The history or the human race is replete with accounts of conflicts that originated in disputes over the ownership of land. Some of these disputes have been between nations, some have been between political subdivisions within nations, and others have been between individual landowners. It is to the latter of these that this writing is directed. In some nations most of the land is owned by a few wealthy people, and it is rented to those in the lower economic group for an annual stipend in agricultural products, money, or some other form of compensation. America is a nation of home owners and landowners which makes the question of adequate property descriptions one of common interest. When the country was first settled this problem was not serious as there was more then enough land for everyone, but as the population density and land values increased, so did the number of disputes over property boundaries. These arguments result in expensive litigation, ill-feeling between neighbors, and, sometimes, murder. People derive a peculiar satisfaction and joy in knowing that "that certain parcel of land" is really their own, and they fight any encroachment, real or imaginary, with dogged determination. In most boundary disputes each person is convinced that he is right, and that the other fellow is the thief. The unfortunate part of it is that the dividing line ie so poorly described that a surveyor has a very difficult time in locating it. Sometimes the evidence is so meager that arbitration is the only alternative. Those intimately acquainted with existing conditions are fully aware of the inadequacies of boundary surveys. Even though land represents a very large percent of the national wealth, it is probably the poorest described and the least negotiable of all forms of wealth. The difficulties involved in the transfer of real estate are out of all proportion to the difficulties involved tn the transfer of other types of property. This situation can be, and should be, corrected. It seems that the logical and intelligent approach would be to determine first wherein the difficulties lie, and then take appropriate and adequate steps to eliminate them. This means, of course, that action will have to replace inertia in order to resolve a tremendous conglomeration of pyramided faults into an intelligible and logical form. / Master of Science

Yes / This article examines the effects of role redesign on the work and professional boundaries of midwives employed in the National Health Service. It outlines midwives' views and experiences of attempts to change their skills and professional boundaries and, using the concept of closure, considers the implications for the midwifery profession. The findings show that role redesign is changing midwives' work and that the traditional emotional, social and caring skills associated with a midwife are being undermined by the growth in technical work. Importantly, midwives attempts to use closure have met with limited success and aspects of their work which they enjoy are being delegated to maternity support workers, while midwives' roles expand to include work traditionally performed by doctors. Midwives' concerns about the implications of work redesign for maternity care and their professional boundaries reflect the uncertainty surrounding the profession about the future role and skills of a midwife.

Yes / Safe and successful surgery depends on effective teamwork between professional groups, each playing their part in a complex division of labour. This article reports the first empirical examination of how introduction of robot-assisted surgery changes the division of labour within surgical teams and impacts teamwork and patient safety. Data collection and analysis was informed by realist principles. Interviews were conducted with surgical teams across nine UK hospitals and, in a multi-site case study across four hospitals, data were collected using a range of methods, including ethnographic observation, video recording and semi-structured interviews. Our findings reveal that as the robot enables the surgeon to do more, the surgical assistant's role becomes less clearly defined. Robot-assisted surgery also introduces new tasks for the surgical assistant and scrub practitioner, in terms of communicating information to the surgeon. However, the use of robot-assisted surgery does not redistribute work in a uniform way; contextual factors of individual experience and team relationships shape changes to the division of labour. For instance, in some situations, scrub practitioners take on the role of supporting inexperienced surgical assistants. These changes in the division of labour do not persist when team members return to operations that are not robot-assisted. This study contributes to wider literature on divisions of labour in healthcare and how this is impacted by the introduction of new technologies. In particular, we emphasise the need to pay attention to often neglected micro-level contextual factors. This can highlight behaviours that can be promoted to benefit patient care.

The pleasure of humans seems to be often found in crossing boundaries. However, crossing legal boundaries provides a compliance violation that can lead to serious consequences – especially in the highly regulated German healthcare system. Due to the large number of regulations, economic competition is strictly limited in the German healthcare sector creating a considerable conflict between economic pressure, entrepreneurial visions and legal requirements. The identification of clear boundaries, the exploration of creative leeway and the crossing of compliance-related prohibition zones is oftentimes difficult due to the considerable legal 'grey area' between black and white, which has not yet been fully clarified by case law. The use of these grey areas as well as the crossing of permissible boundaries takes place in various forms in reality. Cooperations in which a physician crosses the so-called sectoral boundary (Sektorengrenze) in his own person, for example as an affiliated or fee-based physician (Beleg- oder Honorararzt), and provides both inpatient (stationäre) and outpatient (ambulante) medical services, are of particular relevance. In this context, this article is intended to provide an overview of the most commonly used forms of combined outpatient and inpatient activities (intersectoral activities) by the same person and to highlight the associated compliance issues.

This thesis explores the boundaries and transitions within architecture. What makes a solid boundary? And what blurs the lines of transition in between? Possibilities were explored and limits pushed through the studying of elements such as thickness, transparency, material, texture, and light. The result is an architectural space in which a person can experience nature, while being separate from it. The building becomes a transition into nature while also a part of the landscape. The intent of this thesis is to bring the site together with the thesis idea and program in a cohesive way. / Master of Architecture

Background: Steffen et al. (2015) introduced the concept of planetary boundaries, which consist of nine critical processes required to stabilize the Earth. Recent evaluations, however, show that human actions have already pushed the Earth system beyond these safe limits. This study focuses on how the sustainability practices of companies in the textile industry, which significantly impact the environment, can be mapped and linked to planetary boundaries to help companies operate within safe environmental limits. Purpose: This research aims to explore the interconnectedness of sustainability practices in the European textile industry with the planetary boundaries. The study includes the examination and analysis of textile industry sustainability practices within the scope of planetary boundaries.“How can sustainability practices within the textile industry in European countries be mapped and connected to planetary boundaries to aid companies in operating within safe environmental limits?” Method: This study employed a qualitative research design, utilizing secondary data through archival research. Sustainability reports from Europe's largest textile companies, known for their significant global operations, were collected and analyzed to examine their alignment with planetary boundaries. A sampling technique was used to select relevant reports from these leading companies. The collected data were analyzed to identify patterns and themes related to sustainability practices within the context of planetary boundaries. Conclusion: This study examined how major European textile companies with global operations manage sustainability practices with planetary boundaries by analyzing their sustainability reports. The reports were analyzed to identify and evaluate the sustainability practices that these companies have implemented and their targets. These practices were then matched and tabulated against the planetary boundaries framework. The results indicate a strong general commitment to sustainability, although the extent and focus of practices vary across companies. Common initiatives include reducing greenhouse gas emissions, optimizing water usage, and sourcing sustainable materials.

Under vikingatiden och medeltiden hade Gotland förmodligen en omfattande tingsorganisation. För Banda ting har Suderting förmodats vara en tingsplats utmed Idån och Fjäle Myr som syntes vara betydelsefulla på Mejer’s 1600-tals karta. Vilken betydelse har våtmarker som Fjäle Myr och vattendrag som Idån haft för tingsorganisationen och kommunikationer i Banda ting under järnålder? Syftet med denna uppsats var att undersöka vattendrag och tingsgränser i Banda ting under järnålder, samt identifiera nätverk och kommunikationsleder. Uppsatsen har utifrån historiskt kartmaterial återskapat vattendrag, våtmarker och gränser. Samt använt rumsliga metodanalyser i GIS av fornlämningar i landskapet. Kommunikationsleder och gränser har studerats med ett teoretiskt ramverk att landskapet, i form av topografi, vattendrag och våtmarker, formar dessa. Resultatet av analysen visar att fornborgar har haft en viktig funktion i att försvara kommunikationsleder, även att nätverk och makt hänger ihop i en bredare tingsorganisation. Vattendrag och våtmarker som Fjäle Myr och Stormyr var farbara och utgjorde ett större kommunikationsnätverk. Samt att tingsgränser har en korrelation till vatten och är möjliga att återskapa med rumsliga analyser. / During the Viking Age and the Middle Ages, Gotland likely had an extensive thing organization. Suderting is assumed to be the thing place for Banda, located along Idån and Fjäle Myr which appeared to be significant on Mejer's 17th century map. What significance did wetlands such as Fjäle Myr and waterways such as Idån have for the thing organization and communication during the Iron age in Banda ting? The purpose of this essay was to investigate waterways and boundaries in Banda ting during the Iron Age, also to identify network and communication routes. Based on historical map material, the essay has recreated watercourses, wetlands and borders. As well as used spatial method analyzes in GIS of ancient remains in the landscape. Communication routes and borders have been studied with a theoretical framework that the landscape shapes these in the form of topography, waterways and wetlands. The result of the analysis shows that hill forts have had an important function in defending communication routes, that network and power connect in a wider organization of things. Waterways and wetlands such as Fjäle Myr and Stormyr were navigable and formed a larger communication network. And that thing boundaries have a correlation to water and can be recreated with spatial analyses.

Sexual violence is a public health and safety problem affecting many children across the United States. One preventative tool the public health department uses to mitigate the high prevalence rates and harm of sexual violence is teaching consent skills to children. Previous research has demonstrated that behavior analytic principles effectively teach other important safety skills (e.g., abduction prevention, gun safety, and poison safety). Thus, it is possible that using behavioral technologies to teach consent skills will show similar effectiveness as teaching safety skills. The current study’s purpose was to evaluate the effectiveness of using behavioral skills training (BST), video modeling, and in-situ training (IST) to teach consent skills to children. The results of the current study demonstrate that the comprehensive teaching package (i.e., BST, video modeling, and IST) is effective in teaching consent skills to children. Limitations and future research are discussed in further detail in the study.

Network Direct Selling Organisations (NDSOs) exist in more than 50 countries and have more than 74 million members. The most recent statistical information reveals that the vast majority of members do not earn significant income. Criticism of these organisations revolves around the ethicality of consumption, the commercialisation of personal relationships, and the exploitation of unrealistic expectations. This study aims to explore how communication creates networks that sustain an industry of this kind despite the improbability of its existence. The study commences with a description of NDSOs from historical, operational, tactical, and strategic perspectives. Given the broader context created by the global presence of this industry, cybernetics has been selected as a meta-theoretical perspective for the study of communication. The more recent development of second-order cybernetics and social autopoiesis are introduced to communication theory as a field. Niklas Luhmann‟s new social theory of communication is assessed and applied in relation to existing communication theory. New conceptual models are developed to explore communication as the unity of the synthesis of information, utterance, understanding, and expectations as selections that occur both consciously and unconsciously, intentionally and unintentionally. These models indicate the multiplexity of individual and social operationally closed, yet informationally open systems, and they are used here to provide a systemic and coherent alternative to orthodox communication approaches to the study of organisations. The study adopts a constructivist epistemological stance and propounds throughout the necessity of further interdisciplinary collaboration. The study concludes that individuals are composite unities of self-creating systems, and they co-create social systems by self-creating and co-creating meaning. Meaning is described as the continuous virtualisation and actualisation of potentialities that in turn coordinate individual and social systems‟ actions. A communication process flow model is created to provide a theoretical explanation for the existence of NDSOs as self-creating systems. The study aims to show that communication has arguably become the most pervasive discipline as a result of the globally interactive era. It is shown that second-order cybernetics and social autopoiesis raise several further questions to be explored within communication theory as a field. / Communication, first-order cybernetics, second-order cybernetics, Complexity and complex systems, autopoiesis, self-reference, recursivity, operational closure, system boundaries, Network Direct Selling Organisations / Communication / D. Litt. et Phil. (Communication)

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-06-21T12:34:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Marcelo Cambraia da Costa.pdf: 8114349 bytes, checksum: 00d77898a5ecce065624a2f99666c8fa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-21T12:34:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Marcelo Cambraia da Costa.pdf: 8114349 bytes, checksum: 00d77898a5ecce065624a2f99666c8fa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-10 / At the end of XVIII century on the frontier between the capitania of Grão-Pará and Guiana Francesa, the disputes between governments the Grão-Pará and Guiana Francesa for the maintenance and enlargement of their domains were intense, the territory located between Oiapoque and Araguari was the scene of those disputes. Although the portugueses authorities had other concerns with the region, because the runaway slaves and the mocambos formation closer the headwaters of Araguari river were considered uncontrollable by the portugueses governments. In those final seven hundred years the Portuguese colonial authorities were, mainly, worry with the news about the abolition of slavery in French colonies (1794) that could contaminate and motivate the escape of slaves from Grão- Pará. This survey deals essentially with the several aspects of frontier, the escape of slaves and mocambos training in the border region at Cabo Norte land among the years from 1760 to 1803 / Nas décadas finais do século XVIII, na fronteira entre a capitania do Grão-Pará e a Guiana Francesa, as disputas entre os governos do Grão-Pará e da Guiana Francesa pela manutenção e alargamentos de seus domínios foram intensas. O território localizado entre os rios Oiapoque e Araguari foi o cenário daquelas disputas. Entretanto, as autoridades portuguesas tinham outras preocupações com a região, pois as fugas de escravizados e a formação de mocambos para junto das cabeceiras do rio Araguari eram consideradas incontroláveis pelos governantes portugueses. Naqueles anos finais dos setecentos, as autoridades coloniais portuguesas se preocupavam principalmente se as notícias da abolição da escravidão nas colônias francesas (1794) pudessem contagiar e motivar a fuga dos escravos do Grão-Pará. Este estudo trata essencialmente sobre as várias faces da fronteira, as fugas de escravizados e a formação de mocambos na região fronteiriça das terras do Cabo Norte, nos anos de 1760 a 1803