One of the top bicycling cities in the United States, Portland, Oregon has used a mixture of bicycle infrastructure to create a cohesive network for bicyclists. Building on their success, in 2010 Portland set forth on an ambitious path to envision their bicycle network in 2030. The primary goal of this plan is to attract the “Interested but Concerned” demographic of bicyclists through an increase of their bicycle boulevard network from 30 miles to 286 miles. However, there has been no direct link between bicycle boulevards and bicycle rates. Therefore, this study analyzes the influence of bicycle boulevards on bicycle-to-work rates using U.S. Census data with Geographic Information Systems data in concert with both ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions and a fixed effects (FE) regression. The OLS and FE models both indicate that there is a statistically significant relationship between bicycle boulevards and bicycle-to-work rates.

Esse estudo tem como objetivo realizar uma investigação acerca da obra de Jean Béraud (1849-1935), visando recuperar os aspectos profundos, mas pouco explorados, de um determinado recorte de sua poética. Com vistas a ampliar a interpretação tradicionalmente atribuída às obras desse pintor francês, que se consagra, no último quartil do século XIX, como le peintre de la vie parisienne, pretende-se, à partir da análise de quatro obras, que figuram no acervo do Museu Carnavalet, em Paris, e que retratam especificamente os bulevares da Paris modernizada, problematizar a narrativa que elas apresentam, buscando averiguar, em última instância, se seus conteúdos comunicam a simples celebração da vida moderna ou se a isso soma-se, ainda, uma perspectiva crítica sobre a chamada Belle Époque parisiense. Paratanto, o mote da pesquisa é a indagação pelo sujeito das pinturas: a pergunta pelo elemento central, cuja presença se mostra recorrente, especificamente nas representações dos bulevares símbolo emblemático das transformações sociais ocorridas na França do século XIX é o que norteia os caminhos desse estudo. A abordagem utilizada é de caráter estético e histórico-social: a formação, a trajetória e a produção do artista são postas em relação com o contexto histórico em que ele está inserido, com vistas a elucidar ou explorar melhor as motivações que possivelmente orientaram suas composições plásticas. O estudo não pretende contestar a crítica sedimentada acerca dessas obras, mas tão-somente ampliá-la, contribuindo para o enriquecimento das possibilidades de leitura e resgatando aspectos relevantes desta expressão artística que não poderiam ser ignorados, a custo de se perder de vista a real potência da obra. / The aim of this research is investigating the paintings of Jean Béraud (1849-1935), recovering profound aspects, that may have not been explored, about a specific part of his poetics. Having in view the enlargement of the traditionally interpretation assigned to the work of this painter, consecrated, at the end of 19th century, as the painter of parisian life, the objective is, by the analysis of four works of art which represent specifically the Boulevards of the modernized Paris and are maintained by the Carnavalet Museum, in Paris, to discuss the narratives they present, in order to verify whether their contents communicate a simple celebration of the golden ages or rather they show a critical perspective about the so called Belle Époque. The critical point is the enquiry about the real subject of the paintings. The question about the central element, whose presence recurrently appears, specifically on the bulevars emblematic symbol of France 19th century and its social transformations - is what guides this study. The approach used for it is aesthetic and social-historical: his education, his trajectory as an artist, his production, are put in relation with the historical context in which the painter is situated, in order to elucidate or better explore the motivations that possibly guided his plastic compositions. The study does not deny the traditional critics on the artists Works, but rather enlarges its possibilities and recovers relevant aspects of his expression, which may be the key for understanding his real potential.

Esse estudo tem como objetivo realizar uma investigação acerca da obra de Jean Béraud (1849-1935), visando recuperar os aspectos profundos, mas pouco explorados, de um determinado recorte de sua poética. Com vistas a ampliar a interpretação tradicionalmente atribuída às obras desse pintor francês, que se consagra, no último quartil do século XIX, como le peintre de la vie parisienne, pretende-se, à partir da análise de quatro obras, que figuram no acervo do Museu Carnavalet, em Paris, e que retratam especificamente os bulevares da Paris modernizada, problematizar a narrativa que elas apresentam, buscando averiguar, em última instância, se seus conteúdos comunicam a simples celebração da vida moderna ou se a isso soma-se, ainda, uma perspectiva crítica sobre a chamada Belle Époque parisiense. Paratanto, o mote da pesquisa é a indagação pelo sujeito das pinturas: a pergunta pelo elemento central, cuja presença se mostra recorrente, especificamente nas representações dos bulevares símbolo emblemático das transformações sociais ocorridas na França do século XIX é o que norteia os caminhos desse estudo. A abordagem utilizada é de caráter estético e histórico-social: a formação, a trajetória e a produção do artista são postas em relação com o contexto histórico em que ele está inserido, com vistas a elucidar ou explorar melhor as motivações que possivelmente orientaram suas composições plásticas. O estudo não pretende contestar a crítica sedimentada acerca dessas obras, mas tão-somente ampliá-la, contribuindo para o enriquecimento das possibilidades de leitura e resgatando aspectos relevantes desta expressão artística que não poderiam ser ignorados, a custo de se perder de vista a real potência da obra. / The aim of this research is investigating the paintings of Jean Béraud (1849-1935), recovering profound aspects, that may have not been explored, about a specific part of his poetics. Having in view the enlargement of the traditionally interpretation assigned to the work of this painter, consecrated, at the end of 19th century, as the painter of parisian life, the objective is, by the analysis of four works of art which represent specifically the Boulevards of the modernized Paris and are maintained by the Carnavalet Museum, in Paris, to discuss the narratives they present, in order to verify whether their contents communicate a simple celebration of the golden ages or rather they show a critical perspective about the so called Belle Époque. The critical point is the enquiry about the real subject of the paintings. The question about the central element, whose presence recurrently appears, specifically on the bulevars emblematic symbol of France 19th century and its social transformations - is what guides this study. The approach used for it is aesthetic and social-historical: his education, his trajectory as an artist, his production, are put in relation with the historical context in which the painter is situated, in order to elucidate or better explore the motivations that possibly guided his plastic compositions. The study does not deny the traditional critics on the artists Works, but rather enlarges its possibilities and recovers relevant aspects of his expression, which may be the key for understanding his real potential.

C’est une étude d’histoire de l’urbanisme, une recherche qui appréhende la manière dont se constitue le paysage urbain par le biais de l’implantation d’une forme urbaine. Il s’agit d’une analyse historique qui vise à comprendre pourquoi et comment une forme s’est imposée dans différentes villes et à la définir par l’étude des différents projets qui y ont été élaborés sur une longue période. Cette forme est la voie de circulation concentrique. C’est une voie de communication ayant pour caractère principal de contourner un territoire donné et de le former. Qualifiée de « boulevard » en français et de « route annulaire » dans les langues germaniques (« ring road » en anglais, « ringstrasse » en allemand, « hringbraut » en islandais), c'est une forme mal connue qui s'est déployée dans de nombreuses villes européennes durant l'époque contemporaine et qui continue fréquemment d'être aménagée. L'étude retrace l'histoire de la diffusion et de l'implantation de cette forme urbaine depuis la fin du XVIIIe siècle jusqu'à la première moitié du XXe siècle par le biais des projets élaborés par les architectes et les ingénieurs pour Bruxelles, Genève et Reykjavík. Et la thèse exposée est la suivante :la voie de circulation concentrique est une forme urbaine générique à la diffusion grandissante qui se décline en une multitude de versions à l’époque contemporaine. En d’autres termes, il n’y a pas un boulevard circulaire ou une ring road mais des boulevards circulaires ou des ring roads aux origines diverses, aux morphologies et aux typologies variées, aux fonctions multiples et parfois contradictoires car conçues pour servir des objectifs parfois opposés. Des voies de circulation concentriques ayant pour point commun d’adopter les principes élémentaires de la forme (contourner et former) hérités des circulations concentriques envisagées en lien avec les fortifications urbaines, des circulations déjà auparavant préconisées par la théorie de l’aménagement pour des raisons défensives. / Doctorat en Histoire, histoire de l'art et archéologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The city, since the industrialization period, is no longer the product of a single mind. With bold and massive investment in infrastructure networks that followed this period, engineering professions gained unparallel social status and gained importance in municipality ranks. In parallel to this, social sciences have been very slow to pick up on the issue of mobility. The global neoliberal environment and more competitive one in which cities are confronted today, has resulted with local governments, public-private partnerships and new ways of augmenting chances of economical investments. Municipality documents used as a basis for the production and construction of urban environments are not equipped to deal with commercial and political motivated drawings and plans. There is a lack of communication between both languages that result in an unfiltered ‘laissez faire’ of aesthetics. Spatial design fields are capable of creating terminology that can properly address the serious issues concerning our networks of flows but are not enough by themselves considering the economical environment and the following self-generated urbanity inflicting our cities. Landscape architecture offers an open-ended perspective on small to large scale networks of infrastructures, thus possibly being able to bridge the gap between institutional planning mechanisms and actual design. The theoretical background generated from this research will be applied to a case scenario. Boulevard Taschereau (also called provincial road 134 at some parts) is among the most important and used arteries of the South Shore of Montréal, Québec (Canada). A contextual solution to boulevard Taschereau’s congestion issues will have to be generated in order for it to meet the expectations and social needs of its current and future users.

Civil rights commemorative boulevards are an increasingly important method of framing African American community revitalization and persistent historical inequities. Often underlying planning efforts to revitalize segregated African American neighborhoods, these boulevards are one important change mechanism for realizing equitable development and challenging structural racism. This thesis demonstrates the central importance of these commemorative boulevards in framing redevelopment and maintaining community resolve during the long struggle for revitalization