Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:21:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3679854 bytes, checksum: 205bff7f378aac18a609a434ae6abfdd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Methomyl is a carbamate insecticide widely used to control pests in crops. It is a potential contaminant in groundwater (half-life of 50 weeks) showing harmful effects to fish, aquatic invertebrates, and mammals, reported several cases of human poisoning, affecting the central nervous system. In general, involves the analytical chromatographic methods, fluorometric, spectrophotometric fluorescence X-rays, and the use of cyclic voltammetry and amperometric biosensors with gold electrode, demonstrating the use of electrochemical methods for determination of methomyl. This study made use of an electrode of boron-doped diamond due to its intrinsic properties: wide potential window and low adsorption of organic molecules. Thus, we studied the electrochemical behavior of methomyl using CV, SWV and DPV, being proposed methodologies for the determination of methomyl by SWV and DPV. Through the study of pH, determined by means of VPD were observed five oxidation processes (Ep1  + 1,2 V, Ep2  + 1,6 V, Ep3  + 1,8 V, Ep4 ≈ +1,5 V and Ep5  + 0,8 vs. EAg/AgCl) on DDB cathodically polarized, being more sensitive P2. A methodology was developed using VOQ, being the best analysis conditions: pH 3.0 (BR buffer 0.1 mol L-1), f = 35 s 1, Es = 4 mV, Ep = 40 mV, td = 10 s and  = 1500 rpm, obtaining a linear range of 6,6 × 10 5 a 4,2 × 10 4 mol L-1, However, this method did not provide the acceptable recovery at the concentration studied level for methomyl, according to AOAC-I. The VPD technique was used as an alternative for the determination of methomyl. The best conditions for the analysis of VPD that provided the most sensitive voltammetric response were: pH 2.0 (BR buffer 0.1 mol L-1), IT = 0,2 s, Es = 4 mV, Ep = 50 mV, td =10 s and rpm. The material excellent response preconcentrate allowed the development of an analytical with a linearity range from 5.0 × 10-6 to 4.1 × 10-4 mol L-1 with limits of detection and quantification 1.2 × 10-6 and 4.1 × 10-6 mol L-1, respectively. The sensor showed good repeatability (RSD = 1.1%) and reproducibility (RSD = 1.7%), being feasible with recoveries around 87% for commercial formulations. / Metomil é um inseticida carbamato amplamente empregado no controle de pragas em culturas agrícolas. É um contaminante em potencial das águas subterrâneas (meia-vida de 50 semanas) apresentando efeitos nocivos aos peixes, invertebrados aquáticos e mamíferos, sendo relatados vários casos de envenenamento humano, prejudicando o sistema nervoso central. Em geral, sua determinação analítica envolve métodos cromatográficos, fluorimétricos, espectrofotométricos de fluorescência de raios X, além do uso de biossensores amperométricos e voltametria cíclica com eletrodo de ouro, demonstrando o uso de metodologias eletroquímicas para determinação de metomil. Neste estudo se fez uso de um eletrodo de diamante dopado com boro devido às suas propriedades intrínsecas: ampla janela de potencial e baixa adsorção de moléculas orgânicas. Assim, foi estudado o comportamento eletroquímico do metomil usando VC, VOQ e VPD, sendo propostas metodologias para a determinação de metomil por VOQ e VPD. Através do estudo de pH, realizado pela técnica VPD, foram observados cinco processos de oxidação (Ep1  + 1,2 V, Ep2  + 1,6 V, Ep3  + 1,8 V, Ep4 ≈ +1,5 V e Ep5  + 0,8 vs. EAg/AgCl) em DDB catodicamente polarizado, sendo P2 mais sensível. Uma metodologia empregando VOQ foi desenvolvida, sendo as melhores condições de análise: pH 3,0 (tampão BR 0,1 mol L 1), f = 35 s 1, Es = 4 mV, Ep = 40 mV, td = 10 s e  = 1.500 rpm, obtendo uma faixa linear de 6,6 × 10 5 a 4,2 × 10 4 mol L-1, contudo esse método não apresentou recuperação aceitável para o nível de concentração de metomil estudado, conforme AOAC-I. A técnica de VPD foi utilizada como uma alternativa para a determinação de metomil. As melhores condições de análise da VPD que proporcionaram a resposta voltamétrica mais sensível foram: pH 2,0 (tampão BR 0,1 mol L 1), IT = 0,2 s, Es = 4 mV, Ep = 50 mV, td =10 s e rpm. A excelente resposta do material pré-concentrado permitiu o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia analítica com uma faixa de linearidade de 5,0 × 10-6 até 4,1 × 10-4 mol L 1 com limites de detecção e quantificação de 1,2 × 10 6 e 4,1 × 10 6 mol L 1, respectivamente. O sensor apresentou repetibilidade (DPR = 1,1%) e reprodutibilidade (DPR = 1,7%), mostrando-se viável com recuperações em torno de 87% para formulações comerciais.

Neste trabalho foi estudada a degradação de efluentes de curtume utilizando os processos eletroquímico, fotocatalítico e fotoeletroquímico. Nesses estudos foram utilizados efluentes coletados em uma indústria e soluções preparadas em laboratório que simularam os efluentes reais. No processo eletroquímico, os efeitos do material anódico, da densidade de corrente, da presença de íons sulfato e cloreto, da concentração de cloreto e do pH foram avaliados. Eletrodos do tipo DSA® de diferentes composições, SnO2-Sb2O5 e BDD foram utilizados como ânodo. A oxidação eletroquímica do corante preto ácido 210 utilizando o eletrodo de BDD em soluções tampões de fosfato também foi estudada. A degradação eletroquímica dos efluentes de curtume foi capaz de promover a diminuição da concentração de fenóis totais, do TOC, da COD, da absorbância nas regiões UV-Vis e da toxicidade para Daphnia similis. Maiores concentrações de cloreto resultaram em remoções mais rápidas de fenóis totais, TOC e COD. Apesar disso, a redução da toxicidade do efluente foi menor para maiores concentrações de cloreto, devido à formação de maiores concentrações de AOX. A presença de Na2SO4 dificultou a oxidação das substâncias orgânicas presentes no efluente. Na ausência de cloreto, os melhores resultados foram obtidos quando BDD foi utilizado como ânodo e esses resultados não foram afetados pelo pH. Entretanto, os melhores resultados para a degradação eletroquímica do corante preto ácido 210 foram obtidos em solução alcalina contendo íons fosfato, provavelmente devido à formação de espécies oxidantes a partir desses íons. O tratamento fotocatalítico do efluente de curtume foi realizado utilizando TiO2 P25 da Degussa suportado sobre as paredes do foto-reator. Duas lâmpadas de 15 W, uma de luz negra e a outra germicida, foram utilizadas para avaliar o efeito da fonte de radiação. A lâmpada de luz negra não modificou as características do efluente e os resultados obtidos com a lâmpada germicida na presença e ausência de TiO2 foram equiparáveis. O tratamento fotoeletroquímico foi realizado utilizando uma lâmpada de vapor de mercúrio de alta pressão de 125 W como fonte de radiação e um eletrodo de composição nominal Ti/Ru0,30Ti0,70O2 como ânodo. O efeito dos íons sulfato e cloreto sob a eficiência do processo fotoeletroquímico foi avaliado. Os resultados obtidos com o processo eletroquímico na presença de cloreto foram melhores do que aqueles obtidos com o processo fotoeletroquímico na presença de sulfato. Além disso, os resultados alcançados com o processo fotoeletroquímico na presença de NaCl foram melhores do que os alcançados com os processos eletroquímico e fotoquímico aplicados separadamente. / In this work the degradation of tannery wastewaters using electrochemical, photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical processes was studied. Wastewaters collected in an industry and solutions prepared in the laboratory, which simulated real wastewaters, were used in these studies. Effects of the anodic material, current density, presence of sulfate and chloride ions, chloride concentration, and pH on the electrochemical process were evaluated. Different compositions of DSA®-type electrodes, SnO2-Sb2O5 and BDD were employed as anode. The electrochemical oxidation of acid black 210 dye in phosphate buffer solutions was also studied using the BDD electrode. The electrochemical degradation of tannery wastewaters was able to promote the decrease in the concentration of total phenols, TOC, COD, absorbance in the UV-Vis region, and toxicity for Daphnia similis. However, the higher the chloride concentration in the wastewater, the lower the toxicity reduction because of the higher AOX concentration. The presence of Na2SO4 made the oxidation of organic compounds in the wastewater more difficult. In the absence of chloride, the best results were obtained when BDD was used as anode, and these results were not affected by the pH. However, the best results for the electrochemical degradation of acid black 210 dye were reached in alkaline solution containing phosphate ions, which is probably due to the formation of oxidizing species from these ions. The photocatalytic treatment of the tannery wastewater was performed with TiO2 P25 Degussa supported on the photoreactor walls. Two 15 W-lamps, a black light lamp and a germicide lamp, were used to evaluate the effect of the radiation source. The black light lamp did not change the wastewater characteristics, while the results obtained with the germicide lamp in the presence and absence of TiO2 were similar. The photoelectrochemical process was performed using a 125 W high-pressure mercury vapor lamp as radiation source and an electrode of nominal composition Ti/Ru0.30Ti0.70O2 as anode. Effects of sulfate and chloride ions on the efficiency of the photoelectrochemical process were evaluated. The results obtained with the electrochemical process in the presence of chloride were better than those obtained with the photoelectrochemical process in the presence of sulfate. Moreover, the results obtained with the photoelectrochemical process in the presence of chloride were better than those obtained with the electrochemical and photochemical processes applied separately.

Este trabalho investigou a oxidação eletroquímica do ácido tânico em eletrodos do tipo Ânodo Dimensionalmente Estáveis (ADE) a base de SnO2 e IrO2 e eletrodos de Diamante Dopado com Boro (BDD). As eletrólises foram feitas em modo galvanostático em função de parâmetros como densidade de corrente e concentração de cloreto. A oxidação eletroquímica do ácido tânico foi capaz de promover a diminuição da concentração de fenóis totais, Carbono Orgânico Total (COT) e Demanda Química de oxigênio (DQO). Para os ADE os melhores resultados de remoção de Carbono Orgânico Total (COT) foram nas condições em que se utilizou 300 mg L-1 de cloreto e densidade de corrente de 25 mA cm-2. No entanto houve a formação de compostos organoclorados que não foram degradados com maiores tempo de reação. Para os eletrodos de BDD, obteve-se a remoção de aproximadamente 98% de COT após 10 horas de reação à 75 mA cm-2, na ausência de cloreto. Maiores remoções de COT são obtidas com o aumento da densidade de corrente. Eletrólises na presença de cloreto removeram quase 100% do COT em tempos menores de reação. Análises de compostos organohalogenados (AOX) mostraram que não houve a formação de compostos organoclorados. Menores densidades de corrente apresentaram maiores Eficiência de Corrente (EC) e menor Consumo de Energia (CE). As eletrólises na presença de cloro apresentaram melhores resultados de EC que na ausência do mesmo. A oxidação fotoeletroquímia do ácido tânico em eletrodos do tipo ADE de composição nominal Ti/ Sn0,7 Ir0,3 O2 também foi investigada nesse trabalho. O tratamento fotoeletroquímico foi realizado utilizando uma lâmpada de vapor de mercúrio de alta pressão de 125 W como fonte de irradiação. A variação da corrente não mostrou diferença significativa na oxidação do ácido tânico. A variação da concentração de cloreto no eletrólito suporte influenciou de forma acentuada a oxidação do ácido tânico. O tratamento fotoeletroquímico se mostrou mais eficiente na remoção de COT que os tratamentos eletroquímico e fotoquímico. No tratamento fotoeletroquímico ocorreu a formação de AOX no início da reação, no entanto com o passar do tempo esses compostos foram degradados. / This study investigated the electrochemical oxidation of tannic acid on electrodes of the Dimensionally Stable Anode (DSA) type based on SnO2 and IrO2 as well as on boron doped diamond (BDD) electrodes. The electrolyses were performed in the galvanostatic mode, as a function of such parameters as current density and chloride concentration. The electrochemical oxidation of tannic acid was able to promote the reduction of the concentration of total phenolics, total organic carbon (TOC), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). For the DSA the best results of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) removal were achieved at 300 ppm chloride and current density of 25 mA cm-2. However, organochlorine compounds were formed and were not degraded with increased reaction times. For the BDD electrodes, the removal of approximately 98% TOC was obtained after 10 hours of reaction at 75 mA cm-2, in the absence of chloride. Major TOC removals were obtained with increasing current density. Electrolyses in the presence of chloride removed almost 100% TOC in shorter reaction times. Analysis of organohalogen compounds (AOX) showed no formation of organochlorine compounds. Lower current densities led to higher current efficiency (CE) and lower Energy Consumption (EC). The electrolyses in the presence of chlorine produced better CE results than those performed in the absence of chlorine. The photoelectrochemical oxidation of tannic acid in ADE-type electrodes of nominal composition Ti / Sn0.9 Ir0.3 O2 was also investigated in this work. The photoelectrochemical treatment was performed using a high pressure mercury vapor lamp 125 W as the source of irradiation. The variation in current revealed no significant difference in the oxidation of tannic acid. The variation in chloride concentration in the electrolyte markedly influenced the oxidation of tannic acid. The photoelectrochemical treatment was more efficient for TOC removal than the electrochemical and photochemical treatments. Formation of AOX occurred at the beginning of the photoelectrochemical treatment, but over time these compounds were degraded.

Neste trabalho descreve-se o desenvolvimento de procedimentos eletroanalíticos para a determinação de paracetamol, ácido ascórbico (AA) e cafeína em formulações farmacêuticas utilizando um eletrodo de diamante dopado com boro (BDD) e voltametria de pulso diferencial (DPV). Inicialmente, foram obtidos os voltamogramas cíclicos para o paracetamol, AA e cafeína separadamente sendo os potenciais de pico anódicos de oxidação de cada um destes analitos iguais a 0,80 V, 0,92 V e 1,47 V, respectivamente. O efeito do pré-tratamento eletroquímico do eletrodo de BDD nas medidas voltamétricas foi também objeto de estudo. Os parâmetros da voltametria de onda quadrada e voltametria de pulso diferencial também foram estudados e otimizados para cada analito. No primeiro procedimento desenvolvido, determinou-se simultaneamente paracetamol e cafeína em formulações farmacêuticas utilizando o eletrodo de BDD e voltametria de pulso diferencial após a otimização das condições experimentais. A curva analítica foi linear no intervalo de concentração de paracetamol e cafeína de 5,0 × 10-7 mol L-1 a 8,3 × 10-5 mol L-1 com limite de detecção iguail a 4,9 × 10-7 mol L-1 para paracetamol e 3,5 × 10-8 mol L-1 para cafeína. O desvio padrão relativo do paracetamol e da cafeína para a repetibilidade intra-dias foi de 0,7 % e 0,2% respectivamente e para a repetibilidade inter-dias foi de 5,1% e 1,4% respectivamente. A quantificação de paracetamol e cafeína em formulações farmacêuticas utilizando um eletrodo de BDD apresentaram resultados concordantes com os resultados obtidos empregando-se um método cromatográfico em um nível de confiança de 95%. Na seqüência, um segundo procedimento foi desenvolvido para a determinação simultânea de AA e cafeína em formulações farmacêuticas utilizando o eletrodo de BDD e voltametria de pulso diferencial, após a otimização das condições experimentais. A curva analítica foi linear num intervalo de concentração de 5,0 × 10-6 mol L-1 a 1,9× 10-4 mol L-1 para AA e de 2,0 × 10-6 mol L-1 a 1,1 × 10-4 mol L-1 para cafeína com limites de detecção de 2,6 × 10-7 mol L-1 para AA e 2,4 × 10-8 mol L-1 para cafeína. O desvio padrão relativo do AA e da cafeína para a repetibilidade intra-dias foi de 0,5% e 0,2% respectivamente e para a repetibilidade inter-dias foi de 5,9% e 8,7% respectivamente. A quantificação de AA e cafeína em formulações farmacêuticas utilizando um eletrodo de BDD apresentaram resultados concordantes com os resultados obtidos empregando-se um método cromatográfico em um nível de confiança de 95%. / In this study the development of eletroanalytical procedures for paracetamol, ascorbic acid (AA) and caffeine in pharmaceutical formulations using a boron doped diamond (BDD) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) is described. Initially, the cyclic voltammograms of paracetamol, AA and caffeine were separately obtained with the potentials of anodic peaks of oxidation of each one of these analytes equals to 0.80 V, 0.92 V and 1.47 V, respectively. The effect of electrochemical pre-treatment of the BDD electrode in voltammetric measurements was the purpose of this study, as well. The parameters of square wave voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry were also studied and optimized for each analyte. In the first developed procedure, it was determined both paracetamol and caffeine in pharmaceutical formulations using the BDD electrode and differential pulse voltammetry after optimization of experimental conditions. The analytical curves were linear in the paracetamol and caffeine concentration intervals, ranging from 5.0 x 10-7 mol L-1 to 8.3 x 10-5 mol L-1 with detection limit equal to 4.9 x 10-7 mol L-1 for paracetamol and 3.5 x 10-8 mol L-1 for caffeine. The relative standard deviation of paracetamol and caffeine for the intra-day repeatability was 0.7% and 0.2% respectively, and the inter-day repeatability was 5.1% and 1.4% respectively. The quantification of paracetamol and caffeine in pharmaceutical formulations using a BDD electrode showed results in agreement with those results obtained using a chromatographic method at a 95% confidence level. Subsequently, a second procedure was developed for the simultaneous determination of AA and caffeine in pharmaceutical formulations using the BDD electrode and differential pulse voltammetry, after optimization of experimental conditions. The analytical curves were linear in the concentrations ranging from 5.0 x 10-6 mol L-1 to 1.9 x 10-4 mol L-1 for AA and 2.0 x 10-6 mol L-1 to 1.0 x 10-4 mol L-1 for caffeine with detection limits of 2.6 x 10-7 mol L-1 for AA and 2.4 x 10-8 mol L-1 for caffeine. The relative standard deviation of AA and caffeine for the intra-day repeatability was 0.5% and 0.2% respectively, and the inter-day repeatability was 5.9% and 8.7% respectively. Quantification of AA and caffeine in pharmaceutical formulations using a BDD electrode showed results in accordance with the results obtained using a chromatographic method at a 95% confidence level.

This study investigates electrochemical oxidation of m-cresol on boron-doped diamond electrode using direct current voltammetry (DCV), differential pulse voltametry (DPV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). In aqueous media in pH range 2.0 - 12.0 m-cresol provides one oxidation peak. The electrode reaction is diffusion-controled. Because of electrode passivation two types of pretreatment were applied for reactivation of electrode surface., i.e. alumina polishing and anodic activation using potential of +2400 mV. Peak heights and potentials are strongly dipending on the type of pretreatment for DCV and DPV - the difference in peak potentials can reach 430 mV. Using optimal conditions for alumina polishing in 0.01 μmol·L-1 NaOH the linear dynamic range is 1.0 - 75 μmol·L-1 for DCV and 0.75 - 75 μmol·L-1 for DPV. And for anodic activation in BR buffer pH 2.0 the linear dynamic range is 0.75 - 75 μmol·L-1 for DCV and DPV. The influence of boron-doping level was investigated using a semiconductive and mettalic-type BDD film. For the latter the sensitivity in DP voltammetry is two times higer and for both types the linear dynamic range is ca 1 - 25 μmol·L-1 . The voltammetric response of m-cresol was further investigated in the presence of cationic surfactants. In the presence of CTAB and CPB the peak current...

The objective of the present work is the study of the electrochemical behaviour of two diagnostic tumor markers of great importance, vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) and homovanillic acid (HVA), on carbon-based electrodes by using cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry. A comparison was made among non-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and GCE modified by multi-walled carbon nanotubes, Nafion (Nafion/GCE) and poly(neutral red) (PNR/GCE), and further boron doped diamond (BDD) electrode which was activated by anodic polarization (Eakt = +2,4 V, t = 30 s) or by polishing on alumina slurry. Significant differences in the voltammetric responses of VMA and HVA were found, not only among utilized electrode materials which also influenced the way of controlling the oxidation process, but also they depend on the pH value of aqueous media in which these acids occurred. An acidic environment is the most suitable for their determination. Calibration dependences were measured in 0.1 mol∙l−1 phosphate buffer pH 3.0 which was chosen as an optimal supporting electrolyte for differential pulse voltammetric determination. Achieved detection limits were 0.6, 0.9, 0.8 and 1.2 μmol∙l−1 for HVA and 0.4, 1.5, 2.4 and 1.1 μmol∙l−1 for VMA at BDD electrode, non-modified GCE, Nafion/GCE and PNR/GCE, respectively. Limits...

Les électrodes en diamant polycristallin dopé au bore (BDD) présentent beaucoup d'intérêts et notamment une large fenêtre de potentiel supérieure à 3 V en milieux aqueux, un faible courant résiduel et une excellente résistance à la corrosion et à l'encrassement. Ces propriétés en font donc un matériau de choix pour le développement de capteurs chimiques. Afin d'exalter la réactivité des électrodes BDD envers certains composés, notre approche a consisté à déposer sur la surface des électrodes des nanoparticules à base de métaux de transition comme le platine ou l'iridium. Ces nanoparticules présentent une activité électro catalytique intéressante, ce qui ouvre la voie à la détection de produits dérivés de réactions enzymatiques, de pesticides ou de bien d'autres espèces non électro-actives sur les électrodes en BDD nues. L'objectif de mes travaux a été de mettre au point une nouvelle méthode de dépôt de nanoparticules métalliques sur la surface d'électrodes et de les caractériser d'un point de vue à la fois structurel et électrochimique. L'objectif est de développer un système de détection multi-capteurs composé d'électrodes BDD chacune fonctionnalisée par un catalyseur métallique différent sous forme de nanoparticules. Le système de détection permet ainsi d'obtenir une signature chimique caractéristique du composé à détecter. Par couplage des différents capteurs, des méthodes algorithmiques d'apprentissage / reconnaissance permettent alors d'apporter de la sélectivité au système de détection, à la manière d'une " langue électronique ". La technique a été appliquée à plusieurs composés d'intérêt, et notamment à l'eau oxygénée, l'indole, le scatol, le paraoxon, et l'imidaclopride. / Boron-doped polycrystalline diamond electrodes (BDD) exhibit a number of advantages, including a wide potential window above 3V in aqueous media, a low background current, and excellent resilience to corrosion and fouling. These properties make it a very interesting material for the development of chemical sensors. In order to enhance the reactivity of the BDD electrodes towards a wider range of chemical compounds, we have studied the possibility to deposit on the electrode surface nanoparticles based on transition metals such as platinum or iridium. These nanoparticles exhibit an interesting electro-catalytic activity and open the way to the detection of products derived from enzymatic reactions, pesticides or many other electrochemically non-active species. The aim of this thesis work has been to propose a new method for the deposition of metallic nanoparticles on the diamond surface and to characterize them from a structural and electrochemical point of view. The objective is to develop a multi-sensor detection system composed of several BDD electrodes each functionalized using a different metal catalyst in the form of nanoparticles. The detection system thus enables to obtain a characteristic chemical fingerprint of the product to detect. By assembling several of such sensors, and coupling them with algorithmic learning / recognition methods, the system provides an improved selectivity, in a similar way to an “electronic tongue”. This was applied to several case studies, including the detection of hydrogen peroxide, scatol, indole, paraoxon and imidaclopride.

This diploma thesis deals withthe studyof electrochemical behaviorand detection of two structurally different neurotransmitters, dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT), in solutions commonly used for neuron cultivation, namely Neurobasal (NB), NB with phenol red and in phosphate buffer (PB) of a pH close to the physiological value. An electrode based on boron-doped diamondwas used for the study, examiningtwo types of surfaces obtained after oxidation (O-BDD) and mechanical polishing (p-BDD). The results were obtained by two voltametric techniques,namely cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry.The studyrevealedthat DA oxidationis a quasi-reversible process,whereas 5-HT oxidizes irreversibly on O-BDD and p-BDD. Nevertheless, for both neurotransmitters their anodic oxidationonboth BDD surfaces is controlledby diffusion. Due to the passivation of the electrode surface by the oxidation products, anodic reactivation(Eact = +2400 mV, t = 30 s) was first testedto regenerate the O-BDD surface during DA and 5-HT measurements. There was no continuous decrease in DA peak currents on O-BDD and the measuredsignals were characterizedby high repeatabilityin all studiedmedia (sr (Ip) 1.1% in PB of pH 7.0, 1.7% in NB of pH 7.34, 0.9% in NB with phenol red of pH 7.48). In the case of 5-HT, the anodic reactivation was...

The aim of this thesis was the development of a voltammetric method for the determination of 7-dehydrocholesterol as a biomarker of congenital disease Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. The concentration of 7-dehydrocholesterol in plasma will increase hundred-fold to hundreds to thousands µmol L-1 in patients suffering from Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. The determination of 7-dehydrocholesterol was carried out in artifical serum in this work, which was prepared to mimic the conditions of postnatal diagnosis of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. 7-dehydrocholestrol provides a well developed voltammetric signal at approximately +0.8 V vs. Ag/AgNO3 in acetonitrile. Differential pulse voltammetry with optimized parameters was used for the determination of 7-dehydrocholesterol. The presence of protein in artificial serum (human serum albumin) resulted in an unacceptably high detection limit of the method (178 µmol L-1 in artificial serum). Therefore, human serum albumin was eliminated from the artificial serum samples by precipitating it with acetonitrile and subsequently centrifuging the resulting suspension. At the same time, the ratio of aqueous and organic components in the studied medium was also adjusted with acetonitrile to achieve an optimal voltammetric response of 7-dehydrocholestrol. With regard to the...

This thesis is devoted to the study of electrochemical oxidation of meta-substituted phenolic substances on a boron-doped diamond electrode. In the first phase, it was studied the effect of pH on their electrochemical oxidation by the methods of classical "direct current" voltammetry (DCV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The study was performed on three types of boron doped diamond (BDD) surfaces: polished, anodic and cathodically activated. In the second phase, attention was paid to the Hammett correlation to study the effect of the substituent on the potential of electrochemical oxidation of selected phenolic compounds. Among the substituents studied were (-H, -CH3, -OCH3, -(CH2)2COOH, -COOH a -NO2). In general, the oxidation potentials were lower in the basic medium than in the acidic medium on all studied surfaces. An exception was the studied phenolic acids, which could not be detected in an alkaline medium on the O-terminated BDD, probably due to electrostatic repulsion between the partially negative electrode surface and the acid dianion. The highest correlation coefficient for the dependence composed of all studied phenols was obtained for the polished and H-terminated surface at pH 11, ie the dissociated form of phenolic substances. The high electron density leads to easy...