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No description available.

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>Sandhoff disease (SD) is a monogenic lysosomal storage disorder caused by a lack of a functional β-subunit of the beta-hexosaminidase A and B enzymes. The clinical phenotype of <em>Hexb</em>^-/-mouse model recapitulates the symptoms and signs of Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff diseases in human. To gain insight into the neuropathology of Sandhoff disease, we defined the role of TNFα in the development and progression of Sandhoff disease pathology in mice, by generating a <em>Hexb^-/-Tnf</em><em>a</em><em>^-/-</em> double knock-out mouse. Behavioural testing and immunostaining data revealed the neurodegenerative role of TNFα in disease pathology. Double knock-out mice showed ameliorated clinical course, with prolonged life span. TNFα-deficient Sandhoff mice also demonstrate decreased levels of astrogliosis, and reduced neuronal cell death. Deletion of <em>Tnfα</em> in Sandhoff mice inhibited JAK2/STAT3 pathway, implicating its role in glia cell activation. This result points to TNFa as a potential therapeutic target to attenuate neuro-pathogenesis.</p> <p>To investigate whether blood-derived or CNS-derived TNFα has the major impact on neurological function, we transplanted <em>Hexb^-/-Tnfα^+/+</em> with bone marrow from either <em>Hexb^-/-Tnfα^-/-</em>or <em>Hexb^-/-Tnf</em><em>a</em><em>^+/+</em> mice donors. Neurological tests shows a significant clinical improvement for Hexb<em>^-/-Tnfα^-/-</em> compared to <em>Hexb^-/-Tnf</em><em>a</em><em>^+/+</em> recipient, regardless the genotype of donor cells. These findings highlight the importance of resident-derived TNFα during the robust neurodegenerative consequences in Sandhoff disease. To understand of the role of microRNAs in Sandhoff pathology, we investigated the miRNA profile in Sandhoff brains. A pattern of dys-regulated microRNAs was evident in Sandhoff CNS. Microarray identified miR-210 and miR-96 dys-regulated pattern in the CNS of Sandhoff mice. Strikingly, neuronal pentraxin, a putative target gene for miR-210, was induced in Sandhoff brains.</p> <p>Taken together, this work establishes the proinflammatory role of TNFα in Sandhoff pathology, leading to massive neuro-apoptosis. Importantly, our studies propose that neuronal pentraxin as a novel target gene for microRNA-210 in Sandhoff brain samples, providing a potential modulator of neurodegeneration.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Functional impairment of the bone marrow (BM) niche has been suggested as a major reason for prolonged cytopenia and secondary graft failure after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT). Because mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) serve as multipotent progenitors for several niche components in the BM, they might play a key role in this process. We used collagenase digested trephine biopsies to directly quantify MSCs in 73 patients before (n = 18) and/or after alloHCT (n = 65). For the first time, we demonstrate that acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD, n = 39) is associated with a significant decrease in MSC numbers. MSC reduction can be observed even before the clinical onset of aGvHD (n = 10). Assessing MSCs instantly after biopsy collection revealed phenotypic and functional differences depending on the occurrence of aGvHD. These differences vanished during ex vivo expansion. The MSC endotypes observed revealed an enhanced population of donor-derived classical dendritic cells type 1 and alloreactive T cells as the causing agent for compartmental inflammation and MSC damage before clinical onset of aGvHD was ascertained. In conclusion, MSCs endotypes may constitute a predisposing conductor of alloreactivity after alloHCT preceding the clinical diagnosis of aGvHD.

Improving the repopulation potential of human umbilical cord blood (UCB) haemopoietic stem cells (HSCs) remains a paramount goal in HSC transplantation (HSCT) therapy. This implies enhancing the homing and engraftment potential of UCB-CD34+CD133+ cells to the bone marrow (BM). Although an array of molecules continues to be identified as ‘key’ homing molecules, the molecular mechanisms controlling HSC homing are still not fully understood. The regulatory implications of hypoxia in the BM, with the concomitant stabilisation of hypoxia inducible transcription factor-1α (HIF-1α), are becoming more apparent, yet at the commencement of this thesis no study had explored whether hypoxia induced signalling can be adopted to regulate the homing and engraftment of transplanted HSCs. The aim of this DPhil project was thus to investigate whether hypoxic conditions as detected in the BM influence the adhesion of UBC-CD133+ cells to osteoblasts, BM stromal cells and BM endothelial cells-60 (BMEC-60), as well as their transmigration towards chemokine SDF-1α across BMEC-60. Increasing the exposure of UCB-CD133+ cells to 1.5% O2 doubled the percentage of transmigrating cells (p<0.05), and while hypoxia stimulated UCB-CD133+ cells preferentially adhered to IL-1β stimulated BMEC-60, their adhesion to non-stimulated (BMEC-60) was significantly improved (p<0.001). To help unravel the underlying molecular mechanisms, we attempted to examine the potential involvement of hypoxia regulated scaffolding protein HEF-1/NEDD9/Cas-L (HEF-1) in the increased percentage of migrating UCB-CD133+ cells after hypoxia pre-conditioning. The role of HEF-1 in HSCs is unexplored, and its multifunctional contribution in a variety of processes including cell migration, attachment and invasion make HEF-1 a prime candidate as a contributing homing molecule. After identifying a suitable short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) sequence to knockdown HEF-1, generating lentiviral (LV)-particles in house and optimising transduction protocols, HEF-1 knockdown was achieved in haemopoietic model cell lines KG-1 and KG-1A (KG-1/KG-1A–HEF1). Significantly decreased KG-1A–HEF1 cell adhesion to non-stimulated BMEC-60 was detected. Together, these studies provide a promising platform to further explore the role of HEF-1 in hypoxia induced UCB-CD133+ cell transmigration towards the key homing molecule SDF-1α.

Streptococcus suis est une bactérie encapsulée causant des pertes économiques majeures dans l’industrie porcine en provoquant la méningite et la septicémie chez le porc. C’est aussi un important agent zoonotique. Depuis de nombreuses années de recherche sur des vaccins, aucun n’est efficace et commercialement disponible. En effet, les bactérines (bactéries entières inactivées) autogènes sont les plus couramment utilisées sur le terrain, mais demeurent avec des résultats controversés. Pourtant, S. suis exprime de nombreux composants immunogéniques pouvant être potentiellement utilisés pour des vaccins sous-unitaires. Cependant, tester la capacité immunogénique de ces nombreux candidats vaccinaux ainsi qu’évaluer le meilleur adjuvant pour la formulation d’un vaccin contre S. suis est un processus long et onéreux qui requiert l’utilisation d’un nombre élevé d’animaux. En effet, les essais vaccinaux contre S. suis débutent par un premier dépistage chez la souris pour ensuite être testés chez le porc. Il est donc nécessaire de développer des stratégies permettant d’avancer et de faciliter la recherche. Dans cette optique, un système in vitro a été développé utilisant des cellules dendritiques (DC) différenciées à partir des cellules souches de la moelle osseuse de fémur de porc. Ce modèle permettra l’analyse des candidats vaccinaux et de leur potentiel immunogénique ainsi que l’évaluation préliminaire des adjuvants. Ce système in vitro pourrait réduire le nombre d’animaux utilisés pour les essais précliniques en délivrant des connaissances immunologiques fondamentales sur les formulations de vaccins testés, dont ceux retenus mériteront une étude approfondie chez l’animal. Pour développer ce modèle in vitro, l’utilisation de plusieurs cultures de DCs, dérivées des cellules souches de la moelle osseuse de 10 porcelets différents, ont été utilisées afin de tenir compte du polymorphisme génétique de chacun. Différents composants antigéniques de S. suis, dont leurs pouvoirs immunogéniques ont déjà été évalués lors des essais vaccinaux, ont été choisis. Parmi eux, une protéine de surface de S. suis a été sélectionnée : l’énolase. In vivo, elle a été reconnue comme ayant une forte immunogénicité, cependant la protection conférée par cette protéine dépend de l’adjuvant utilisé dans la formulation vaccinale. La capsule polysaccharidique (CPS) de S. suis, l’antigène le plus exposé en surface de la bactérie et en première ligne de contact avec le système immunitaire, est le deuxième antigène à être sélectionné pour cette étude. Étant donné la faible immunogénicité de la CPS, reliée à sa nature polysaccharidique, un prototype glycoconjugué a été précédemment développé dans notre laboratoire et son effet protecteur a été validé chez le porc. Le glycoconjugué et ses dérivées ont aussi fait l’objet de cette présente étude. Finalement, la capacité des DCs à répondre à des bactérines a aussi été évaluée. Différentes catégories d’adjuvants ont été sélectionnées (Poly I:C, Quil A, Alhydrogel 2%, TiterMax Gold et Stimune) et leurs effets ont été comparés. L’activation des DCs a été évaluée par la production de cytokines de type 1 (IL-12 et TNF-α) et de type 2 (IL-6). Il a été observé que les adjuvants intensifiaient l’activation des DCs par une augmentation de production des cytokines par rapport aux antigènes seuls. De plus, il a été constaté que les DCs distinguaient un adjuvant de type 1 ou de type 2 par l’observation d’un profil cytokinique spécifique à chaque type de réponse suite à leur activation par les adjuvants combinés aux différents antigènes. Il a aussi été constaté que l’ampleur de la production de cytokines variait selon la nature de l’antigène présent avec les adjuvants. Enfin, il a été noté que les DCs répondaient différemment selon la nature chimique des antigènes. En conclusion, ce système in vitro a permis d’évaluer la capacité immunogénique de candidats vaccinaux, mais aussi de présélectionner les meilleurs adjuvants favorisant la réponse immunitaire désirée contre S. suis. À cette fin, ce modèle pourrait permettre la réduction du nombre d’animaux utilisés en test préclinique, en permettant une présélection des candidats vaccinaux à tester in vivo ou en fournissant des connaissances scientifiques additionnelles sur des choix des candidats cibles. Sur le long terme, ce modèle facilitera la découverte des vaccins sous-unitaires contre S. suis. / Streptococcus suis, an encapsulated bacterium, is a major swine pathogen and an important zoonotic agent mainly causing septicemia and meningitis. Despite decades of vaccine research, no effective vaccine is currently commercially available. Indeed, autogenous bacterins (whole inactivated bacteria) are the most commonly used vaccines in the field; however, their protective capacity remains controversial. Nevertheless, S. suis expresses many immunogenic constituents that may have potential as sub-unit vaccines. However, testing the immunogenic potential of the many S. suis candidates and appropriate adjuvants is a long and costly process requiring the use of many animals. Indeed, studies of vaccines against S. suis start with a first screening in mice prior to evaluation in pigs. Therefore, it is necessary to develop strategies to advance and facilitate the research. Hence, an in vitro porcine bone marrow-derived dendritic cell (DC) culture was developed as a model for screening vaccine candidates, evaluation of their immunogenicity, and assessment of the best(s) adjuvant(s) to be used. This model could reduce the number of animals used in pre-clinical trials by providing fundamental immunological knowledge on selected vaccine formulations that would deserve further analysis in animal trials. To develop this model, porcine bone marrow-derived DC cultures from 10 different pigs were used to take into account the genetic polymorphism of individual animals. Different antigenic components of S. suis, the immunogenic properties of which have already been evaluated in vaccine trials, were selected. Among them, a surface protein of S. suis was selected: enolase. In vivo, this protein has been recognized as having high immunogenicity; however, the protection conferred by this protein depends on the adjuvant used in the vaccine formulation. The S. suis capsular polysaccharide (CPS), the most exposed antigen on the surface of the bacterium and the first line of contact with the immune system, is the second antigen selected for this study. Given the low immunogenicity of CPS, linked to its polysaccharide nature, a prototype glycoconjugate vaccine was previously developed in our laboratory and its protective effect validated in pigs. This glycoconjugate and its derivatives have also been the subject of this study. Finally, the ability of DCs to respond to bacterins was also evaluated. Different categories of adjuvants (Poly I:C, Quil A, Alhydrogel 2%, TiterMax Gold, and Stimune) were compared. The activation of DCs was evaluated by the production of type 1 (IL-12 and TNF-α) and type 2 (IL-6) cytokines. It was observed that adjuvants amplify DC activation as demonstrated by an increase of cytokine production when compared to the antigen alone. Moreover, DCs distinguish type 1 or 2 adjuvants in combination with different S. suis antigens, according to the cytokine profile observed. It has also been found that the extent of cytokine production varies depending on the nature of the antigen present with the adjuvants. Finally, it was observed that DCs respond differently depending on the chemical nature of the antigens. In conclusion, this in vitro model allows the evaluation of the immunogenic potential of vaccine candidates while also screening for adjuvants favoring the desired immune response against S. suis. Therefore, this model could permit a reduction in the number of animals used in pre-clinical trials by allowing a preselection of candidates to be tested in vivo or by providing additional scientific knowledge as a basis for the target choices. As a result, the list of candidates to be screened in the natural host in vivo would be reduced, facilitating the discovery of a subunit vaccine against S. suis.

La cardiomyopathie ischémique et l’insuffisance cardiaque (IC) sont deux des principales causes de morbidité et de mortalité dans les pays industrialisés. L’IC représente la condition finale résultant de plusieurs pathologies affectant le myocarde. Au Canada, plus de 400 000 personnes souffrent d’IC. Malgré la grande variété de traitements disponibles pour prendre en charge ces patients à haut risque de mortalité, l’évolution et le pronostic clinique de cette population demeurent sombres. Les thérapies de régénération par transplantation cellulaire représentent de nouvelles approches pour traiter les patients souffrant d’IC. L’impact de cette approche cellulaire et les mécanismes qui sous-tendent l’application de ce nouveau mode de traitement demeurent obscurs. Les hypothèses proposées dans cette thèse sont les suivantes : 1) l’évolution à long terme des patients qui se présentent en IC grave est nettement défavorable malgré les techniques actuelles de revascularisation chirurgicale à cœur battant; 2) la thérapie cellulaire et, plus spécifiquement, l’injection intracoronaire précoce de milieu de culture cellulaire, permet d’améliorer la récupération fonctionnelle du ventricule gauche suite à un infarctus aigu du myocarde; et 3) la mobilisation de l’axe cœur-moelle osseuse constitue un mécanisme de réponse important lors de la survenue d’un événement ischémique chronique affectant le myocarde. / Congestive heart failure (CHF) remains a leading cause of mortality in the developed world. There are more than 400,000 diagnosed cases of this pathology in Canada. Despite the numerous treatment options available for patients presenting with left ventricular dysfunction, the evolution of this population is still dismal. Stem cell transplantation is a potential approach to repopulate the injured myocardium, to treat heart failure, and to restore cardiac function. However, the exact mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of this approach remain to be elucidated. The hypotheses of this thesis are the following: 1) the long-term evolution of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery is still poor, even when considering the use of new innovative surgical strategies such as off-pump coronary revascularization; 2) the intracoronary injection of concentrated biologically active factors secreted by stem cells can achieve early protection of the ischemic myocardium and preserve heart function; and 3) the bone marrow/heart interaction in a critical axis is involved in chronic myocardial repair following persistent ischemic injury.

Thesis summary The process of B cell lymphogenesis in swine remains uncertain. Some reports indicate that pigs belong to a group of animal that use ileal Peyers's patches (IPP) for the generation of B cells while others point to the possibility that the bone marrow is functional throughout life. The functional subpopulations of B cells in swine are also unknown. Together with other ruminants, and also birds, γδ T cells in swine may account for >70% of all T cells which is in apparent contrast with humans and mice. The purpose of this thesis was to address these discrepancies and unresolved issues. The results disprove the existing paradigm that the IPP is primary lymphoid tissue and that B cells develop in IPP in an antigen-independent manner. On the other hand, it shows that bone marrow is fully capable of B cell lymphogenesis and remains active at least for the same period of time as it had been speculated for the IPP. This thesis also identified functionally different subsets of porcine peripheral B cells, and shows that CD21 molecules can be expressed in differential forms. Finally, this thesis identifies two lineages of γδ T cells that differ in many functional and phenotype features. This finding may explain why γδ T cells constitute of minority of lymphocytes in circulation of humans and mice.

Pacientes submetidos ao transplante de medula óssea, apresentando hematúria/cistite hemorrágica, tiveram amostras de urina analisadas pela microscopia eletrônica. Esta foi a técnica escolhida de pesquisa viral pela sua confiabilidade. Noventa em 402 pacientes submetidos ao transplante de medula óssea neste serviço apresentaram hematúria/cistite hemorrágica (incidência de 22%). O estudo por microscopia eletrônica foi realizado em 72 destes pacientes com hematúria/cistite hemorrágica (grupo de estudo), identificando 55,6% (40/72) de positividade viral. Foram também estudadas amostras de urina de 12 pacientes submetidos ao transplante de medula óssea sem hematúria/cistite hemorrágica (grupo controle); houve associação significante entre a presença de vírus e hematúria/cistite hemorrágica (p<0,01 - Teste exato de Fisher). No grupo com hematúria/cistite hemorrágica, 65% (26/40) dos vírus detectados pertenciam à família Poliomaviridae, 30% (12/40) à Adenoviridae, e 5% (2/40) foram positivos para ambas as famílias. Houve associação entre a positividade para vírus e a presença da doença enxerto-contra-hospedeiro (p=0,05-x2) e o de início tardio (>dia+21) da H/CH (P=0,04-x2), bem como entre a doença enxerto-contra-hospedeiro e a severidade da H/CH (p=0,04-x2). O presente estudo mostra que a microscopia eletrônica é uma ferramenta útil para detecção de vírus na urina de pacientes submetidos ao transplante de medula óssea apresentando hematúria/cistite hemorrágica e que o vírus provavelmente tem um papel no desenvolvimento do sangramento urinário, o qual é agravado pelo doença enxerto-contra-hospedeiro. A microscopia eletrônica deveria ser realizada rotineiramente para guiar as outras técnicas de detecção viral, como a imunocitoquímica e biologia molecular. / Patients submitted to bone marrow transplantation presenting hematuria/hemorrhagic cystitis had the urine analyzed by electron microscopy. It was the elected technique for viral search because its reliability. Ninety from 402 patients submitted to bone marrow transplantation at this service showed hematuria/hemorrhagic cystitis (incidence of 22%). Electron microscopy study was performed in 72 of these patients with hematuria/hemorrhagic cystitis (study group), identifying 55.5% (40/72) of viral positivity. It was also study the urine of 12 patients submitted to bone marrow transplantation without hematuria/hemorrhagic cystitis (control group); there was a significant association between the presence of virus and hematuria/hemorrhagic cystitis (p<0.01). In the hematuria/hemorrhagic cystitis group, 65% (26/40) of the virus belonged to Poliomaviridae family, 30% (12/40) to Adenoviridae, and 5% (2/40) to both families. There was association between the status of graft-versus-host disease and positivity for virus (p=0.05), as well as between graft-versus-host disease and the severity of hematuria/hemorrhagic cystitis (p=0.04). The present study shows that electron microscopy is a useful tool for detection of virus in urine of patients submitted to bone marrow transplantation presenting hematuria/hemorrhagic cystitis and that the virus probably play a role in the development of the urinary bleeding, which is aggravated by graft-versus-host disease. Electron microscopy should be performed routinely to guide the other techniques for viral detection, like immunocitochemistry and molecular biology.