Monoculture agriculture has developed as a result of the Western agricultural growth model, which emphasizes reduced on-farm labor and maximum yield. As a result soil health, which is reliant on a diversity of soil-dwelling organisms, is compromised, pest problems are intensified, and biodiversity is lost when vast land areas are devoted to simplified vegetation schemes. There has been a tremendous rise in interest in alternative cropping schemes. The traditional practice of intercropping has received renewed interest as the emphasis on agricultural growth shifts from a purely development-based model to one of conservation and enhanced biodiversity. Although intercropping has shown promising results in controlling specialist herbivorous insects, how intercropping works is not known. Theories that explain the underlying mechanism of intercropping success include chemical repellency and physical masking. We tested these two theories by creating a simulated intercropping system in mesocosm cages in a laboratory environment. We tested twenty intercrops that varied in their vegetation type, size, and phylogenetic distance for their ability to repel an insect pest that recently invaded into North America, the swede midge (Contarinia nasturtii), from its host plant, Brassica oleracea. We found that different non-host plant treatments significantly influenced larval abundance, which indicates that C. nasturtii responded to some aspect of the varying plant combinations. We found that phylogenetic distance did not influence larval densities. Additionally, non-host plant height and leaf area of non-host plants did not influence larval densities. We found that vegetation type significantly affected larval densities. Brassica oleracea planted in combination with groundcover non-host plants had the fewest number of larvae, followed by B. oleracea planted in combination with vegetables. The highest number of larvae was found on B. oleracea plants planted in combination with herb non-host plants. Our research did not support a chemical repellency or visual masking theory of intercrop success.

Uma doença, denominada de enfezamento, de etiologia desconhecida, tem sido observada nos campos de cultivo de repolho da região do cinturão verde de São Paulo. A doença tem causado sérios danos à cultura nos últimos anos. A sintomatologia apresentada pelas plantas afetadas tem sido caracterizada por clorose foliar, avermelhamento das nervuras e do limbo, enfezamento generalizado, proliferação de brotos e má formação da cabeça, de folhas e órgãos florais. A presença destes sintomas levou à suspeita da ocorrência de fitoplasma associado à doença. Com o objetivo de investigar o possível agente etiológico, plantas de repolho naturalmente infectadas foram coletadas em São Paulo e também nos Estados do Paraná e Rio Grande do Sul, onde a doença, recentemente, tem ocorrido com alta intensidade. Cigarrinhas que ocorrem em cultivos comerciais também foram amostradas em campos de Ibiúna/SP. Após a extração, o DNA total foi submetido ao teste de duplo PCR empregando-se os pares de primers universais P1/Tint e R16F2n/R2 e os pares específicos para identificação de fitoplasmas. Análises de PCR mostraram a amplificação consistente de fragmentos de DNA de 1,2 kb, evidenciando a associação constante de fitoplasma com tecidos das plantas sintomáticas e de insetos. O uso de primers específicos para identificação demonstrou a ocorrência de fitoplasmas afiliados ao grupos 16SrI e 16SrIII, tanto em repolho como nas cigarrinhas. Análises de RFLP, usando as enzimas de restrição AluI, Bsh 12361, HhaI HpaII, KpnI, MboI, MseI e RsaI confirmaram a ocorrência de fitoplasmas pertencentes aos referidos grupos no material vegetal e nos insetos. O padrão espacial de plantas sintomáticas no campo foi do tipo agregado e não houve evidência da disseminação planta a planta, indicando um papel mais importante do comportamento do vetor no arranjo espacial da doença do que de influências do patógeno ou do hospedeiro. / A disease called stunt, of unknown etiology, has occurred in cabbage crops located in the green belt region of the São Paulo State (Brazil). The disease has caused serious yield losses in the last years. The symptomatology exhibited by the affected plants has been characterized by foliar chlorosis, intense red coloration of leafs, general stunt, shoot proliferation and malformation of heads, leaves and floral parts. The presence of those symptoms suggested the occurrence of phytoplasma associated with the disease. In order to investigate the possible agent of the disease, naturally infected cabbage plants were collected from the States of São Paulo, and also from Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul, where the disease has occurred recently with level of intensity. Leafhoppers present in cabbage fields were sampled from Ibiúna, in São Paulo State. Total DNA was extracted and submitted to nested PCR with the universal primer pairs P1/Tint and R16 F2n/R2 and specific primers for phytoplasmas identification. PCR assays revealed the amplification of DNA fragments of 1.2kb, demonstrating consistently the presence of phytoplasma in the tissues from symptomatic plants and insects. Specific primers revealed the occurrence of phytoplasmas affiliated with the groups 16SrI and 16SrIII, both cabbage plants and leafhoppers. RFLP analyses using the restriction enzymes AluI, Bsh 12361, HhaI, HpaII, KpnI, MboI, MseI and RsaI confirmed the occurrence of phytoplasmas belonging to the same groups in plants and insects. Spatial pattern of symptomatic plants in the field was aggregated and there was no evidence of the spread plant-to-plant. This indicates a more important role of the vector behavior on spatial pattern than influences of the pathogen or host.

Broccoli is a vegetable crop of increasing importance in Australia, particularly in south-east Queensland and farmers need to maintain a regular supply of good quality broccoli to meet the expanding market. However, harvest maturity date, head yield and quality are all affected by climatic variations during the production cycle, particularly low temperature episodes. There are also interactions between genotype and climatic variability. A predictive model of ontogeny, incorporating climatic data including frost risk, would enable farmers to predict harvest maturity date and select appropriate cultivar - sowing date combinations. The first stage of this research was to define floral initiation, which is fundamental to predicting ontogeny. Scanning electron micrographs of the apical meristem were made for the transition from the vegetative to advanced reproductive stage. During the early vegetative stage (stage 1), the apical meristem was a small, pointed shoot tip surrounded by leaf primordia. The transitional stage (stage 2) was marked by a widening and flattening to form a dome-shaped apical meristem. In the floral initiation stage (stage 3), the first-order floral primordia were observed in the axils of the developing bracts. Under field conditions, the shoot apex has an average diameter of 500 micro m at floral initiation and floral primordia can be observed under a light microscope. Sub-zero temperatures can result in freezing injury and thereby reduce head yield and quality. In order to predict the effects of frosts, it is desirable to know the stages of development at which plants are most susceptible. Therefore, the effects of sub-zero temperatures on leaf and shoot mortality, head yield and quality were determined after exposure of plants to a range of temperatures for short periods, at different stages of development (vegetative, floral initiation and buttoning). Plants in pots and in the field were subjected to sub-zero temperature regimes from -1 C to -19 C. Extracellular ice formation was achieved by reducing temperatures slowly, at a rate of -2 C per hour. The floral initiation stage was most sensitive to freezing injury, as yields were significantly reduced at -1 C and -3 C, and shoot apices were killed at -5 C. There was no significant yield reduction when the inflorescence buttoning stage was subjected to -1 C and -3 C. Although shoot apices at buttoning survived the -5 C treatment, very poor quality heads of uneven bud size were produced as a result of arrested development. The lethal temperature for pot-grown broccoli was between -3 C and -5 C, whereas the lethal temperature for field-grown broccoli was between -7 C and -9 C. The difference was presumably due to variation in cold acclimation. Freezing injury can reduce broccoli head yield and quality, and retard plant growth. Crop development models based only on simple thermal time without restrictions will not predict yield or maturity if broccoli crops are frost-damaged. Field studies were conducted to develop procedures for predicting ontogeny, yield and quality. Three cultivars, (Fiesta, Greenbelt and Marathon) were sown on eight dates from 11 March to 22 May 1997, and grown under natural and extended (16 h) photoperiods in a sub-tropical environment at Gatton College, south-east Queensland, under non-limiting conditions of water and nutrient supply. Daily climatic data, and dates of emergence, floral initiation, harvest maturity, together with yield and quality were obtained. Yield and quality responses to temperature and photoperiod were quantified. As growing season mean minimum temperatures decreased, fresh weight of tops decreased while fresh weight harvest index increased linearly. There was no definite relationship between fresh weight of tops or fresh weight harvest index and growing season minimum temperatures greater than 10 C. Genotype, rather than the environment, mainly determined head quality attributes. Fiesta had the best head quality, with higher head shape and branching angle ratings than Greenbelt or Marathon. Bud colour and cluster separation of Marathon were only acceptable for export when growing season mean minimum temperatures were less than 8 C. Photoperiod did not influence yield or quality in any of the three cultivars. A better understanding of genotype and environmental interactions will help farmers optimise yield and quality, by matching cultivars with time of sowing. Crop developmental responses to temperature and photoperiod were quantified from emergence to harvest maturity (Model 1), from emergence to floral initiation (Model 2), from floral initiation to harvest maturity (Model 3), and in a combination of Models 2 and 3 (Model 4). These thermal time models were based on optimised base and optimum temperatures of 0 and 20 C, respectively. These optimised temperatures were determined using an iterative optimisation routine (simplex). Cardinal temperatures were consistent across cultivars but thermal time of phenological intervals were cultivar specific. Sensitivity to photoperiod and solar radiation was low in the three cultivars used. Thermal time models tested on independent data for five cultivars (Fiesta, Greenbelt, Marathon, CMS Liberty and Triathlon) grown as commercial crops on the Darling Downs over two years, adequately predicted floral initiation and harvest maturity. Model 4 provided the best prediction for the chronological duration from emergence to harvest maturity. Model 1 was useful when floral initiation data were not available, and it predicted harvest maturity almost as well as Model 4 since the same base and optimum temperatures of 0 C and 20 C, respectively, were used for both phenological intervals. Model 1 was also generated using data from 1979-80 sowings of three cultivars (Premium Crop, Selection 160 and Selection 165A). When Model 1 was tested with independent data from 1983-84, it predicted harvest maturity well. Where floral initiation data were available, predictions of harvest maturity were most precise using Model 3, since the variation, which occurred from emergence to floral initiation, was removed. Prediction of floral initiation using Model 2 can be useful for timing cultural practices, and for avoiding frost and high temperature periods. This research has produced models to assist broccoli farmers in crop scheduling and cultivar selection in south-east Queensland. Using the models as a guide, farmers can optimise yield and quality, by matching cultivars with sowing date. By accurately predicting floral initiation, the risk of frost damage during floral initiation can be reduced by adjusting sowing dates or crop management options. The simple and robust thermal time models will improve production and marketing arrangements, which have to be made in advance. The thermal time models in this study, incorporating frost risk using conditional statements, provide a foundation for a decision support system to manage the sequence of sowings on commercial broccoli farms.

Broccoli is a vegetable crop of increasing importance in Australia, particularly in south-east Queensland and farmers need to maintain a regular supply of good quality broccoli to meet the expanding market. However, harvest maturity date, head yield and quality are all affected by climatic variations during the production cycle, particularly low temperature episodes. There are also interactions between genotype and climatic variability. A predictive model of ontogeny, incorporating climatic data including frost risk, would enable farmers to predict harvest maturity date and select appropriate cultivar - sowing date combinations. The first stage of this research was to define floral initiation, which is fundamental to predicting ontogeny. Scanning electron micrographs of the apical meristem were made for the transition from the vegetative to advanced reproductive stage. During the early vegetative stage (stage 1), the apical meristem was a small, pointed shoot tip surrounded by leaf primordia. The transitional stage (stage 2) was marked by a widening and flattening to form a dome-shaped apical meristem. In the floral initiation stage (stage 3), the first-order floral primordia were observed in the axils of the developing bracts. Under field conditions, the shoot apex has an average diameter of 500 micro m at floral initiation and floral primordia can be observed under a light microscope. Sub-zero temperatures can result in freezing injury and thereby reduce head yield and quality. In order to predict the effects of frosts, it is desirable to know the stages of development at which plants are most susceptible. Therefore, the effects of sub-zero temperatures on leaf and shoot mortality, head yield and quality were determined after exposure of plants to a range of temperatures for short periods, at different stages of development (vegetative, floral initiation and buttoning). Plants in pots and in the field were subjected to sub-zero temperature regimes from -1 C to -19 C. Extracellular ice formation was achieved by reducing temperatures slowly, at a rate of -2 C per hour. The floral initiation stage was most sensitive to freezing injury, as yields were significantly reduced at -1 C and -3 C, and shoot apices were killed at -5 C. There was no significant yield reduction when the inflorescence buttoning stage was subjected to -1 C and -3 C. Although shoot apices at buttoning survived the -5 C treatment, very poor quality heads of uneven bud size were produced as a result of arrested development. The lethal temperature for pot-grown broccoli was between -3 C and -5 C, whereas the lethal temperature for field-grown broccoli was between -7 C and -9 C. The difference was presumably due to variation in cold acclimation. Freezing injury can reduce broccoli head yield and quality, and retard plant growth. Crop development models based only on simple thermal time without restrictions will not predict yield or maturity if broccoli crops are frost-damaged. Field studies were conducted to develop procedures for predicting ontogeny, yield and quality. Three cultivars, (Fiesta, Greenbelt and Marathon) were sown on eight dates from 11 March to 22 May 1997, and grown under natural and extended (16 h) photoperiods in a sub-tropical environment at Gatton College, south-east Queensland, under non-limiting conditions of water and nutrient supply. Daily climatic data, and dates of emergence, floral initiation, harvest maturity, together with yield and quality were obtained. Yield and quality responses to temperature and photoperiod were quantified. As growing season mean minimum temperatures decreased, fresh weight of tops decreased while fresh weight harvest index increased linearly. There was no definite relationship between fresh weight of tops or fresh weight harvest index and growing season minimum temperatures greater than 10 C. Genotype, rather than the environment, mainly determined head quality attributes. Fiesta had the best head quality, with higher head shape and branching angle ratings than Greenbelt or Marathon. Bud colour and cluster separation of Marathon were only acceptable for export when growing season mean minimum temperatures were less than 8 C. Photoperiod did not influence yield or quality in any of the three cultivars. A better understanding of genotype and environmental interactions will help farmers optimise yield and quality, by matching cultivars with time of sowing. Crop developmental responses to temperature and photoperiod were quantified from emergence to harvest maturity (Model 1), from emergence to floral initiation (Model 2), from floral initiation to harvest maturity (Model 3), and in a combination of Models 2 and 3 (Model 4). These thermal time models were based on optimised base and optimum temperatures of 0 and 20 C, respectively. These optimised temperatures were determined using an iterative optimisation routine (simplex). Cardinal temperatures were consistent across cultivars but thermal time of phenological intervals were cultivar specific. Sensitivity to photoperiod and solar radiation was low in the three cultivars used. Thermal time models tested on independent data for five cultivars (Fiesta, Greenbelt, Marathon, CMS Liberty and Triathlon) grown as commercial crops on the Darling Downs over two years, adequately predicted floral initiation and harvest maturity. Model 4 provided the best prediction for the chronological duration from emergence to harvest maturity. Model 1 was useful when floral initiation data were not available, and it predicted harvest maturity almost as well as Model 4 since the same base and optimum temperatures of 0 C and 20 C, respectively, were used for both phenological intervals. Model 1 was also generated using data from 1979-80 sowings of three cultivars (Premium Crop, Selection 160 and Selection 165A). When Model 1 was tested with independent data from 1983-84, it predicted harvest maturity well. Where floral initiation data were available, predictions of harvest maturity were most precise using Model 3, since the variation, which occurred from emergence to floral initiation, was removed. Prediction of floral initiation using Model 2 can be useful for timing cultural practices, and for avoiding frost and high temperature periods. This research has produced models to assist broccoli farmers in crop scheduling and cultivar selection in south-east Queensland. Using the models as a guide, farmers can optimise yield and quality, by matching cultivars with sowing date. By accurately predicting floral initiation, the risk of frost damage during floral initiation can be reduced by adjusting sowing dates or crop management options. The simple and robust thermal time models will improve production and marketing arrangements, which have to be made in advance. The thermal time models in this study, incorporating frost risk using conditional statements, provide a foundation for a decision support system to manage the sequence of sowings on commercial broccoli farms.

Broccoli is a vegetable crop of increasing importance in Australia, particularly in south-east Queensland and farmers need to maintain a regular supply of good quality broccoli to meet the expanding market. However, harvest maturity date, head yield and quality are all affected by climatic variations during the production cycle, particularly low temperature episodes. There are also interactions between genotype and climatic variability. A predictive model of ontogeny, incorporating climatic data including frost risk, would enable farmers to predict harvest maturity date and select appropriate cultivar – sowing date combinations. The first stage of this research was to define floral initiation, which is fundamental to predicting ontogeny. Scanning electron micrographs of the apical meristem were made for the transition from the vegetative to advanced reproductive stage. During the early vegetative stage (stage 1), the apical meristem was a small, pointed shoot tip surrounded by leaf primordia. The transitional stage (stage 2) was marked by a widening and flattening to form a dome-shaped apical meristem. In the floral initiation stage (stage 3), the first-order floral primordia were observed in the axils of the developing bracts. Under field conditions, the shoot apex has an average diameter of 500 &plusmn; 3 µm at floral initiation and floral primordia can be observed under a light microscope. Sub-zero temperatures can result in freezing injury and thereby reduce head yield and quality. In order to predict the effects of frosts, it is desirable to know the stages of development at which plants are most susceptible. Therefore, the effects of sub-zero temperatures on leaf and shoot mortality, head yield and quality were determined after exposure of plants to a range of temperatures for short periods, at different stages of development (vegetative, floral initiation and buttoning). Plants in pots and in the field were subjected to sub-zero temperature regimes from –1 °C to –19 °C. Extracellular ice formation was achieved by reducing temperatures slowly, at a rate of -2 °C per hour. The floral initiation stage was most sensitive to freezing injury, as yields were significantly reduced at –1 °C and –3 °C, and shoot apices were killed at –5 °C. There was no significant yield reduction when the inflorescence buttoning iv stage was subjected to –1 °C and –3 °C. Although shoot apices at buttoning survived the –5 °C treatment, very poor quality heads of uneven bud size were produced as a result of arrested development. The lethal temperature for pot-grown broccoli was between –3 °C and –5 °C, whereas the lethal temperature for field-grown broccoli was between –7 °C and –9 °C. The difference was presumably due to variation in cold acclimation. Freezing injury can reduce broccoli head yield and quality, and retard plant growth. Crop development models based only on simple thermal time without restrictions will not predict yield or maturity if broccoli crops are frostdamaged. Field studies were conducted to develop procedures for predicting ontogeny, yield and quality. Three cultivars, (‘Fiesta’, ‘Greenbelt’ and ‘Marathon’) were sown on eight dates from 11 March to 22 May 1997, and grown under natural and extended (16 h) photoperiods in a sub-tropical environment at Gatton College, south-east Queensland, under non-limiting conditions of water and nutrient supply. Daily climatic data, and dates of emergence, floral initiation, harvest maturity, together with yield and quality were obtained. Yield and quality responses to temperature and photoperiod were quantified. As growing season mean minimum temperatures decreased, fresh weight of tops decreased while fresh weight harvest index increased linearly. There was no definite relationship between fresh weight of tops or fresh weight harvest index and growing season minimum temperatures > 10 °C. Genotype, rather than the environment, mainly determined head quality attributes. ‘Fiesta’ had the best head quality, with higher head shape and branching angle ratings than ‘Greenbelt’ or ‘Marathon’. Bud colour and cluster separation of ‘Marathon’ were only acceptable for export when growing season mean minimum temperatures were < 8 °C. Photoperiod did not influence yield or quality in any of the three cultivars. A better understanding of genotype and environmental interactions will help farmers optimise yield and quality, by matching cultivars with time of sowing. Crop developmental responses to temperature and photoperiod were quantified from emergence to harvest maturity (Model 1), from emergence to floral initiation (Model 2), from floral initiation to harvest maturity (Model 3), and in a combination of Models 2 and 3 (Model 4). These thermal time models were based on optimised base v and optimum temperatures of 0 and 20 °C, respectively. These optimised temperatures were determined using an iterative optimisation routine (simplex). Cardinal temperatures were consistent across cultivars but thermal time of phenological intervals were cultivar specific. Sensitivity to photoperiod and solar radiation was low in the three cultivars used. Thermal time models tested on independent data for five cultivars (‘Fiesta’, ‘Greenbelt’, ‘Marathon’, ‘CMS Liberty’ and ‘Triathlon’) grown as commercial crops on the Darling Downs over two years, adequately predicted floral initiation and harvest maturity. Model 4 provided the best prediction for the chronological duration from emergence to harvest maturity. Model 1 was useful when floral initiation data were not available, and it predicted harvest maturity almost as well as Model 4 since the same base and optimum temperatures of 0 °C and 20 °C, respectively, were used for both phenological intervals. Model 1 was also generated using data from 1979-80 sowings of three cultivars (‘Premium Crop’, ‘Selection 160’ and ‘Selection 165A’). When Model 1 was tested with independent data from 1983-84, it predicted harvest maturity well. Where floral initiation data were available, predictions of harvest maturity were most precise using Model 3, since the variation, which occurred from emergence to floral initiation, was removed. Prediction of floral initiation using Model 2 can be useful for timing cultural practices, and for avoiding frost and high temperature periods. This research has produced models to assist broccoli farmers in crop scheduling and cultivar selection in south-east Queensland. Using the models as a guide, farmers can optimise yield and quality, by matching cultivars with sowing date. By accurately predicting floral initiation, the risk of frost damage during floral initiation can be reduced by adjusting sowing dates or crop management options. The simple and robust thermal time models will improve production and marketing arrangements, which have to be made in advance. The thermal time models in this study, incorporating frost risk using conditional statements, provide a foundation for a decision support system to manage the sequence of sowings on commercial broccoli farms.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Programa de Pós-graduação em Agronegócios, 2008. / Submitted by Ruthléa Nascimento (ruthlea@bce.unb.br) on 2008-10-30T16:59:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_AnnaPaulaRDosSantos.pdf: 1108158 bytes, checksum: 629c12839d8137d3ffc51c4f65e12b63 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luanna Maia(luanna@bce.unb.br) on 2009-02-26T12:47:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_AnnaPaulaRDosSantos.pdf: 1108158 bytes, checksum: 629c12839d8137d3ffc51c4f65e12b63 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2009-02-26T12:47:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_AnnaPaulaRDosSantos.pdf: 1108158 bytes, checksum: 629c12839d8137d3ffc51c4f65e12b63 (MD5) / A comercialização de hortaliças tem mudado muito nos últimos anos. A qualidade dos produtos e sua apresentação ao consumidor são as características mais marcantes nessa mudança. Hortaliças minimamente processadas são aquelas que foram fisicamente alteradas, mas que permanecem no estado fresco. As sucessivas manipulações na produção aumentam as possibilidades de contaminação microbiológica desses produtos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a contaminação microbiológica por Salmonella sp. e coliformes a 45°C em dois elos da cadeia produtiva de couve minimamente processada para identificação do ponto crítico de contaminação. Foram coletadas amostras de couve na Agroindústria Machadinho, Brazlândia-DF, em todas as etapas do processo produtivo dentro da agroindústria, além de amostras coletadas em supermercados de Brasília-DF. Foi detectada contaminação por coliformes a 45°C apenas em amostras adquiridas nos supermercados. Verificou-se a necessidade de uma maior integração entre Agroindústria e supermercados, bem como a necessidade de treinamento de gerentes e manipuladores, e a aquisição de equipamentos objetivando a manutenção da qualidade ao longo da cadeia. _____________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / The trade of vegetable crops has changed substantially in the last years. Quality and presentation of the products are the μost iμportant facts in this change. Miniμally processed vegetables are those that have been physically changed but have kept their fresh condition. The successive μanipulation increases the chance of μicrobiological contaμination of the products. The aiμ of this research was to evaluate the μicrobiological contaμination by Salμonella sp. and fecal coliforμes at 45°C in two segμents of the μiniμally processed Chinese kale to identify critical points. Saμples of μiniμally processed Chinese kale were colected froμ Agroindústria Machadinho, Brazlândia−DF, and froμ superμarkets in Brasilia DF. It was detected contaμination by fecal coliforμes at 45ºC in the saμples froμ the superμarkets. It was observed the need of a higher integration between the agroindustry and the superμarkets. It is also necessary training of μanagers and staff, as well as the acquisition of equipμents aiμing quality μaintenance in this supply chain.

Orientador: Arthur Bernardes Cecílio Filho / Coorientador: Hilário Júnior de Almeida / Banca: André Rodrigues dos Reis / Banca: Roberto Botelho Ferraz Branco / Banca: Priscila Lupino Gratão / Banca: Gilmara Pereira da Silva / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar concentrações de selênio (selenato e selenito de sódio) no crescimento, produção e biofortificação de duas cultivares de repolho. Para isso foram realizados dois experimentos em casa de vegetação, em sistema hidropônico, no período de julho a novembro de 2014, na UNESP, campus Jaboticabal-SP. Os experimentos diferiram conforme a fonte de selênio (Se) utilizada (selenato e selenito de sódio). Em ambos os experimentos, avaliaram-se dois fatores, sendo: duas cultivares de repolho ('Fênix' e 'Red Dinasty') e cinco concentrações de Se (0, 5, 15, 30 e 60 µmol L-1) na solução nutritiva. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com esquema fatorial 2 x 5 e quatro repetições. As variáveis analisadas foram o teor e acúmulo de Se na raiz e cabeça de repolho, área, diâmetro, comprimento e densidade de raiz, produtividade de repolho, massa seca de raiz, caule e cabeça de repolho e o teor e acúmulo de nitrogênio, fósforo e enxofre na cabeça de repolho. As fontes selenato e selenito promoveram o crescimento das raízes de repolho devido aos aumentos verificados em área, diâmetro, comprimento e densidade de raiz, em baixas concentrações de Se aplicadas. O aumento da produção de massa seca de raiz provavelmente foi devido o maior crescimento da raiz, que foi influenciado pelo fornecimento de Se. A massa seca do caule foi diferente apenas entre as cultivares de repolho com aplicação de selenato ou selenito. O teor de nitrogênio ap... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objective of this research was to evaluate concentrations of selenium (sodium selenate and selenite) in the growth, production and biofortification of two cabbage cultivars. Two experiments were carried out in greenhouse under hydroponic system, from July to November, 2014, at UNESP, Jaboticabal-SP campus. The experiments differed according to the source of selenium (Se) used (sodium selenate and selenite). In both experiments two factors were evaluated: two cabbage cultivars ('Fênix' and 'Red Dinasty') and five concentrations of Se (0, 5, 15, 30 and 60 μmol L-1) in the nutrient solution. The experimental was a randomized block design, with 2 x 5 factorial and four replications. The variables analyzed were the content and accumulation of Se in the root and shoot cabbage, evaluating area, diameter, length, density and dry mass in the root, cabbage yield, stem and cabbage head, and the content accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur in the cabbage shoot. Selenate and selenite sources promoted the growth of cabbage roots due to increases in area, diameter, length and root density at low concentrations of Se applied. The increase in root dry mass production was probably due to higher root growth, which was influenced by the supply of Se. The dry mass of the stem was different only between the cabbage cultivars with application of selenate or selenite. The nitrogen content presented differences only among the cultivars when the selenite source was used. Both S sources ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

HENDGES, Ana Régia Alves de Araújo. Desempenho do cultivo de couve de folha com espécies aromáticas e condimentares. 2016. 105 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Agronomia/Fototecnia)-Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2016. / Submitted by Aline Mendes (alinemendes.ufc@gmail.com) on 2016-08-22T23:07:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_araahendges.pdf: 2985066 bytes, checksum: d0fc80da53295f47b9d46752bca7188d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jairo Viana (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-08-23T18:22:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_araahendges.pdf: 2985066 bytes, checksum: d0fc80da53295f47b9d46752bca7188d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-23T18:22:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_araahendges.pdf: 2985066 bytes, checksum: d0fc80da53295f47b9d46752bca7188d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / Intercropping is one of the most appropriate strategies vegetable production today. With ecological principles, intercropping establishes complex interactions between species requiring further study than just measurements of the production yield. We need to assess the viability of intercropped systems from other aspects, such as the complementary or competitive of cultures,biological efficiency of resource use, physiology of production or even the possibility of other benefits to the farming system. For crops that have socioeconomic expression as the kale to analyze the viability is even more evident. Therefore this study aimed to evaluate the performance of the kale intercropped with aromatic herbs (bunching onion, coriander, basil and parsley). The study was divided into three tests. The tests were conducted under field conditions at the Federal University of Ceará (UFC), in Fortaleza, Brazil, during the period from August to November 2015. The experimental design was randomized blocks and with five replications. In the first test assessed the agroeconomic viability and biological efficiency. The second and third respectively studied the effects of intercropping on the photosynthetic behavior of kale and on the community of arthropods and the growth rate of the population of Myzus persicae. The M. persicae is main pest species associated with this culture. The kale intercropped with parsley had the best productive performance. The kale intercropped with coriander and with parsley reached the greatest economic advantages. The kale was the weakest competitor of all cultures consorts evaluated. Most biological efficiency and less competitive effect occurred when the kale plants were intercropped with parsley. The kale had the less photosynthetic performance in intercropping with coriander due to shading caused by the consort crop. The intercropping with basil had the highest diversity of arthropod species. The populations of M.persicae had slower growth in intercropping with coriander and parsley. The fresh weight of cabbage leaf was reduced with increasing density aphids. We concluded that the kale intercropped with parsley was more advantage agroeconomic and contributed to maintaining a population of aphids lower compared to the other evaluated intercropping. / A consorciação de culturas atualmente é uma das estratégias mais adequadas à produção de hortaliças. Com princípios ecológicos, a consorciação estabelece interações complexas entre espécies o que exige estudos mais aprofundados do que apenas mensurações de rendimento produtivo. É preciso avaliar a viabilidade dos sistemas consorciados a partir de outras vertentes, como da complementariedade ou competitividade das culturas, eficiência biológica no uso dos recursos, fisiologia da produção ou, até mesmo, da possibilidade de outros benefícios ao sistema de cultivo. Tal colocação se torna mais evidente quando se trata de culturas que apresentam expressividade socioeconômica como, por exemplo, a couve de folha. Diante disso, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o desempenho do consórcio de couve de folha com as espécies aromáticas e condimentares (cebolinha, coentro, manjericão e salsa). O estudo foi dividido em três ensaios, os quais foram conduzidos na Horta Didática da Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC) – Campus Pici, localizada em Fortaleza-CE, durante o período de agosto a novembro de 2015. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições. No primeiro ensaio, avaliou-se a viabilidade agroeconômica e eficiência biológica. O segundo e o terceiro estudaram, respectivamente, os efeitos dos consórcios sobre o comportamento fotossintético da couve de folha e sobre a comunidade de artrópodes e a taxa de crescimento da população de Myzus persicae, principal espécie-praga associada a esta cultura. O consórcio de couve de folha com salsa teve o melhor desempenho produtivo. Os consórcios de couve de folha com coentro e com salsa possibilitaram as maiores vantagens econômicas. A couve de folha apresentou-se como um concorrente fraco em relação a todas as culturas consortes avaliadas. A maior eficiência biológica e menor efeito competitivo ocorreu quando as plantas de couve de folha foram consorciadas com salsa. No consórcio com coentro, a couve de folha apresentou o menor desempenho fotossintético devido ao sombreamento provocado pela cultura companheira. O consórcio com manjericão possibilitou a maior diversidade de espécies de artrópodes. As populações do M. persicae tiveram um crescimento mais lento nos consórcios com o coentro e com a salsa. A massa fresca da couve de folha foi reduzida com o aumento da densidade de pulgões. A partir do estudo, conclui-se que o consórcio couve de folha e salsa foi o mais vantajoso agroeconomicamente, além de contribuir para a manutenção de uma população de pulgões mais baixa se comparado aos outros consórcios avaliados.

Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2016-06-07T15:07:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 820160 bytes, checksum: d9a91b6ecab5d951dfb94285e5abc645 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-07T15:07:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 820160 bytes, checksum: d9a91b6ecab5d951dfb94285e5abc645 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O repolho é uma das principais hortaliças cultivadas no Brasil. Apesar disso, pesquisas sobre recomendações de fertilizantes para a cultura são escassas. Embora o fósforo (P) seja um dos nutrientes que as hortaliças mais respondem, a eficiência da adubação fosfatada nesse grupo de culturas é baixa em virtude dos fertilizantes fosfatados serem comumente aplicados em área total e incorporados no solo, o que agrava a fixação de P. Uma saída para esse problema é aplicação localizada de P, prática utilizada em cultivos extensivos e pouco estudada no caso das hortaliças. Outro aspecto importante da cultura do repolho é que as cultivares utilizadas atualmente têm alto potencial produtivo e podem apresentar diferenças na absorção e utilização de nutrientes, fato não considerado nas recomendações oficiais de fertilizantes e que tem contribuído para os agricultores aplicarem doses maiores que as recomendadas. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar a produtividade do repolho e a eficiência da adubação fosfatada na cultura em função de doses e modos de aplicação de P no solo e determinar as curvas de acúmulo de matéria seca (MS) e de nutrientes (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn) por cultivares de repolho em duas épocas de cultivo. Com relação ao P foram conduzidos experimentos em dois locais de cultivo (solo de menor disponibilidade de P e outro de maior disponibilidade, ambos de textura muito argilosa). Em cada local foram instalados dois experimentos: um com aplicação a lanço de P, nas doses de 0, 200, 400, 800 e 1600 kg ha-1 de P2O5, e outro com aplicação localizada do fertilizante fosfatado, nas doses de 0, 80, 160, 320 e 640 kg ha-1 de P2O5, combinadas ou não com fosfatagem (aplicação a lanço de 200 kg ha-1 de P2O5). Em áreas de cultivo comerciais determinaram-se as curvas de acúmulo de MS e nutrientes, com a utilização das cultivares ‘Astrus Plus’ e ‘Green Valley’, no verão-outono, e ‘Astrus Plus’ e ‘Fênix’, no outono-inverno. Após o transplante, as plantas foram amostradas em intervalos de 10 dias até a colheita. A aplicação localizada de P é mais eficiente que a aplicação a lanço no fornecimento do nutriente e para a produtividade do repolho. O acúmulo de matéria seca e de nutrientes é variável em função da época de cultivo e da cultivar, com a ocorrência das maiores taxas de acúmulo nos 10 últimos dias do ciclo. N, P, K, Fe e Zn foram particionados preferencialmente para as folhas internas (cabeça) e atenção especial deve ser dada à reposição desses nutrientes via adubação para evitar empobrecimento do solo com colheitas sucessivas. / Cabbage is one of the main vegetable cultivated in Brazil. Nevertheless, researches about fertilizer recommendations for the crop are scarce. Vegetables are very responsive to Phosphorus (P) fertilization; however its efficiency in this crop group is low, once phosphate fertilizers are commonly applied in total area and incorporated into the soil, which increases its fixation. The furrow application of P may be a solution for this problem, which is a practice used for the extensive crops, but it`s little studied for vegetables. Another important aspect of cabbage crop is that the cultivars currently used present high yield potential and may differ regarding nutrients absorption and utilization, which was not considered in the official fertilizer recommendations and has made farmers apply over doses. This study aimed to determine the yield of cabbage and the efficiency of phosphate fertilization based on doses and application methods in the soil and determine accumulation curves of dry matter (DM) and nutrients (N, P, K ,Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) for cabbage cultivars during two occasions. Regarding P, it was conducted in two cultivation areas (one of them with lower availability of P and another one with higher availability, both presenting clay texture). In each location two experiments were performed: one with P broadcasting, using doses of 0, 200, 400, 800 and 1600 kg ha-1 of P2O5, and another one using furrow application, at the doses of 0, 80, 160, 320 e 640 kg ha-1 de P2O5, combined or not with phosphating (application of 200 kg ha-1 of P2O5 by broadcasting). It was determined the DM and nutrients accumulation curves for the cultivars ‘Astrus Plus’ and ‘Green Valley’ during summer, and ‘Astrus Plus’ and ‘Fenix’ during winter. It was determined the accumulation curves of DM and nutrients for the cultivars ‘Astrus Plus’ and ‘Green Valley’ (summer- autumn), and ‘Astrus Plus’ and ‘Fenix’ (autumn-winter). After transplant, the plants were sampled in each 10 days until harvest. P application is more efficient than broadcasting application in order to supply nutrient and increase its productivity. Nutrients and dry matter accumulation is variable with cultivation time and cultivar, with higher accumulation rates in the 10 last days of the cycle. N, P, K, Fe and Zn were partitioned primarily to the inner leaves (head) and a special attention should be given to the replacement of these nutrients via fertilization in order to avoid impoverishment of the soil due to over-harvesting.

Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2018-04-20T13:29:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2004951 bytes, checksum: af2cf655612e0926ca2affdb10ed2ec7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-20T13:29:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2004951 bytes, checksum: af2cf655612e0926ca2affdb10ed2ec7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-20 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A importância da couve é crescente no Brasil, porém, há poucos trabalhos na literatura que visam obter informações para o melhoramento genético desta cultura. Objetivou-se avaliar famílias de meios irmãos de couve a fim de obter informações sobre: O efeito da transformação indicada pela metodologia Box-Cox na normalidade dos resíduos, homocedasticidade, nas estimativas de parâmetros e valores genéticos em famílias de meios irmãos de couve; As possíveis consequências da seleção truncada nas principais características de interesse agronômico pelo estudo da análise de trilha; As estimativas de parâmetros genéticos e valores genéticos aditivos individuais em famílias de meios irmãos de couve; Os ganhos esperados com a seleção simultânea baseando nas médias dos ranks; O número mínimo de avaliações para a seleção de famílias de meios irmãos de couve; A obtenção de estratégias para o estudo da dissimilaridade genética considerando dados quantitativos e qualitativos coletados em nível de planta; e, determinar as famílias mais divergentes. O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV) em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições e cinco plantas por parcela. Foram avaliadas 24 famílias de meios irmãos de couve de folhas oriundas de acessos do banco de germoplasma da Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM) e duas testemunhas comerciais. Concluiu-se que: O uso da transformação Box-Cox não influencia na seleção dos melhores genótipos, na estimativa de parâmetros genéticos e que nem sempre garante o atendimento das pressuposições de normalidade e homocedasticidade; A seleção truncada para o número de folhas proporciona ganhos de seleção indiretos favoráveis para todas as características; O uso do índice de seleção baseada na média dos ranks indica a viabilidade da seleção simultânea para o melhoramento genético da população estudada; Com 8 colheitas é possível avaliar todas as características com um coeficiente de determinação superior a 85%. A conversão de matrizes de dissimilaridade do nível de planta para o nível de família apresenta grande potencial para estudos de dissimilaridade com dados multicategóricos obtidos em nível de planta; As cultivares comerciais e as família F13 são dissimilares em relação às demais famílias de meios irmãos, já as famílias F8, F12, F14 e F22 apresentam pequena dissimilaridade entre si. / The importance of kale has grown in Brazil; however, there are few studies aimed at obtaining information for the genetic improvement of this crop. The objectives of this study were to evaluate kale half-sib families in order to obtain information regarding: the effect of the transformation indicated by the Box-Cox methodology in normality of residuals, homoscedasticity, estimates of parameters, and genetic values in kale half-sib families; the possible consequences of truncated selection in the main characteristics of agronomic interest through the study of the path analysis; the estimates of genetic parameters and genetic individual additive values in kale half-sib families; the expected gains with the simultaneous selection based on the mean of ranks; the minimum number of evaluations for the selection of kale half-sib families; strategies for the study of genetic dissimilarity considering quantitative and qualitative data collected at plant level; and the determination of the most divergent families. The experiment was carried out at the Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV) in a randomized block design with four replications and five plants per plot. It was evaluated 24 kale half-sib families from the accesses of the Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri’s (UFVJM) germplasm bank, and two commercial checks. It was concluded that: the Box-Cox transformation does not influence the selection of the best genotypes, nor the estimate of genetic parameters, and it does not always meet the assumptions of normality and homoscedasticity; the truncated selection for number of leaves provides favorable indirect selection gains for all characteristics; the use of the selection index based on the mean of ranks indicates the feasibility of simultaneous selection for genetic improvement of the studied population; and that with eight harvests it is possible to evaluate all the characteristics with a coefficient of determination superior to 85%; the conversion of dissimilarity matrices from plant level to family level presents great potential for dissimilarity studies with multicategoric data obtained at plant level. The commercial cultivars and the F13 family are dissimilar in relation to the other half-sib families; on the other hand, F8, F12, F14 and F22 families have little dissimilarity among them.