L’association symbiotique entre les légumineuses et les rhizobia aboutit à la formation de la nodosité fixatrice d’azote. Cet organe symbiotique généré de-novo permet l’hébergement intracellulaire des rhizobia qui, grâce à leurs activités nitrogénase,réduisent l’azote atmosphérique en ammonium, une forme de l’azote directement assimilable par la plante hôte.Les mécanismes moléculaires sous-jacents à la reconnaissance entre les deux partenaires symbiotiques, au processus d’infection et à l’organogénèse de la nodosité sont bien décrits, cependantl’établissement et la maintenance de l’identité de cet unique organe souterrain restent incompris.Les gènes NODULE-ROOT de Medicago truncatula, BLADEON-PETIOLE d’Arabidopsis thaliana et COCHLEATA de Pisumsativum sont membres du clade spécifique très conservé NOOTBOP-COCH-LIKE1 (NBCL1) qui fait partie de la famille des gènesNON-EXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS RELATED PROTEIN1-LIKE. Chez les légumineuses, les membres de ce clade NBCL1 sont connus comme étant des régulateurs clés de l’identité de l’organe symbiotique.Mon travail de thèse a eu pour but d’améliorer la compréhension des rôles des gènes NBCL1, à la fois chez des espèces formant des nodosités indéterminées et déterminées, ainsi que de découvrir de nouveaux acteurs moléculaires impliqués dans l’identité de la nodosité dont la régulation est dépendante des gènesNBCL1, essentiellement par l’utilisation de mutants TILLING, Tnt1et LORE1 originaux chez trois espèces de légumineuses: la luzerne tronquée, le petit pois et le lotier.Ce travail rapporte essentiellement l’identification et la caractérisation de nouveaux mutants affectés dans des gènes qui font partie d’un second sous-clade NBCL2 spécifique des légumineuses.Nous avons révélé que les membres de ce sous-clade spécifique des légumineuses NBCL2 jouent d’importants rôles dans le développement de la nodosité, dans l’établissement et la maintenance de l’identité de la nodosité et par conséquence dans le succès et l’efficacité de l’association symbiotique.Ce travail suggère aussi qu’au cours de l’évolution, le programme de développement de la nodosité a recruté des mécanismes de régulations préexistants afin de réguler le développement de la nodosité et son identité, tel que le module de régulation impliquant des interactions entre des protéines NBCL et des facteurs de transcriptions basic leucine zipper de type TGACG. Nous avons identifié le facteur de transcription MtPERIANTHIA-LIKE, comme un premier partenaire protéique interagissant avec des protéines NBLC dans un contexte de nodosité symbiotique. Les gènes NBCL sont aussi impliqués dans les réseaux de régulations qui contrôlent le développement et le déterminisme de nombreux organes végétatifs et reproductifs aériens et sont également impliqués dans la capacité d’abscission de ces organes.Finalement, ce travail thèse a eu pour objectif d’explorer les rôles de ces gènes NBCL très conservés, dans le développement de la graminée non-domestiquée, Brachypodium distachyon. / The symbiotic interaction between legumes andrhizobia results in the formation of a symbiotic nitrogen fixingnodule.This de-novo generated symbiotic organ allows the intracellularaccommodation of the rhizobia which reduces through theirnitrogenase activity the atmospheric nitrogen in ammonium, anitrogen form usable by the host plant.The molecular mechanisms underlying the symbiotic partnersrecognition, the infection process and the nodule organogenesis arewell described, however the identity establishment and maintenanceof this unique underground organ remain mis-understood.The Medicago truncatula NODULE-ROOT, the Arabidopsisthaliana BLADE-ON-PETIOLE and the Pisum sativumCOCHLEATA genes are members of a highly conserved NOOTBOP-COCH-LIKE1 (NBCL1) specific clade that belongs to theNON-EXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS RELATED PROTEIN1-LIKE gene family. In legumes, the members of this NBCL1 cladeare known as key regulators of the symbiotic nodule identity.The present thesis work aims to better understand the roles of theNBCL1 genes, in both indeterminate and determinate nodule formingspecies and to discover new molecular actors involved in theNBCL1-dependent regulation of the nodule identity essentially usingnovel TILLING, Tnt1 and LORE1 insertional mutants in three legumespecies, Medicago, Pisum and Lotus.This thesis work has allowed the identification and thecharacterization of new mutants for genes belonging to a secondarylegume-specific NBCL2 sub-clade. We revealed that the members ofthis legume-specific NBCL2 sub-clade play important roles in noduledevelopment, identity establishment and maintenance, andconsequently in the success and in the efficiency of the symbioticassociation.This thesis work also shows that during evolution, the noduledevelopmental program has recruited pre-existing regulatorymechanisms for the nodule development and identity, such as theregulatory module involving interactions between NBCL proteins andTGACG type basic leucine zipper transcription factors. We identifiedthe transcription factor, MtPERIANTHIA-LIKE, as a first interactingpartner of NBCL proteins in a context of root nodule symbiosis.NBCL genes are also involved in the regulatory networks thatcontrol the development and the determinacy of many abovegroundvegetative and reproductive organs and were also shown as involvedin their abscission ability.In this thesis we also explored the roles of these highly conservedNBCL genes in the development of the non-domesticated grass,Brachypodium distachyon.

Patrick and Felicia are a couple who run a farm. Every day they harvest their crops and sell them at the local market. This is the family's everyday life and today's income goes to all the family'sexpenses such as food, water, and transport to the market. At the end of the day, the family's totalbudget results in plus or minus zero. The crop that was not sold must be thrown away because itrots during the night. If the family had a refrigerator, they would have been able to store the cropsand extend their life of it, which in turn gives them the opportunity to also sell the crops the nextday and earn more money. The crux of the family is that the cheapest refrigerator on the marketis far too expensive to buy and operate due to electricity costs. The cooler of MittiCool Clay is acooler made of clay that costs around 1000 SEK and does not need electricity. Instead, it uses thenatural laws of thermodynamics to cool the contents making it free to operate.This is an example of a scenario where a product can create value for a family living in a resourceconstrainedenvironment (RCE). The product can offer a possible way to be able to save moneyand eventually be able to afford schooling for their child, a savings capital for crises and healthcareThis thesis uses a human-centred design process to create a solution for this target group. Thechallenge for these particular people in this project is the low access to clean water.Through a need-finding process that resulted in 10 insights that served as a guide in the project.In three workshops and with a contoured idea generation process with residents and designteachers, a variety of ideas could be developed. The ideas were put together and became concepts.The concept was evaluated through an evaluation matrix based on the needs of the users, thetechnical possibility, and the potential financial sustainability. At the end of the evaluationprocess, one concept remained Life Cube. The concept is a franchise, product and a service thatenables residents to clean their grey cat through an off-grid "cube" to drinkable quality. Theconcept also provides an opportunity for a prospective cube owner to run his own business andoffer this service.Four billion people live at the bottom of the socio-economic pyramid and can be potentialcustomers. The feasibility study showed that there are very few products in this market today andthat the number of potential customers is large. Creating a so-called ‘frugal innovation’, combinedwith the fact that it is financially sustainable with very small funds, is complex. This requires thatthe innovator works locally with the user's specific needs and usually with local resources and thatthe local economic and physical infrastructure is considered.The conclusion is that one can use human-centred design to create products and services for peopleliving in a resource-constrained environment. The basis of the process is based on people's needs,economic situation, infrastructure, institutions, resource availability, which are essential factorsto consider for the solution desired by the user, technically viable and financially sustainable. Asecond conclusion is that the difficulties of product development towards this target group requireresources and knowledge that are not usually required in product development contexts towardsthe market that belonged to the top of the socio-economic pyramid, which can complicate theproduct development. / Patrick och Felicia är ett par som driver en odling. Varje dag skördar de sina grödor och säljer påden lokala marknaden. Det här är familjens vardag och dagens inkomst går åt till alla familjensutgifter som mat, vatten och transport till marknaden. I slutet av dagen så resulterar familjenstotalbudget i plus minus noll. Skörden som inte blev såld måste slängas för att den ruttnar ändåunder natten. Hade familjen haft ett kylskåp hade dom kunat förvara grödorna och förlängtlivstiden på den, som i sin tur ger dom möjligheten att även sälja grödorna dagen efter och tjänamer pengar. Kruxet för famlijen är att den billigaste kylen på marknaden är alldeles för dyr attköpa och driva på grund av elkostnaderna. Kylen av MittiCool Clay är en kyl gjord i lera somkostar runt 1000 SEK och istället använder termodynamikens naturlagar för att kyla innehållet,vilket gör att den inte kostar något att driva.Detta är ett exempel på ett scenario där en product kan skapa värde för en familj som lever i enresursbegränsad miljö (RBM). Produkten kan erbjuda en möjlig väg för att kunna spara pengaroch så småning om kunna ha råd med en skolgång till sitt barn, ett sparkapital för krissituationeroch sjukvård. Detta examensarbete använder en människocentrerad design process för attskapa en lösning mot denna målgrupp, alltså människor som lever i en resurs begränsad miljö.Utmaningen för just dessa personer i detta projekt är den låga tillgången till rent vatten.Genom en behovsidentifieringsprocess som resulterade i 10 stycken insikter som fungeradesom en guide i projektet. I tre workshops och med en konteurnelig idegenereringsprocess medlokala invånare och designlärare kunde en mängd ideer tas fram. Ideerna sammanfogades ochblev till koncept. Koncepten utvärderades genom en utvärderingsmatris som grundades påanvädnarnas behov, den tekniska möjligheten och den potentiellt finansiella hållbarheten. I slutetav utvärderingsprocessen återstod ett concept, Life Cube. Konceptet är en franchise, produkt ochen tjänst som möjligör för lokalbon att rena sitt gråvatten genom en off-grid “kub” till drickbarkvalité. Konceptet ger även möjlighet för en blivande kub-ägare att driva sin egen verksamhet ocherbjuda denna tjänst.Förstudien visade att det finns väldigt få produkter mot denna marknad idag och att antaletpotentiella kunder är stort. Fyra miljarder människor lever i botten av den socioekonomiskapyramiden och kan vara potentiella kunder. Att skapa en så kallat ‘frugal innovation’, ikombination med att den är finansiellt hållbar med väldigt små medel är komplext. Det kräver attinnovatören arbetar lokalt med användarens specifika behov och oftast med lokala resurser, samtatt den lokala ekonomiska och fysiska infrastrukturen tas i beaktning.Slutsattsen är att man kan använda människocentrerad design för att skapa produkter ochtjänster för människor som lever i en resursbegränsad miljö. Processens grund baseras påmänniskornas behov, ekonomsika situation, infrastruktur, institutioner, resurstillgängligheten,vilket är essensiella faktorer att ta hänsyn till för att lösningen ska vara önskvärd av användaren,teknisk möjlig och finansiellt hållbar. En andra slutsats är svårigheterna med att produktutvecklamot denna målgrupp kräver resurser och kunskap som vanligtvis inte krävs i produktutvecklingssammanhang mot marknaden som tillhör toppen av den socioekonomiska pyramiden, vilketkan försvåra utvecklingsarbetet.

In this study, I examined musical recordings from the jazz idiom that relate to events or ideas involved in the Civil Rights Movement during the mid-1950s through the mid-1960s. The study focused on the four following musicians' recordings: Charles Mingus, Fables of Faubus; Sonny Rollins, The Freedom Suite; Ornette Coleman, Free Jazz; and John Coltrane, A Love Supreme. The study relies primarily on the aforementioned recordings, critics analysis of those recordings, and events that took place during the Civil Right Movement. The study concludes that these recordings are not only commentary about ideas and events but historically representative of the movement as well.

The global population can, based on income per capita be divided into three socioeconomic segments of a pyramid where the bottom segment is labeled: base/bottom of the pyramid (BOP). The BOP market has a collective buying power estimated to five trillion dollar per year. The BOP-segment may seem lucrative but it is however risky and challenging to enter a market characterized by poverty. One of the risks that are pointed out in research is minimal local marketing expertise. A key to succeed in a BOP-market is finding innovative ways of building awareness for a product. Earlier research have pointed at local partners as important for creating that awareness. This study aimed to find how companies have enabled and used non-traditional partners as a communication channel. The findings of the study indicate that companies have used enabling efforts and that CSR approaches and NGO partnerships had been important for enabling the communication channel as well as important for delivering a trustworthy message for all investigated cases

Submitted by Bruno Melchior Carvalho (brunomc.bm@gmail.com) on 2017-02-06T16:01:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno Melchior_BNDES E A BASE DA PIRÂMIDE_Final_2.pdf: 1679812 bytes, checksum: 3047b71e18f7c42858239c0492fb04ba (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2017-02-06T18:21:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno Melchior_BNDES E A BASE DA PIRÂMIDE_Final_2.pdf: 1679812 bytes, checksum: 3047b71e18f7c42858239c0492fb04ba (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-09T17:45:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno Melchior_BNDES E A BASE DA PIRÂMIDE_Final_2.pdf: 1679812 bytes, checksum: 3047b71e18f7c42858239c0492fb04ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-08 / A literatura dominante sobre riqueza na base da pirâmide (BoP) vem sendo acompanhada de diferentes críticas acadêmicas, em paralelo à expansão desse modelo em diversos países e ao continuado desprezo pelo papel exercido por organizações públicas de desenvolvimento no âmbito da pobreza. O estudo objetivou compreender por que e como o BNDES atua para a superação da pobreza no Brasil. Além de análise bibliográfica e documental, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com funcionários do Banco e membros de cooperativas beneficiadas por financiamentos do Fundo Social, representando casos de sucesso e fracasso. Embora a redução de desigualdades faça parte da missão do Banco, a superação da pobreza é um propósito aparentemente secundário. Uma das questões centrais é que a instituição é percebida por gestores e técnicos como articuladora e até mesmo promotora de dinamização local, sem atuação direta sobre a pobreza como proposto pela literatura de BoP. A cultura de desenvolvimento industrial e a estrutura organizacional contribuem para a desvalorização da agenda dominante de combate à pobreza. Em resposta, o poder público, agentes de crédito e instituições controladas por organizações privadas compõem redes que aumentam a capilaridade e o poder de intervenção do BNDES. Além de problemas com organizações privadas, O Banco enfrenta dificuldades nas parcerias com organizações públicas, no alcance das regiões Norte e Centro-Oeste, e na capacidade de acompanhamento e monitoramento dos resultados. A despeito das limitações, projetos ligados à Área Social possuem poder de transformar realidades de indivíduos, negócios, comunidades e regiões, estimulando o cooperativismo e empresas com foco em economia solidária. O estudo 'surpreende' tanto os arautos da agenda específica BoP (que negam bancos públicos e tratam 'pobres' sob perspectiva reducionista específica) quanto os que questionam a agenda sistêmica. O Banco promove uma agenda sistêmica específica de desenvolvimento (desenvolvimentismos). Merecem outros estudos o BoP sob a ótica alternativa produzidos no terceiro mundo.

Woody Shaw is one of the most influential jazz trumpet players of the past fifty years. Despite his importance, very few models exist that contextualize Shaw's improvisatory approach inside modern jazz pedagogy. Writers such as Rex Richardson, Eric O'Donnell, and Gavin Franklin have identified key elements of Shaw's style, and have begun a critical examination of Shaw's music. While extensive, these approaches do not take into consideration the impact free jazz had on Shaw's technique, nor do they provide a model for how to duplicate Shaw's style. This project examines four elements of Shaw's style as seen in three improvised solos on "The Moontrane." These solos are taken from early, middle, and late stages of Shaw's career. By studying scale choice, sequence and the sequential treatment of motifs, pentatonic approaches to harmonic sequence, and atypical rhythmic phrasing, this study is able to show (1) how these elements developed over the totality of Shaw's career, (2) provide a better understanding of Shaw's improvisational style, and (3) provide a basis for implementing these procedures in modern music.

Purpose: Periodontitis generally initiates in the interdental area, where biofilm development is difficult to interrupt. Mechanical cleaning with interdental brushes (IDB) offers an effective method for plaque control and prevents gingivitis and periodontitis. This study aimed to determine whether mechanical cleaning with interdental brushes combined with the use of cetylpyridinium chloride (0.3% CPC) gel was more effective at plaque control compared with mechanical cleaning with interdental brushes alone. Materials and Methods: Forty individuals (30 - 70 years) with at least 20 teeth and moderate chronic periodontitis who had no experience with interdental cleaning aids were randomly assigned to a treatment group (brush + gel, n = 20) or a control group (brush, n = 20). Both groups were examined by a dentist at baseline and at 3 and 6 months for changes in interdental plaque [interproximal plaque index (API)] levels, gingival inflammation [sulcus bleeding index (SBI)], probing depth (PD), and bleeding on probing (BOP). Results: No baseline differences in age, gender, or number of teeth were observed between the two groups. During the study period, improvements in API and BOP were comparable between groups. However, improvements in SBI and PD were significantly greater in the test group than in the control group (P = 0.046 and P = 0.029, respectively). Conclusion: Mechanical interdental plaque control with interdental brushes combined with the use of CPC gel significantly improved 6-month gingival and periodontal outcomes (SBI and PD) compared with mechanical cleaning with interdental brushes alone.

This study focuses on the telecommunication industry, specifically the mobile phone market at the base of the pyramid (BOP). A supply vs. demand stance is taken whereby demographic data offer insight into the demand while the location of telecommunication retail stores constitutes supply. The study furthermore makes extensive use of a GIS (geographical information system) which offers deeper insight into data and different applications thereof. Given the extensive nature of the data used in assessing the national market, a dashboard was developed as part of this research to ease data interpretation. The online map (GIS) and dashboard form an integral part of this report. Literature supports the targeting of the BOP as a viable market given the high volume of people in this market segment. Unconventional methods are, however, required to sustainably cater to this market. The development of multiple channels to target potential consumers has resulted in a dilution of the market in the retail environment. The retail channel however remains important in any company’s strategy to target the BOP. Telecommunication companies can not only benefit from the BOP but also offer benefits to the BOP. The World Bank has reported figures that show a 0.8% increase in GDP for every 10% increase in mobile penetration. Different sources identify the BOP by different income ranges. It became evident, however, that internationally the average applied to identify the BOP is households earning less than USD 3,000 (ZAR 31,440 at an exchange rate of R10.48 / USD) per annum. Although somewhat higher than the international average, the available data dictated that South Africa’s BOP be identified as households earning less than R38,200 per annum for the purposes of this research. Data indicate that 89% of households in South Africa have a mobile phone. By comparing the ownership of existing household goods this research found that of the 11% of households not owning a mobile phone, 6% would be willing to adopt a mobile phone. A tiered approach is followed in assessing the telecommunication opportunity for mobile phones in the BOP. The first tier assesses the entire market (all households in South Africa) at a municipal level. By including the total market, the opportunity in the BOP is put into perspective. The result was that the total BOP market offers a potential market of R563 million per month through 13.7 simcards. At the other end of the economic pyramid, the ROP offers a market of R2416 million per month through 14.6 million simcards. Thus, even though the BOP offers 48% of the total volume in the market, the value is only 19% of the total market. From a coverage perspective, 42% of BOP households are not covered by a telecom retailer whilst only 27% of the ROP households are not covered. A market of R247 million (through 5.8 million simcards) has been estimated in the BOP opposed to a R379 million market (through 5.8 million simcards) in the ROP. The second tier makes use of a case study to determine the viability of targeting the BOP. Moruleng Mall’s catchment area was analysed within the Moses Kotane municipality that offered a high opportunity as determined in the first tier of analysis. This case study made use of gravity modelling and found that Rustenburg’s retail offering would have limited influence and as such telecom retailers would have to revisit their strategy for the area. A number of shopping centre developments in rural areas were highlighted. Effectively while these developments are taking retail closer to the BOP or rual population, the market is diluted. From a retailer perspective, this makes it difficult to target an entire area through presence in one specific retail node or town. The ultimate finding of this this research suggests that it is in fact possible to target the BOP – however, that it is the ROP located between the BOP households that makes this a viable market. This suggests that it is rather not a question of the viability in targeting the BOP specifically but targeting the more dense rural areas that offer opportunity. / MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

This study focuses on the telecommunication industry, specifically the mobile phone market at the base of the pyramid (BOP). A supply vs. demand stance is taken whereby demographic data offer insight into the demand while the location of telecommunication retail stores constitutes supply. The study furthermore makes extensive use of a GIS (geographical information system) which offers deeper insight into data and different applications thereof. Given the extensive nature of the data used in assessing the national market, a dashboard was developed as part of this research to ease data interpretation. The online map (GIS) and dashboard form an integral part of this report. Literature supports the targeting of the BOP as a viable market given the high volume of people in this market segment. Unconventional methods are, however, required to sustainably cater to this market. The development of multiple channels to target potential consumers has resulted in a dilution of the market in the retail environment. The retail channel however remains important in any company’s strategy to target the BOP. Telecommunication companies can not only benefit from the BOP but also offer benefits to the BOP. The World Bank has reported figures that show a 0.8% increase in GDP for every 10% increase in mobile penetration. Different sources identify the BOP by different income ranges. It became evident, however, that internationally the average applied to identify the BOP is households earning less than USD 3,000 (ZAR 31,440 at an exchange rate of R10.48 / USD) per annum. Although somewhat higher than the international average, the available data dictated that South Africa’s BOP be identified as households earning less than R38,200 per annum for the purposes of this research. Data indicate that 89% of households in South Africa have a mobile phone. By comparing the ownership of existing household goods this research found that of the 11% of households not owning a mobile phone, 6% would be willing to adopt a mobile phone. A tiered approach is followed in assessing the telecommunication opportunity for mobile phones in the BOP. The first tier assesses the entire market (all households in South Africa) at a municipal level. By including the total market, the opportunity in the BOP is put into perspective. The result was that the total BOP market offers a potential market of R563 million per month through 13.7 simcards. At the other end of the economic pyramid, the ROP offers a market of R2416 million per month through 14.6 million simcards. Thus, even though the BOP offers 48% of the total volume in the market, the value is only 19% of the total market. From a coverage perspective, 42% of BOP households are not covered by a telecom retailer whilst only 27% of the ROP households are not covered. A market of R247 million (through 5.8 million simcards) has been estimated in the BOP opposed to a R379 million market (through 5.8 million simcards) in the ROP. The second tier makes use of a case study to determine the viability of targeting the BOP. Moruleng Mall’s catchment area was analysed within the Moses Kotane municipality that offered a high opportunity as determined in the first tier of analysis. This case study made use of gravity modelling and found that Rustenburg’s retail offering would have limited influence and as such telecom retailers would have to revisit their strategy for the area. A number of shopping centre developments in rural areas were highlighted. Effectively while these developments are taking retail closer to the BOP or rual population, the market is diluted. From a retailer perspective, this makes it difficult to target an entire area through presence in one specific retail node or town. The ultimate finding of this this research suggests that it is in fact possible to target the BOP – however, that it is the ROP located between the BOP households that makes this a viable market. This suggests that it is rather not a question of the viability in targeting the BOP specifically but targeting the more dense rural areas that offer opportunity. / MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

This bachelor thesis evaluates how high-engagement investors contribute to the development and growth of for-profit social enterprises by providing both funding and non-financial advisory services focused on organisational capacity-building. Case studies on three social enterprises describe the structure of funding deals, what considerations affected these due to the high social character of the ventures, and inquire into the relationship between social enterprise and their investors to evaluate how the investors provide value for their investees beyond capital. The investor types involved include commercial venture capital funds, angel investors, accelerator programs and venture philanthropy funds; a sort of social impact investment fund which combines the high- engagement mentoring of venture capital funds with lower expectations on financial returns in exchange for higher demands on social impact. The findings indicate that high-engagement investors in general provide a wide range of services to the social enterprises studied, where strategic advisory services and networks introductions are identified as key enablers for development. Aligning philosophies on the combination of business and social impact is also identified as critical for a constructive relationship between investor and investee. The perceived value of venture philanthropy funding diverges between the cases; while filling an empty space in the social enterprise capital market, some findings question their capabilities and investment model. Apart from the initial research questions on how high-engagement investors add value to social enterprises, the study raises further questions on social enterprise funding in general and the issues that obstructs these organisations from introducing innovation and growth to underdeveloped markets.