzyme supplementation (with or without) and two mineral sources (inorganic or organic). Phytase supplementation were 500 phytase units (FTU)/kg whereas Zn-Cu-Mn were supplemented in a concentration of 32-30-32 or 100-120-100 ppm in organic and inorganic forms, respectively. A two-phase feeding program was used, from 1 to 12 (starter) and from 12 to 25 d (grower). Diets were formulated to meet bird’s nutritional requirements according to age, except for Available Phosphorus (Av.P) and Calcium (Ca), that were formulated at 0,32% and 0,77% in starter and 0,23% and 0,71% in grower, to Av P and Ca, respectively. Methionine levels were reduced according to organic minerals supplementation, that had hydroxy-analogue methionine (HMTBA) as the chelating agent. Tibiae were collected at 12 and 25 d to measure ash, Ca and P content Also, at 25 d, ileal contents were collected to determine apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter (DM), Ca and P. Body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was higher with phytase supplementation from 12 to 25 d and 1 to 25 d. Dry matter (DM) digestibility was higher in animals fed diets with phytase and also in those receiving inorganic minerals. Ca and P digestibility were improved by phytase. Interactions between mineral sources and enzyme were observed to DM and P digestibility. Treatment consisting of inorganic minerals and phytase was associated with higher values of P and DM digestibility. Organic mineral source improved ash content in percentage at 12 d. Supplementing phytase to the diets led to an increase in the percentage of ash content at 12 and 25 d, but there were no statistical differences in Ca and P content between animals receiving diets with or without the enzyme. In conclusion, phytase has benefitial impacts on performance, digestibility and bone mineralisation, and lower concentrations of minerals, with organic source, can be supplied without losses to animal performance.

Um estudo foi realizado para avaliar os efeitos da suplementação de uma fitase e duas fontes de Zinco (Zn), Cobre (Cu) e Manganês (Mn) sobre o desempenho produtivo e a digestibilidade de nutrientes em frangos de corte. Um total de 528 pintos da linhagem Cobb 500, machos com um dia (d) de idade foram distribuídos em 4 tratamentos com 12 repetições de 11 aves cada. Um arranjo fatorial 2 x 2 foi utilizado, sendo duas suplementações de fitase (com ou sem) e duas fontes minerais (inorgânica ou orgânica). A suplementação de fitase foi de 500 unidades de fitase (FTU)/kg, enquanto Zn-Cu-Mn foram suplementados em concentrações de 32-30-32 ou 100-120-100 ppm para as formas orgânica e inorgânica, respectivamente. Foi utilizado um programa alimentar de duas fases: inicial (1 a 12 d) e crescimento (12 a 25 d). As dietas foram formuladas de forma a atender as exigências nutricionais dos animais de acordo com a idade, exceto para Fósforo (P) disponível (Pd) e Cálcio (Ca), que tiveram níveis reduzidos (0,32% e 0,77 % na dieta inicial e 0,23% e 0,71 % na dieta crescimento para Pd e Ca, respectivamente). Os níveis de metionina nas dietas foram reduzidos conforme a adição de minerais orgânicos, que tinham como agente quelante metionina hidróxi-análoga (HMTBA). As tíbias das aves foram coletadas aos 12 e aos 25 dias de idade para determinação do teor de cinzas, Ca e P Aos 25 dias, também, foi coletado conteúdo ileal para determinação da digestibilidade ileal aparente da matéria seca (MS), Ca e P. A suplementação de fitase aumentou o ganho de peso (GP) e a conversão alimentar (CA) dos frangos dos 12 aos 25 dias e também no período acumulado (1 a 25 d). Foi observada interação entre fontes minerais e as fitases para digestibilidade de MS e P (P<0,05). A digestibilidade ileal da matéria seca foi maior nos frangos alimentados com dietas suplementadas com fitase, e também naqueles que receberam fontes inorgânicas de Zn-Cu-Mn. Os frangos que receberam dietas com fitase tiveram melhores coeficientes de digestibilidade de Ca e P (P<0,05). A fonte orgânica de microminerais resultou em maior o conteúdo de tíbia em percentual aos 12 dias. A suplementação de 500 FTU/kg de fitase nas dietas à base de milho e soja também levou a um aumento no conteúdo de cinzas das tíbias aos 12 e 25 dias, mas não houveram diferenças entre o conteúdo de Ca e P entre os animais alimentados com e sem fitase. Conclui-se que a suplementação de fitase melhora o desempenho produtivo, digestibilidade ileal de Ca e P e a mineralização óssea, e que concentrações mais baixas de minerais, através do uso de fontes orgânicas, podem ser utilizadas sem prejuízos ao desempenho animal. / A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of phytase and mineral sources of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn) on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of broiler chickens. A total of 528 Cobb x Cobb 500 male chicks were distributed into 4 treatments with 12 replicates of 11 birds each. A 2 x 2 factorial arrangement was used with two enzyme supplementation (with or without) and two mineral sources (inorganic or organic). Phytase supplementation were 500 phytase units (FTU)/kg whereas Zn-Cu-Mn were supplemented in a concentration of 32-30-32 or 100-120-100 ppm in organic and inorganic forms, respectively. A two-phase feeding program was used, from 1 to 12 (starter) and from 12 to 25 d (grower). Diets were formulated to meet bird’s nutritional requirements according to age, except for Available Phosphorus (Av.P) and Calcium (Ca), that were formulated at 0,32% and 0,77% in starter and 0,23% and 0,71% in grower, to Av P and Ca, respectively. Methionine levels were reduced according to organic minerals supplementation, that had hydroxy-analogue methionine (HMTBA) as the chelating agent. Tibiae were collected at 12 and 25 d to measure ash, Ca and P content Also, at 25 d, ileal contents were collected to determine apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter (DM), Ca and P. Body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was higher with phytase supplementation from 12 to 25 d and 1 to 25 d. Dry matter (DM) digestibility was higher in animals fed diets with phytase and also in those receiving inorganic minerals. Ca and P digestibility were improved by phytase. Interactions between mineral sources and enzyme were observed to DM and P digestibility. Treatment consisting of inorganic minerals and phytase was associated with higher values of P and DM digestibility. Organic mineral source improved ash content in percentage at 12 d. Supplementing phytase to the diets led to an increase in the percentage of ash content at 12 and 25 d, but there were no statistical differences in Ca and P content between animals receiving diets with or without the enzyme. In conclusion, phytase has benefitial impacts on performance, digestibility and bone mineralisation, and lower concentrations of minerals, with organic source, can be supplied without losses to animal performance.

Um estudo foi realizado para avaliar os efeitos da suplementação de uma fitase e duas fontes de Zinco (Zn), Cobre (Cu) e Manganês (Mn) sobre o desempenho produtivo e a digestibilidade de nutrientes em frangos de corte. Um total de 528 pintos da linhagem Cobb 500, machos com um dia (d) de idade foram distribuídos em 4 tratamentos com 12 repetições de 11 aves cada. Um arranjo fatorial 2 x 2 foi utilizado, sendo duas suplementações de fitase (com ou sem) e duas fontes minerais (inorgânica ou orgânica). A suplementação de fitase foi de 500 unidades de fitase (FTU)/kg, enquanto Zn-Cu-Mn foram suplementados em concentrações de 32-30-32 ou 100-120-100 ppm para as formas orgânica e inorgânica, respectivamente. Foi utilizado um programa alimentar de duas fases: inicial (1 a 12 d) e crescimento (12 a 25 d). As dietas foram formuladas de forma a atender as exigências nutricionais dos animais de acordo com a idade, exceto para Fósforo (P) disponível (Pd) e Cálcio (Ca), que tiveram níveis reduzidos (0,32% e 0,77 % na dieta inicial e 0,23% e 0,71 % na dieta crescimento para Pd e Ca, respectivamente). Os níveis de metionina nas dietas foram reduzidos conforme a adição de minerais orgânicos, que tinham como agente quelante metionina hidróxi-análoga (HMTBA). As tíbias das aves foram coletadas aos 12 e aos 25 dias de idade para determinação do teor de cinzas, Ca e P Aos 25 dias, também, foi coletado conteúdo ileal para determinação da digestibilidade ileal aparente da matéria seca (MS), Ca e P. A suplementação de fitase aumentou o ganho de peso (GP) e a conversão alimentar (CA) dos frangos dos 12 aos 25 dias e também no período acumulado (1 a 25 d). Foi observada interação entre fontes minerais e as fitases para digestibilidade de MS e P (P<0,05). A digestibilidade ileal da matéria seca foi maior nos frangos alimentados com dietas suplementadas com fitase, e também naqueles que receberam fontes inorgânicas de Zn-Cu-Mn. Os frangos que receberam dietas com fitase tiveram melhores coeficientes de digestibilidade de Ca e P (P<0,05). A fonte orgânica de microminerais resultou em maior o conteúdo de tíbia em percentual aos 12 dias. A suplementação de 500 FTU/kg de fitase nas dietas à base de milho e soja também levou a um aumento no conteúdo de cinzas das tíbias aos 12 e 25 dias, mas não houveram diferenças entre o conteúdo de Ca e P entre os animais alimentados com e sem fitase. Conclui-se que a suplementação de fitase melhora o desempenho produtivo, digestibilidade ileal de Ca e P e a mineralização óssea, e que concentrações mais baixas de minerais, através do uso de fontes orgânicas, podem ser utilizadas sem prejuízos ao desempenho animal. / A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of phytase and mineral sources of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn) on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of broiler chickens. A total of 528 Cobb x Cobb 500 male chicks were distributed into 4 treatments with 12 replicates of 11 birds each. A 2 x 2 factorial arrangement was used with two enzyme supplementation (with or without) and two mineral sources (inorganic or organic). Phytase supplementation were 500 phytase units (FTU)/kg whereas Zn-Cu-Mn were supplemented in a concentration of 32-30-32 or 100-120-100 ppm in organic and inorganic forms, respectively. A two-phase feeding program was used, from 1 to 12 (starter) and from 12 to 25 d (grower). Diets were formulated to meet bird’s nutritional requirements according to age, except for Available Phosphorus (Av.P) and Calcium (Ca), that were formulated at 0,32% and 0,77% in starter and 0,23% and 0,71% in grower, to Av P and Ca, respectively. Methionine levels were reduced according to organic minerals supplementation, that had hydroxy-analogue methionine (HMTBA) as the chelating agent. Tibiae were collected at 12 and 25 d to measure ash, Ca and P content Also, at 25 d, ileal contents were collected to determine apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter (DM), Ca and P. Body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was higher with phytase supplementation from 12 to 25 d and 1 to 25 d. Dry matter (DM) digestibility was higher in animals fed diets with phytase and also in those receiving inorganic minerals. Ca and P digestibility were improved by phytase. Interactions between mineral sources and enzyme were observed to DM and P digestibility. Treatment consisting of inorganic minerals and phytase was associated with higher values of P and DM digestibility. Organic mineral source improved ash content in percentage at 12 d. Supplementing phytase to the diets led to an increase in the percentage of ash content at 12 and 25 d, but there were no statistical differences in Ca and P content between animals receiving diets with or without the enzyme. In conclusion, phytase has benefitial impacts on performance, digestibility and bone mineralisation, and lower concentrations of minerals, with organic source, can be supplied without losses to animal performance.

Consensus in scientific literature is that hyperglycemia, which is a condition that manifests in individuals with uncontrolled diabetes, causes compromised bone growth, but the exact mechanisms of are unknown. It has been estimated that 5% of dental implant failures that have previously been linked to unknown causes may be associated with undiagnosed diabetes. It is important to study the early stages of bone growth as it is accepted that they are critical in the long-term success rate of endosseous implants. This study aimed to investigate the bone healing seen in the hyperglycemic group compared to the normal (i.e. control) group, at an early time point, using high-resolution microscopy techniques. Ten young (200-250gram) male Wistar rats were used for this study with five rats assigned to the control group and the other five rats intravenously injected with 65 mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ) to induce diabetes. An osteotomy model was used to make a 1.3mm defect in the diaphysis of the rat femurs. After five days, the femurs were removed, fixed in glutaraldehyde, dehydrated, and embedded in resin. Structural and chemical analyses were conducted on the samples using a variety of microscopy techniques to examine various factors of bone quality including: bone porosity, relative mineralization level, and the arrangement of collagen and mineral. When analyzing the micro-structure, the hyperglycemic group showed increased porosity in the newly formed bone as compared to the control group. However, no significant differences were found in the nano-structure when analyzing the arrangement of collagen and mineral.Therefore, the results in this thesis suggest that alterations in micro-architecture rather than nano-architecture may play a pivotal role in the compromised bone healing in uncontrolled diabetes at this five-day time point. Future work should investigate additional time points in the bone healing process. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc) / According to the International Diabetes Federation, 387 million people worldwide are living with diabetes of which 46.3% are undiagnosed. Uncontrolled diabetes results in hyperglycemia, which is a condition where there is an increased level of glucose in the blood. When diabetes is not regulated correctly with medication, it leads to problems in the long-term success rate of dental implants. The objective of this thesis was to investigate the early stages of bone formation, which are accepted to be critical in the long-term success rate of dental implants, in hyperglycemic animal models compared to control groups using various microscopy techniques. The different techniques used allowed for the structural and elemental compositions of bone to be studied on the micro-scale and nano-scale. It was shown that at the 5-day healing time point studied, the micro-structure, rather than the nano-structure, was negatively altered in the hyperglycemic group compared to the control group.

No description available.