京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第23698号 / 理博第4788号 / 新制||理||1685(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)准教授 福間 將文, 准教授 吉岡 興一, 教授 萩野 浩一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

The scattering of electroweak gauge bosons is closely connected to the electroweak gauge symmetry and its spontaneous breaking through the Brout-Englert-Higgs mechanism. Since it contains triple and quartic gauge boson vertices, the measurement of this scattering process allows to probe the self-interactions of weak bosons. The contribution of the Higgs boson to the weak boson scattering amplitude ensures unitarity of the scattering matrix. Therefore, the scattering of massive electroweak gauge bosons is sensitive to deviations from the Standard Model prescription of the electroweak interaction and of the properties of the Higgs boson. At the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the scattering of massive electroweak gauge bosons is accessible through the measurement of purely electroweak production of two jets and two gauge bosons. No such process has been observed before. Being the channel with the least amount of background from QCD-mediated production of the same final state, the most promising channel for the first measurement of a process containing massive electroweak gauge boson scattering is the one with two like-charge W bosons and two jets in the final state. This thesis presents the first measurement of electroweak production of two jets and two identically charged W bosons, which yields the first observation of a process with contributions from quartic gauge interactions of massive electroweak gauge bosons. An overview of the most important issues in Monte Carlo simulation of vector boson scattering processes with current Monte Carlo generators is given in this work. The measurement of the final state of two jets and two leptonically decaying same-charge W bosons is conducted based on proton-proton collision data with a center-of-mass energy of √s = 8 TeV, taken in 2012 with the ATLAS experiment at the LHC. The cross section of electroweak production of two jets and two like-charge W bosons is measured with a significance of 3.6 standard deviations to be σ(W± W±jj−EW[fiducial]) = 1.3 ± 0.4(stat.) ± 0.2(syst.) fb in a fiducial phase space region selected to enhance the contribution from W W scattering. The measurement is compatible with the Standard Model prediction of σ(W±W± jj−EW[fiducial]) = 0.95 ± 0.06 fb. Based on this measurement, limits on anomalous quartic gauge couplings are derived. The effect of anomalous quartic gauge couplings is simulated within the framework of an effective chiral Lagrangian unitarized with the K-matrix method. The limits for the anomalous coupling parameters α4 and α5 are found to be −0.14 < α4 < 0.16 and −0.23 < α5 < 0.24 at 95 % confidence level. Furthermore, the prospects for the measurement of the electroweak production of two same-charge W bosons and two jets within the Standard Model and with additional doubly charged resonances after the upgrade of the ATLAS detector and the LHC are investigated. For a high-luminosity LHC with a center-of-mass energy of √s = 14 TeV, the significance of the measurement with an integrated luminosity of 3000 fb^−1 is estimated to be 18.7 standard deviations. It can be improved by 30 % by extending the inner tracking detector of the atlas experiment up to an absolute pseudorapidity of |η| = 4.0.

Photonics has consistently played an important role in the investigation of quantum-enhanced technologies and the corresponding study of fundamental quantum phenomena. The majority of these experiments have relied on the free space propagation of light between bulk optical components. This relatively simple and flexible approach often provides the fastest route to small proof-of-principle demonstrations. Unfortunately, such experiments occupy significant space, are not inherently phase stable, and can exhibit significant scattering loss which severely limits their use. Integrated photonics offers a scalable route to building larger quantum states of light by surmounting these barriers. In the first half of this thesis, we describe the operation of on-chip heralded sources of single photons. Loss plays a critical role in determining whether many quantum technologies have any hope of outperforming their classical analogues. Minimizing loss leads us to choose Spontaneous Four-Wave Mixing (SFWM) in a silica waveguide for our source design; silica exhibits extremely low scattering loss and emission can be efficiently coupled to the silica chips and fibers that are widely used in quantum optics experiments. We show there is a straightforward route to maximizing heralded photon purity by minimizing the spectral correlations between emitted photon pairs. Fabrication of identical sources on a large scale is demonstrated by a series of high-visibility interference experiments. This architecture offers a promising route to the construction of nonclassical states of higher photon number by operating many on-chip SFWM sources in parallel. In the second half, we detail one of the first proof-of-principle demonstrations of a new intermediate model of quantum computation called boson sampling. While likely less powerful than a universal quantum computer, boson sampling machines appear significantly easier to build and may allow the first convincing demonstration of a quantum-enhanced computation in the not-distant future. Boson sampling requires a large interferometric network which are challenging to build with bulk optics, we therefore perform our experiment on-chip. We model the effect of loss on our postselected experiment and implement a circuit characterization technique that accounts for this loss. Experimental imperfections, including higher-order emission from our photon pair sources and photon distinguishability, are modeled and found to explain the sampling error observed in our experiment.

The Standard Model of particle physics is a successful theory, yet it is incomplete. Supersymmetry is one of the favoured extensions of the Standard Model, elegantly addressing several unresolved issues. This thesis presents a search for the pair production of supersymmetric particles chargino one and neutralino two, where the neutralino two decays to the lightest neutralino and the 125 GeV Higgs boson. The final states considered for the search have large missing transverse momentum, an isolated lepton and two jets identified as originating from bottom quarks. The analysis is based on 20.3 inverse femtobarns of 8 TeV proton-proton collision data delivered by the Large Hadron Collider and recorded with the ATLAS detector. No excess over Standard Model predictions is observed. The analysis has been combined with three independent searches that probe other decay modes of the Standard Model Higgs boson. Limits are set at 95% confidence level in the context of a simplified supersymmetric model. Common masses of chargino one and neutralino two are excluded up to 250 GeV for a massless neutralino one. The analysis of this dissertation has been reinterpreted in the context of a large scan of the phenomenological Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model, along with 22 other ATLAS Run 1 searches. The resulting summary paper represents the most comprehensive assessment of the ATLAS constraints on Supersymmetry models to date. / Graduate / 0798 / cdavid@uvic.ca

Le Modèle Standard de la physique des particules explique avec succès les données expérimentales. L'origine de la masse des bosons W et Z est expliquée à l'aide du mécanisme de Higgs qui permet de briser la symétrie de jauge de l'interaction électro-faible. Cependant ce mécanisme prédit l'existence d'une particule, appelée le boson de Higgs, qui n'a pas été observée pour l'instant. Cette particule est recherchée au LHC en particulier dans les expériences ATLAS et CMS. Les premiers résultats utilisant les données du LHC permettent d'exclure, avec un niveau de confiance de 95%, un boson de Higgs qui aurait la section efficace du Modèle Standard entre 128 et 600 GeV/c$^2$ et les résultats plus anciens du LEP ont exclu un boson de Higgs plus léger que 114.4 GeV/c$^2$. Dans l'intervalle de masse restant, le canal de désintégration du Higgs en deux photons est le canal idéal pour la recherche du boson de Higgs car, malgré son faible rapport d'embranchement (environ quelques pour mille) et grâce à son état final clair, il permet d'obtenir une résonance de faible largeur dans le spectre de masse invariante des événements di-photons. La manière dont un photon est reconstruit dans CMS sera d'abord décrite et la compréhension de cette reconstruction avec les premières données du LHC présentée. Du fait de la faible largeur de la résonance du boson de Higgs à basse masse, un grand intérêt doit être porté à la résolution sur l'énergie des photons. C'est pourquoi, nous étudierons les corrections apportées à cette énergie. Ensuite, comme les pions neutres qui se désintègrent en deux photons sont le principal bruit de fond aux photons dans les données, nous verrons comment utiliser la forme du dépôt d'énergie dans le calorimètre électromagnétique de CMS à l'aide d'un réseau de neurones artificiels pour discriminer ces pions neutres des vrais photons. La chromodynamique quantique est la source d'un large nombre d'événements di-photons qui forment la majorité du bruit de fond à la désintégration du boson de Higgs. La mesure de la section efficace de ces processus et de leur cinématique aide aussi à la compréhension du Modèle Standard. La possibilité d'utiliser le pouvoir discriminant du réseau de neurones pour mesurer le nombre d'événements diphotons dans les données, a été étudiée. Les mésons neutres sont aussi un bruit de fond pour les photons issus de la désintégration du boson de Higgs. L'amélioration de l'identification à l'aide d'une coupure sur la variable de sortie du réseau de neurones a donc été évaluée : la conséquence de cette amélioration en termes de limite sera présentée sur le premier 1.6fb$^1$ des données de 2011 enregistrées par l'expérience CMS.

Orientador: Julio Marny Hoff da Silva / Banca: Saulo Henrique Pereira / Banca: Marco André Ferreira Dias / Banca: José Abdalla Helayel-Neto / Banca: Alexis Roa Aguirre / Resumo: Na presente tese apresentaremos de forma detalhada o estudo sistemático de uma teoria quântica com férmions de dimensão de massa um que obedecem as estatísticas de Fermi-Dirac, abordando essencialmente sua construção, quantização do campo, análise dos observáveis físicos e aplicações quânticas. Forneceremos todos os detalhes de uma descoberta teórica inesperada da partícula de spin $1/2$ que compõe um conjunto completo de autoespinores com helicidade dual do operador conjugação de carga. Esses espinores recebem o nome de Elko, um acrônimo proveniente do Alemão \textit{Eigenspinoren des Ladungskonjugationsoperators}. Veremos que o elo entre os espaços de representação $(1/2, 0)$ e $(0, 1/2)$ não é dado pela simetria de paridade mas sim pela 'Mágica das matrizes de Pauli', e, portanto, como consequência a dinâmica de tais campos será regida única e exclusivamente pela dinâmica de Klein-Gordon. Tal fato faz com que o propagador associado ao Elko guarde muita similaridade com o propagador do campo escalar. Intrinsicamente, em sua formulação embrionária, as somas de spin para o Elko mostram um termo que quebra explicitamente a covariância relativística, levando então à apreciação da \textit{Very Special Relativity}, que nada mais é do que um subgrupo do grupo de Lorentz, cuja álgebra deixa as somas de spin invariantes ou covariantes. Entretanto, mostraremos que existe uma liberdade na definição da estrutura dual, a qual permite que seja construída uma teoria local e invariante p... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The present thesis covers in details a systematic study of a quantum theory based on mass dimension one fermions which satisfy the Fermi-Dirac statistics, essentially addressing its construction, field quantization, analysis of physical observables and quantum applications. We provide all the details of an unexpected theoretical discovery of a spin 1/2 particle which composes a complete set of dual helicity spinors of the charge conjugation operator. Such spinors are called Elko, an acronym for the German word Eigenspinoren des Ladungskonjugationsoperators. We show that the relation between the representation spaces (1/2,0) and (0,1/2) is given by the "Magic of Pauli matrices" rather than parity symmetry, therefore, as a consequence the dynamic of such fields is governed solely and exclusively by the Klein-Gordon dynamic. Such fact makes the Elko propagator to be very similar to the scalar field propagator Intrinsically, in its embryonic formulation, Elko spin sums shows up a term that explicitly breaks relativistic covariance, leading to the appreciation of Very Special Relativity, a theory which is based on a subgroup of the Lorentz group, whose algebra leaves the spin sums invariant or covariant. However, we show a freedom in the dual structure definition, which allows the construction of a local and Lorentz invariant theory, thus, leading to a very interesting and promising new physics / Doutor

Une recherche du boson de Higgs est effectuée dans le canal WW → lνlν en utilisant l’ensemble des données de 2011 à une énergie dans le centre de masse de √s = 7 TeV et une partie des données de 2012 à 8 TeV prises par l’expérience ATLAS auprès du LHC. Les luminosités intégrées correspondantes sont 4.7 fb−1 et 5.8 fb−1, respectivement. L’analyse est effectuée avec des coupures. Plusieurs méthodes sont introduites pour estimer à partir des données la contribution de bruits de fond des différents processus afin de minimiser l’utilisation de simulation. Pour la contribution du bruit de fond top dans le canal dominant avec zéro jet, elle est estimée avec une méthode que nous avons proposée. Une autre méthode pour corriger la forme de la distribution de l’énergie transverse manquante dans les événements Drell-Yan à partir des événements W +jets est également présentée. En 2011, le boson de Higgs du modèle standard avec la masse du Higgs de 133 à 261 GeV est exclue à 95% de niveau de confiance, tandis que la plage d’exclusion prévue est de 127 à 234 GeV. En 2012, un excès d’événements au-dessus du bruit de fond attendu est observé dans une plage de masse autour de 125GeV. En combinant les deux échantillons, la probabilité minimale (“p-value”) pour que l’hypothèse bruit de fond seul fournisse autant ou plus d’événements qu’observé dans les données est de 3 × 10−3, ce qui correspond à une signifiance statistique de 2,8 écarts types. Le taux de production mesuré du signal par rapport au taux prédit pour le boson de Higgs du modèle standard à mH = 125GeV est de 1,4 ± 0,5. La probabilité attendue pour un Higgs avec mH = 125GeV est de 0,01, soit de 2,3 écarts types. La limite d’exclusion d’un Higgs dans un modèle avec une quatrième génération est également présentée en utilisant une partie de l’échantillon de données 2011, la gamme de masse entre 120 GeV et 600 GeV a été exclue à 95% de niveau de confiance. Enfin, l’étude sur le temps de dérive dans le calorimètre à argon liquide du détecteur ATLAS est effectuée en utilisant tous les échantillons de données du rayonnement cosmique, du faisceau splash et de collision. Les résultats ne montrent aucune non-uniformité significative sur la largeur de l’espace cellulaire mis à part un effet de “sagging” dans les régions de transition dû au poids du calorimètre. / A Higgs search is performed in the WW → lνlν channel using the full 2011 data at a center-of-mass energy of √s = 7 TeV and part of 2012 data at 8 TeV taken by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC. The corresponding integrated luminosity values are 4.7fb−1 and 5.8fb−1, respectively. The cut based analysis is performed and several data-driven methods for background estimation are introduced. The jet veto survival probability method for top background estimation in 0-jet bin is proposed and used in the Higgs search. Another data-driven method to correct the shape of the missing transverse energy distribution in the Drell-Yan process is also presented. In 2011, the standard model Higgs boson with the Higgs mass from 133 to 261 GeV is excluded at 95% CL, while the expected exclusion range is 127 − 234 GeV. In 2012, an excess of events over expected background is observed at mH = 125GeV. Combining the both samples, the minimum observed p0 value is 3 × 10−3, corresponding to 2.8 standard deviations. The fitted signal strength at mH = 125 GeV is μ = 1.4 ± 0.5. The expected p0 for a Higgs with mH = 125 GeV is 0.01, or 2.3 standard deviations. The exclusion limit for a Higgs in a fourth generation model is shown using part of the 2011 data sample, the mass range between 120GeV and 600GeV has been excluded at 95%CL. The study on the drift time in the liquid argon calorimeter in ALTAS is performed using all special data samples from cosmic muon, beam splash and beam collision data. The results show no significant non-uniformity on the cell gap width and a sagging effect due to gravity is observed.

The Standard model of particle physics provides a successful theory to understand the experimental results of the electroweak and strong interactions. However, it does not have a satisfactory explanation for the hierarchy problem. Many extensions of the Standard Model that solve the hierarchy problem result in new particles. We will study the phenomenology of vector-like fermions resulting in theories where the Higgs boson is typically a pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone boson. In these theories we study the case where a heavy fermion will be heavier than a heavy gluon, and then the channel of a heavy fermion decaying into a color octet is considered. We study this phenomenology at high energy colliders, both the LHC as well as future machines. / O modelo padrão de física de partículas fornece uma teoria bem-sucedida para entender os resultados experimentais das interações eletrofracas e fortes. No entanto, não tem uma explicação satisfatória para o problema de hierarquia. Muitas extensões do Modelo Padrão que resolvem o problema hierarquia resultam em novas partículas. Estudaremos a fenomenologia de férmions vetoriais resultando em teorias onde o bóson de Higgs é tipicamente um bóson pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone. Nessas teorias, estudaremos o caso em que um férmion pesado será mais pesado do que um glúon pesado, e então o canal de um férmion pesado decaindo em um octeto de cor é considerado. Estudamos esta fenomenologia em colisores de alta energia, tanto para o LHC quanto as futuras máquinas.

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The Standard model of particle physics provides a successful theory to understand the experimental results of the electroweak and strong interactions. However, it does not have a satisfactory explanation for the hierarchy problem. Many extensions of the Standard Model that solve the hierarchy problem result in new particles. We will study the phenomenology of vector-like fermions resulting in theories where the Higgs boson is typically a pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone boson. In these theories we study the case where a heavy fermion will be heavier than a heavy gluon, and then the channel of a heavy fermion decaying into a color octet is considered. We study this phenomenology at high energy colliders, both the LHC as well as future machines. / O modelo padrão de física de partículas fornece uma teoria bem-sucedida para entender os resultados experimentais das interações eletrofracas e fortes. No entanto, não tem uma explicação satisfatória para o problema de hierarquia. Muitas extensões do Modelo Padrão que resolvem o problema hierarquia resultam em novas partículas. Estudaremos a fenomenologia de férmions vetoriais resultando em teorias onde o bóson de Higgs é tipicamente um bóson pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone. Nessas teorias, estudaremos o caso em que um férmion pesado será mais pesado do que um glúon pesado, e então o canal de um férmion pesado decaindo em um octeto de cor é considerado. Estudamos esta fenomenologia em colisores de alta energia, tanto para o LHC quanto as futuras máquinas.