Three classes of bifunctional compounds related to frustrated Lewis pair chemistry were studied. The first class, alkynyl-linked phosphonium borates, was strategically synthesized and the corresponding neutral alkynyl-linked phosphine boranes generated in solution. They were reacted with THF, alkenes and alkynes to undergo either ring-opening or multiple bond addition reactions, giving rise to zwitterionic macrocycles. In two select alkynyl-linked phosphonium borates, thermolysis resulted in unique rearrangements transforming the phosphino- and boryl-substituted alkynyl moieties into C4 chains. The alkynyl-linked phosphine boranes were further demonstrated to coordinate as η3-BCC ligands in Ni(0) complexes. The rigid nature of the coordination was confirmed by dimerization without cleavage of the Ni–B interaction upon the addition of acetonitrile or carbon monoxide. Moreover, reactions with Al-, Zn- and B-based Lewis acids prompted hydride transfer within the alkynyl-linked phosphonium borate and interesting functional group transfer reactions. The second class of the bifunctional systems, a series of gem-substituted bis-boranes, was subjected to reactions with tBu3P and CO2. The O-linked bis-borane was shown to coordinate the phosphino-carboxylate moiety with one B, while the methylene-linked bis-boranes were demonstrated to chelate the carboxyl group. The third bifunctional system class, vinyl-group tethered boranes, was examined to elucidate the mechanism of the frustrated Lewis pair addition reaction to olefins. Using a bis(pentafluorophenyl)alkylborane, the close proximity of the olefinic protons and the ortho-fluorine nuclei were evident by both NOE measurements and DFT calculations. Moreover, its reactions with phosphine bases suggested that an initial interaction between the highly electrophilic borane and the olefinic fragment precedes such frustrated Lewis pair addition reaction. Furthermore, a bis(pentafluorophenyl)alkoxyborane was synthesized and reacted with P-, N-, C- and H-based nucleophiles, demonstrating the wide range of Lewis bases that can be applied in olefin addition reactions with complementary regioselectivity.

Techn. Hochsch., Diss., 2001--Aachen.

Recently, ammonia borane has increasingly attracted researchers’ attention because of its merging applications, such as organic synthesis, boron nitride compounds synthesis, and hydrogen storage. This dissertation presents the results from several studies related to ammonia borane. The pressure-induced tetragonal to orthorhombic phase transition in ammonia borane was studied in a diamond anvil cell using in situ Raman spectroscopy. We found a positive Clapeyron-slope for this phase transformation in the experiment, which implies that the phase transition from tetragonal to orthorhombic is exothermic. The result of this study indicates that the rehydrogenation of the high pressure orthorhombic phase is expected to be easier than that of the ambient pressure tetragonal phase due to its lower enthalpy. The high pressure behavior of ammonia borane after thermal decomposition was studied by in situ Raman spectroscopy at high pressures up to 10 GPa. The sample of ammonia borane was first decomposed at ~140 degree Celcius and ~0.7 GPa and then compessed step wise in an isolated sample chamber of a diamond anvil cell for Raman spectroscopy measurement. We did not observe the characteristic shift of Raman mode under high pressure due to dihydrogen bonding, indicating that the dihydrogen bonding disappears in the decomposed ammonia borane. Although no chemical rehydrogenation was detected in this study, the decomposed ammonia borane could store extra hydrogen by physical absorption. The effect of nanoconfinement on ammonia borane at high pressures and different temperatures was studied. Ammonia borane was mixed with a type of mesoporous silica, SBA-15, and restricted within a small space of nanometer scale. The nano-scale ammonia borane was decomposed at ~125 degree Celcius in a diamond anvil cell and rehydrogenated after applying high pressures up to ~13 GPa at room temperature. The successful rehydrogenation of decomposed nano-scale ammonia borane gives guidance to further investigations on hydrogen storage. In addition, the high pressure behavior of lithium amidoborane, one derivative of ammonia borane, was studied at different temperatures. Lithium amidoborane (LAB) was decomposed and recompressed in a diamond anvil cell. After applying high pressures on the decomposed lithium amidoborane, its recovery peaks were discovered by Raman spectroscopy. This result suggests that the decomposition of LAB is reversible at high pressures.

Historically, hypergolic propellants have utilized fuels based on hydrazine and its<br>derivatives due to their good performance and short ignition delays with the commonly used<br>hypergolic oxidizers. However, these fuels are highly toxic and require special handling<br><div>precautions for their use.</div><div><br></div><div>In recent years, amine-boranes have begun receiving attention as potential alternatives to<br>these more conventional fuels. The simplest of these materials, ammonia borane (AB, NH3BH3)<br>has been shown to be highly hypergolic with white fuming nitric acid (WFNA), with ignition<br>delays as short as 0.6 milliseconds being observed under certain conditions. Additionally,<br>thermochemical equilibrium calculations predict net gains in specific impulse when AB based<br>fuels are used in place of the more conventional hydrazine-based fuels. As such, AB may serve as<br>a relatively less hazardous alternative to the more standard hypergolic fuels.</div><div><br></div><div>Presented in this work are the results of five major research efforts that were undertaken<br>with the objective of developing high performance fuels based on ammonia borane as well as<br>characterizing their combustion behavior. The first of these efforts was intended to better<br>characterize the ignition delay of ammonia borane with WFNA as well as investigate various fuel<br>binders for use with ammonia borane. Through these efforts, it was determined that Sylgard-184<br>silicone elastomer produced properly curing fuel samples. Additionally, a particle size dependency<br>was observed for the neat material, with the finer particles resulting in ignition delays as short as<br>0.6 milliseconds, some of the shortest ever reported for a hypergolic solid fuel with WFNA.</div><div><br></div><div>The objective of the second area of research was intended to adapt and demonstrate a<br>temperature measurement technique known as phosphor thermography for use with burning solid<br>propellants. Using this technique, the surface temperature of burning nitrocellulose (a homogeneous solid propellant) was successfully measured through a propellant flame. During the<br>steady burning period, average surface temperatures of 534 K were measured across the propellant<br>surface. These measured values were in good agreement with surface temperature measurements<br>obtained elsewhere with embedded thermocouples (T = 523 K). While not strictly related to<br>ammonia borane, this work demonstrated the applicability of this technique for use in studying<br>energetic materials, setting the groundwork for future efforts to adapt this technique further to<br>studying the hypergolic ignition of ammonia borane.</div><div><br></div><div>The third research area undertaken was to develop a novel high-speed multi-spectral<br>imaging diagnostic for use in studying the ignition dynamics and flame structure of ammonia<br>borane. Using this technique, the spectral emissions from BO, BO2, HBO2, and the B-H stretch<br>mode of ammonia borane (and its decomposition products) were selectively imaged and new<br>insights offered into the combustion behavior and hypergolic ignition dynamics of ammonia<br>borane. After the fuel and oxidizer came into contact, a gas evolution stage was observed to<br>precede ignition. During this gas evolution stage, emissions from HBO2 were observed, suggesting<br>that the formation of HBO2 at the AB-nitric acid interface may help drive the initial reactant<br>decomposition and thermal runaway that eventually results in ignition. After the nitric acid was<br>consumed/dispersed, the AB samples began burning with the ambient air, forming a quasi-steady<br>state diffusion controlled flame. Emission intensity profiles measured as a function of height above<br>the pellet revealed the BO/BO2-based emissions to be strongest in the flame zone (corresponding<br>to the highest gas temperatures). Within the inner fuel-rich region of the flame, the HBO2 emission<br>intensity peaked closer to the fuel surface after which it unexpectedly began to decrease across the<br>flame zone. This is seemingly in contradiction to the current understanding that HBO2 is a stable product species and may suggest that for this system it is consumed to form BO2 and other boron oxides.</div><div><br></div><div>The fourth area of research undertaken during this broader research effort investigated the<br>use of ammonia borane and other amine borane additives on the ignition delay and predicted<br>performance of novel hypergolic fuels based on tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA). Despite<br>these materials being in some cases only sparingly soluble in TMEDA, solutions of ammonia<br>borane, ethylenediamine bisborane, or tetramethylethylenediamine bisborane in TMEDA resulted<br>in reductions of the mean ignition delays of 43-51%. These ignition delay reductions coupled with<br>the significantly reduced toxicity of these fuels compared to the conventional hydrazine-based<br>hypergolic fuels make them promising, safer alternatives to the more standard hypergolic fuels.<br>Attempts were made to improve these ignition delays further by gelling the TMEDA, allowing for<br>amine borane loadings beyond their respective solubility limits. Moving to these higher loadings<br>had mixed results however, with the ignition delays of the AB/EDBB-based fuels increasing<br>significantly with higher AB/EDBB loadings. The ignition delays of the TMEDABB-based fuels<br>on the other hand decreased with increasing TMEDABB loadings, though the shortest were still<br>comparable to those found with the saturated fuel solutions.</div><div><br></div><div>The final research area that was undertaken was focused on scaling up and developing fuel<br>formulations based on ammonia borane for use in a small-scale hypergolic hybrid rocket motor.<br>Characterization of the regression rate behavior of these fuels under motor conditions suggested<br>the fuel mass flow rate was driven primarily by the thermal decomposition of the ammonia borane.<br>This mechanism is fundamentally different from that which governs the regression rate of most<br>conventional solid fuels used in hybrid rockets as well as that of ethylenediamine bisborane, a<br>similar material in the amine borane family of fuels. Understanding this governing mechanism further may allow for its exploitation to enable high, nearly constant fuel mass flow rates<br>independent of oxidizer mass fluxes. If successful, this would enable further optimization of the<br>design for rocket systems utilizing these fuels, resulting in levels of performance that rival that of<br>the more conventional hydrazine-based fuels.<br></div>

This investigation deals with the preparations of cyclic organosilanes via two different types of organometallic precursors: borane adducts to chlorovinylsilanes and tertbutyllithium adducts to chlorovinylsilanes. The regiospecificity of the hydroboration of various types of boranes to chlorovinylsilanes was studied by three different methods. It was found that, by using bulky hydroborating agents, about 80% isomerically pure terminal borane adducts to chlorovinylsilanes could be obtained. While the adducts are potential precursors to silacyclopropanes, when these borane adducts were treated with bases such as sodium methoxide and methyl Grignard, no evidence for silacyclopropane formation was found.

La conception et l’élaboration de nouveaux ligands en chimie organométallique évoluent vers le design de ligands multifonctionnels afin d’augmenter l'affinité ligand/métal/substrat et de mimer les catalyseurs de la nature comme les enzymes, en activant de manière synergique les différents partenaires de la réaction. Il existe dans la littérature très peu d’exemples de complexes organométalliques présentant une fonctionnalité acide de Lewis. Dans notre étude, nous avons opté pour l’utilisation d’un atome de bore trivalent pendant. Malgré la forte utilisation des dérivés du bore en catalyse acide de Lewis pour l’activation de divers électrophiles, la conception de tels ligands ambiphiles, pour des complexes organométalliques, a été peu décrite et la réactivité peu étudiée. Ce travail a donc pour but d’explorer et de valider la viabilité de leurs préparations et de leurs utilisations.La première partie de ces travaux a été consacrée au développement de nouveaux complexes bifonctionnels métal/NHC/ester boronique pendant de Pd(II), Rh(I), Ru(II), Au(I) et Cu(I) et leurs applications en catalyse, afin d’accéder à de nouveaux modes d’activation de petites molécules.Dans la deuxième partie, un nouveau mode d’activation efficace de la liaison B-H des carbènes boranes incorporant un bras allylique ou homoallylique par des complexes de rhodium pour accéder à une famille de NHC-boranes cycliques énantioenrichis a été développé.Enfin, la troisième partie constitue la synthèse des travaux sur deux nouvelles familles de cations boronium macrocycliques et leurs applications dans la reconnaissance des anions. / Conception and elaboration of new ligands in organometallic chemistry evolved towards the design of multi-functional shape to increase the affinity ligand/metal/substrate to mimic nature’s catalysts, and to promote, in most cases, an increasing reactivity and selectivity in the catalytic process. Despite the significant development of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands in organometallic chemistry since the last decade, complexes bearing pendant trivalent boron derivatives were so far overlooked.In this context, bifunctional ligands containing NHC and boron moieties have been developed and the corresponding Ag(I), Pd(II), Rh(I), Cu(I) and Ru(II) complexes were designed and prepared for a synergistic activation of both reaction partners by the metal center and the pendant Lewis acidic boron atom.During this work, B−H bond activation of NHC-boranes by a diphosphane-ligated cationic Rh complex was applied in an unprecedented intramolecular enantioselective hydroboration of simple olefins. This study led to a library of enantioenriched cyclic boranes in high yields (up to 94%) with high regio- (up to 100%) and enantioselectivities (er up to 99.2:0.8).As part of this work, new boronium macrocycles were synthesized in high yields and their anion binding ability was evaluated by fluorimetric and 1H NMR titration. These new macrocycles display high binding affinity for halides and oxoanions in the solid state, in solution and in the gas phase.

The main thrust of this thesis is the development of new triarylborane containing luminescent molecules as well as utilizing triarylboron center as a receptor for the selective detection of biologically, environmentally and industrially important anions such as fluoride and cyanide in aqueous and non-aqueous solutions. The thesis contains nine chapters. The contents of each chapter are described below. Chapter 1 The first chapter is an introduction to the theme of the thesis and presents a general review on the techniques, theories and photochemistry relevant to the present work with emphasis on photochemistry of triarylboranes and their importance in the field of anion sensor chemistry. A review on various boron based luminophores is also presented. Chapter 2 The second chapter deals with the general experimental techniques and synthetic procedures utilized in this work. Chapter 3 This chapter deals with the synthesis of boryl-BODIPY dyads (1-8) in which triarylborane acts as anion receptor and BODIPY as a signalling unit. The absorption spectra of all boryl-BODIPY dyads shows similar pattern. However, the fluorescence spectra of 1, 2, 3, 6 and 7 shows dual emission bands whereas 4, 5 and 8 exhibit a single emission band. These interesting photophysical properties of boryl-BODIPYs (1-8) depends on the dihedral angle between two chromophores and partial energy transfer from donor (triarylborane) to acceptor (BODIPY) unit. The energy transfer efficiency of compounds 4, 5 and 8 is higher (close to 100%) compared to other series of boryl-BODIPYs (1-3, 6 and 7), due to the orthogonal arrangement of chromophores with high dihedral angles. To better understand photophysical properties and energy transfer process, anion binding studies were carried out since triarylborane acts as receptor for fluoride and cyanide ions. Anion binding studies of boryl-BODIPYs were (1-5) carried out in dichloromethane solutions and using tetrabutylammonium salt of fluoride/cyanide. All boryl-BODIPY dyads (1-5) were sensitive and selective sensor of fluoride, whereas the presence of only excess amounts (20 equv or more amounts) of cyanide made any changes in absorption and emission spectra. Other anions even above 100 eq were unable to cause any change. The quenching efficiency of compounds 4 and 5 was found to be more than that of other boryl-BODIPYs (1 and 3). The binding of fluoride with boryl-BODIPY (1-5) was entirely reversible; addition of BF3•Et2O to the fluoride adducts of compounds (1-5) regenerated the parent compounds. Chapter 4 In chapter 3, it was established that linear boryl-BODIPY dyads (1-8) show dual/single fluorescence bands depending on the dihedral angle between triarylborane and BODIPY unit. This Chapter describes the synthesis of three new “V” shaped boryl-BODIPY dyads (9, 10 and 11) their optical properties, Compound 9-11 are structurally similar differing only in the number of methyl substituents on the BODIPY moiety which were found to play major role in determining their optical behavior. The dyads show rare forms of multiple channel emission characteristics arising from different extents of electronic energy transfer (EET) processes between the two covalently linked fluorescent chromophores (triarylborane and BODIPY units). Owing to the presence of Lewis acidic triarylborane moiety, the dyads function as highly selective and sensitive fluoride sensors with vastly different response behavior. Upon binding of fluoride to the tricoordinate borane centre, dyad 9 shows gradual quenching of its BODIPY dominated emission due to the cessation of (borane to BODIPY) EET process. Dyad 10 shows ratiometric changes in its emission behavior upon addition of fluoride. Dyad 11 forms fluoride induced nanoaggregates which result in fast and effective quenching of its emission intensity upon addition of even small quantities of analyte (i.e. 0.1 equivalent of fluoride). When the solution is allowed to stand, disaggregation of the molecules results in partial recovery of the initial fluorescence bands. Thus, small structural alterations in these three structurally close dyads (9-11) result in exceptionally versatile and unique photophysical behavior and remarkably diverse responses towards a single analyte i.e. fluoride anion. Chapter 5 This chapter deals with intermolecular charge transfer (ICT) process in borane containing donor-acceptor triads and tetrads to realize colorimetric response for small anions such as fluoride and cyanide. Triad 12 and tetrad 13 incorporating –B(Mes)2, BDY (borondipyrromethene), and TPA (triphenylamine) were synthesized. Introduction of two dissimilar acceptors (triarylborane and BODIPY) on a single donor (TPA) resulted in two distinct ICT process (amine to borane and amine to BDY). The absorption and emission properties of new triad and tetrad are highly dependent on individual building units. The nature of electronic communication among the individual fluorophore units has been comprehensively investigated and compared with building units. Compounds 12 and 13 showed chromogenic and fluorogenic response towards small anions such as fluoride and cyanide. Chapter 6 In the previous chapter, it was demonstrated that although triphenylamine-triarylborane-BODIPY donor-acceptor conjugates show colorimetric response towards fluoride and cyanide. They could not distinguish these two interfering anions. To overcome the anion interference peripherally triarylborane decorated porphyrin (14) and its Zn(II) complex (15) were designed and synthesized and this forms the subject matter of this Chapter. Compound 15 contains two different Lewis acidic binding sites (Zn(II) and boron centre). Unlike all previously known triarylborane based sensors, the optical responses of 15 towards fluoride and cyanide are distinctively different thus enabling the discrimination of these two interfering anions. Metalloporphyrin 15 shows a multiple channel fluorogenic response towards fluoride and cyanide and also a selective visual colorimetric response towards cyanide. By comparison with model systems and from detailed photophysical studies on 14 and 15, it was concluded that the preferential binding of fluoride occurs at the peripheral borane moieties resulting in the cessation of the EET (electronic energy transfer) process from triarylborane to porphyrin core and with negligible negative cooperative effects. On the other hand, cyanide binding occurs at the Zn(II) core leading to drastic changes in its absorption behavior which can be followed by the naked eye. Such changes are not observed when the boryl substituent is absent (e.g. tetraphenyl-Zn(II)-porphyrin or TPP). The conjugates 14 and 15 showed reversible binding interaction towards CN and F and they are capable of extracting fluoride from aqueous media. Chapter 7 This Chapter deals with the design of a sensor which can detect fluoride colorimetrically in aqueous medium. Detecting fluoride in aqueous solution is an important area of current research owing to both positive and negative health and environmental effects associated with the fluoride ion. Although numerous fluoride sensors are reported, the colorimetric sensing (visual detection without the need of costly equipment and complicated analytical of fluoride at recommended levels 0.7 ppm) has not realized. Here we report the design, optical and fluoride sensing ability of two new water soluble Lewis acidic triarylborane-triarylamine conjugates 16 and 17 (containing one or two ammonium cations (-C6H4-NMe3). Compound 17 shows selective colorimetric response for aqueous inorganic fluoride at as low a level as 0.1 ppm Chapter 8 The synthesis and optical properties of four new triarylborane–dipyrromethane (TAB– DPM) conjugates (19a–d) containing dual binding sites (hydrogen bond donor and Lewis acid) have been reported. The new compounds exhibit a selective fluorogenic response towards the F− ion. The NMR titrations show that the fluoride ions bind to the TAB–DPM conjugates via the Lewis acidic triarylborane centre in preference to the hydrogen bond donor (dipyrromethane) units. Chapter 9 A new triarylborane-aza-BODIPY conjugate is reported (22). The conjugate molecule consists of two blue emissive dimesitylarylborane moiety and a NIR (near infra-red) emissive aza-BOIDPY core and shows panchromatic absorption spanning over ~300-800 nm region. The presence of two different fluorophore units in the conjugate leads to a broad dual-emissive feature covering a large part of visible and NIR region. DFT computational studies suggest limited electronic communication between the individual fluorophore units which may be responsible for the intriguing optical features of the conjugate molecule. Further, the broadband emissive conjugate can act as a selective sensor for fluoride anion as a result of fluorescence quenching response in both visible as well as in NIR spectral region.

Une nouvelle synthèse stéréosélective d’acides phosphineux-borane est décrite par hydrolyse d’aminophosphines borane préparées par réaction d'organolithiens sur un complexe d'oxazaphospholidine-borane dérivé de l'éphédrine. Par réaction avec un acide fort, ces acides phosphineux-borane conduisent aux oxydes de phosphines secondaires P-chirogéniques correspondants avec de très bons rendements (90%) et rétention complète de la configuration sur l'atome de phosphore. Les oxydes de phosphines secondaires ont été utilisés en catalyses d'hydrogénation et de Heck asymétriques par des complexes de rhodium et de palladium. Dans une seconde partie, une nouvelle synthèse d’oxydes de phosphines P-chirogéniques substitués par des groupements ortho halogénophényles a été décrite. Le principe de cette synthèse repose sur l’addition d’un oxyde de phosphine secondaire sur un benzyne préparé in situ à partir de dihalogénobenzène. Ces oxydes de phosphines o-halogénés ont été utilisés en synthèse de nouveaux dérivés fonctionnalisés en position ortho par des réactions d’homocouplage par le cuivre ou d’hétérocouplage catalysée par des complexes de palladium. Dans une dernière partie, la préparation de clusters de cuivre chiraux a été réalisée en utilisant des monophosphines P-chirogéniques. La structure par rayons X, le dichroïsme circulaire, et les propriétés photophysiques des clusters chiraux sont présentés. / A new stereoselective synthesis of phosphinous acid boranes is described by hydrolysis of aminophosphines boranes prepared by reaction of the oxazaphospholidine complex derived from ephedrine with organolithium reagents.By reaction with a strong acid, the phosphinous acid boranes lead to the corresponding P-chirogenic secondary phosphine oxides in very good yields (90%) and with complete retention of the configuration at the phosphorus atom. The secondary phosphine oxides have been used in asymmetric hydrogenation and intramolecular Heck cyclisation using rhodium and palladium complexes, respectively. In a second part, a new synthesis of P-chirogenic ortho-halogenophenyl phosphine oxides is described. The principle of this synthesis is based on the addition of secondary phosphine oxides to a benzyne, prepared in situ from dihalogenobenzene. The o-halogenophenylphosphine oxides were used to prepare many functionalized derivatives in ortho position by reactions such as homocoupling with copper or heterocoupling catalyzed by palladium complexes. In the last part, the synthesis of chiral copper clusters was performed using P-chirogenic monophosphines. The X-ray structure, circular dichroism, and the photophysical properties of the chiral clusters were presented.

Drei Wasserstoffgenerator-Systeme (WGS) auf Basis chemischer Hydride wurden in dieser Arbeit als Labormuster ausgelegt, gefertigt und in ihren Betriebseigenschaften analysiert. Es wurden ein 20 W-WGS und zwei 100 W-WGS untersucht. Als chemische Hydride wurden Amminboran und Natriumborhydrid ausgewählt. Aufgrund ihrer vergleichsweise einfachen Lagerfähigkeit, ihren moderaten Freisetzungsbedingungen und ihrer volumetrisch wie gravimetrisch hohen Wasserstoffdichten erschienen sie in besonderer Weise geeignet für Wasserstoffgeneratoren im Kleinleistungsbereich. Zwar zeigen diese chemischen Hydride zurzeit hinsichtlich ihrer Kosten, ihrer Energieeffizienz bei der Herstellung und ihrer Umweltverträglichkeit keine Vorteile gegenüber verdichtetem Wasserstoff, jedoch besitzen sie mit ihrer hohen, auf das Hydrid bezogenen Energiedichte ein positives Alleinstellungsmerkmal. Bei der Entwicklung der WGS standen daher neben der Betriebszuverlässigkeit und Regelbarkeit die Optimierung der systembezogenen Energiedichte WGS im Fokus.:Versicherung Inhaltsverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 2 Grundlagen1 2.1 Aufbau eines Wasserstoffgenerator-Systems 2.2 Anforderungen an das Wasserstoffgenerator-System 2.2.1 Anwendungsspezifische Anforderungen 2.2.2 Brennstoffzellenspezifische Anforderungen 2.3 Auswahl der Wasserstoffquelle 2.3.1 Reversible Wasserstoffquellen 2.3.2 Irreversible Wasserstoffquellen 2.4 Auslegung der Subsysteme 2.4.1 Auslegung des Vorratssystems 2.4.2 Auslegung des Reaktors 2.4.3 Auslegung des Aufbereitungssystems 3 Wasserstoffgenerator zur Amminboran-Thermolyse 3.1 Thermolyse von Amminboran in Triglyme 3.2 Systemspezifikationen 3.3 Untersuchungen der Wasserstoffquelle 3.3.1 Konzentrationsabhänigkeit der Thermolysereaktion 3.3.2 Der Mechanismus der H2-Freisetzung 3.3.3 Temperaturabhängigkeit der Thermolysereaktion 3.4 Systemkonzeption und Reaktorauslegung 3.5 Charakterisierung und Diskussion 3.5.1 Thermische Analyse 3.5.2 Betriebsverhalten 3.5.3 Energiedichte des Wasserstoffgenerator-Systems 3.6 Fazit zum Amminboran-Thermolyse basierten System 4 Wasserstoffgenerator zur Amminboran-Hydrolyse 4.1 Wasserstofferzeugung durch Amminboran-Hydrolyse 4.2 Systemspezifikationen 4.3 Untersuchungen der Wasserstoffquelle 4.3.1 Die Säure der Wasserstoffquelle 4.3.2 Reaktionskinetik der Wasserstoffquelle 4.3.3 Umsatz und Energiedichte der Wasserstoffquelle 4.4 Systemkonzept und Reaktorauslegung 4.4.1 Systemkonzept 4.4.2 Reaktorauslegung 4.4.3 Reaktorkonstruktion 4.5 Charakterisierung und Diskussion 4.5.1 Betriebsverhalten 4.5.2 Thermische Analyse 4.5.3 Energiedichte des Wasserstoffgenerator-Systems 4.5.4 Gasanalyse 4.6 Fazit zu AB-Hydrolyse basierten WGS 5 Wasserstoffgenerator zur Natriumborhydrid-Hydrolyse 5.1 Wasserstofferzeugung durch Natriumborhydrid-Hydrolyse 5.2 Systemspezifikationen 5.3 Untersuchung der Wasserstoffquelle 5.3.1 Die Säure der Wasserstoffquelle 5.3.2 Lagerfähigkeit der Wasserstoffquelle 5.3.3 Umsatz und Energiedichte der Wasserstoffquelle 5.4 Systemkonzept und Reaktorauslegung 5.5 Charakterisierung und Diskussion 5.5.1 Betriebsverhalten 5.5.2 Thermische Analyse 5.5.3 Energiedichte des Wasserstoffgenerator-Systems 5.6 Fazit zu Natriumborhydrid basierten Wasserstoffgenerator- Systemen 6 Zusammenfassung 7 Ausblick Anhang A1 Ergänzende Informationen zu den Grundlagen A2 Ergänzende Informationen zum Wasserstoffgenerator-System zur Amminboran-Thermolyse A3 Ergänzende Informationen zur Auswahl des Systemkonzeptes des Wasserstoffgenerator-Systems zur Amminboran-Hydrolyse A3.1 Bewertungskategorien und ihre Gewichtung A3.2 Einzelbewertungen der Systemkonzepte zur AB-Hydrolyse A4 Berechnungsgrundlagen der Reaktorkonstruktion zur Amminboran-Hydrolyse A5 Experimentelle Parameter und Daten zur thermischen Analyse des Reaktors zur Amminboran-Hydrolyse A.6 Ergänzende Informationen zum Wasserstoffgenerator-System zur Hydrolyse von festem Natriumborhydrid A6.1 Untersuchung der Wasserstoffquelle A6.2 Systemkonzept und Reaktorauslegung A6.3 Charakterisierung und Diskussion Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Publikationen

Luminescent boron containing materials find numerous applications in modern technologies such as display/lighting, bio-imaging and sensing. Thus, investigations of structure-property relationships in organic luminescent compounds to understand their molecular and bulk properties are of fundamental importance. The main thrust of this thesis is the development of facile synthetic routes for boron containing novel polyads and study their structure-property correlations and to utilize this information to design functional materials with desired properties such as multiple emission, bio imaging, anion sensing and organic photo voltaic characteristics. This thesis contains seven chapters and the contents of each chapter are described below. Chapter 1 This chapter is a concise overview of the recent developments in the chemistry of boron based molecular systems such as triarylborane and BODIPYs. This chapter also highlights the basic nature of broad emissive materials. In addition, an advance in the frontier areas such as bio imaging is discussed in brief. Chapter 2 This chapter describes the structure and optical properties of a new triad (Borane-Bithiophene-BODIPY) 1. Triad 1 exhibits unprecedented tricolour emission when excited at borane centred high energy absorption band and also acts as a selective fluorescent and colorimetric sensor for fluoride ion with ratiometric response. The experimental results are supported by computational studies. Chapter 3 Two fluorescent compounds with similar absorption profiles and complementarily emissive properties can be regarded as the ideal couple for the generation of white-light. Two structurally close and complementarily fluorescent boron based molecular siblings 2 and 3 were prepared. The luminescence properties of individual triads were modulated to an extent to complement each other by controlling the intramolecular energy transfer in triads by fine-tuning the dihedral angle between fluorophores in 2 and 3. A binary mixture of 2 and 3 emitted white-light. Chapter 4 This chapter deals with a straight forward strategy for the generation of white-light emission in aqueous media. Using a blue-emissive AIE-active (aggregation-induced emission) 1, 8-naphthalimide- based sensitizer and a boron-dipyrromethene based red emitter as a dopant, water dispersible nanostructures with tunable emission features are produced. The white-light emissive (WL) nano-aggregates are stable at neutral pH and have been elegantly utilized for four-colour cell imaging (including near- infrared imaging). Chapter 5 This chapter describes the design and development of a NIR emitting triarylborane decorated styryl-BODIPY (4) via a facile synthetic route. Incorporation of TAB entities results in a significantly red shifted broad emission in 4 (compared to compound M3 which is devoid of TAB unit). The near coplanar orientation of Ar3B planes and BODIPY core results in a highly efficient (TAB to BODIPY) EET process in 4. Conjugate 4 acts as a highly selective and sensitive fluoride sensor with naked eye visual response as well as ratiometric fluorescent response. The dual emission in fluoride bound 4 possibly results from the restricted partial TAB to BODIPY energy transfer. Chapter 6 This chapter describes how the energy of transitions of the broad emissive molecular triads can be fine-tuned by judiciously changing the spacer oligothiophene length. A series of triarylborane and BODIPY conjugates (TAB-π-BODIPY) has been designed, and synthesized by a combined strategy of changing the connection mode between the two units, extending the conjugation size by introducing terthiophene, quaterthiophene, and pentathiophene units. The electrochemical and photophysical behavior of these conjugates were investigated. The experimental findings were rationalized by density functional theory calculations. Chapter 7 This chapter describes design and development of boron based novel electron acceptor BDY for the bulk-heterojunction solar cell. The electron mobility values of BDY was found to be of the order of standard PCBM. Bulk-heterojunction was fabricated using BDY as the electron acceptor layer. The power conversion efficiency of the newly developed solar cells with BDY as electron acceptor is much higher than the value obtained for standard cells with PCBM as the electron acceptor.