Univ., Diss.--Bielefeld, 2002.

In Sonap Petroleum (formerly known as Sonarep) (SA) (Pty) Ltd v Pappadog1an1s 1992 (3) SA 234 (A) the Appellate Division apparently approved the direct application of the reliance theory, without reference to prejudice or fault, to determine contractual liability in the absence of consensus. The various approaches to contractual liability in South African law are examined, and a comparative study of English law and the law of the Netherlands is conducted. It is submitted that the element of fault is not crucial to the enquiry, but rather, the elements of conduct , inducement and a reasonable reliance upon consensus. It is concluded that the test for contractual liability in the absence of actual consensus, as formula ted by the court in Sonap's case, without reference to prejudice or fault, has established sound precedent in South African law. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL.M.

La théorie des prérogatives de contrat administratif transplantée du droit administratif français a invoqué un débat de longue période dans la communauté judiciaire qu’une législation nationale unifiée a toujours été absente même aujourd’hui. En fait, dans le droit administratif français lié qui se compose principalement par la jurisprudence dans ce domaine, il y a non seulement une série de conditions préalables pour réaliser chaque prérogative, mais aussi un mécanisme de protection qui maintient un équilibre financier du contrat pour la justice finale. Or, sur la base d’une préférence pour les pouvoirs publics enracinée dans les traditions juridiques et le régime politique de la Chine, combinés certaines situations actuelles contemporaines, les chercheurs chinois ont partiellement mis en évidence la première, mais ignoré la seconde, conduisant à l’échec de cette transplantation juridique. En fait, comme une sorte de pouvoir administratif, la prérogative ne doit pas être considérée dans le propre système de contrat qui se compose par les droits et obligations consensuels, mais se réfère à la compétence légale de l’administration qui doit être contrôlée par la responsabilité légale. De plus, cela peut s’interpréter aussi comme la rupture de contrat, de sorte que l’administrateur doive prendre la responsabilité contractuelle fondée sur la théorie de la responsabilité sans faute, la relativité de contrat et la force de contrat, au lieu de la Légalité au sens étroit; la responsabilité administrative dans ce domaine devrait par conséquent être attribuée à la rupture de contrat, à l’endommagement et à l’illégalité. Peu importe quel modèle serait suivi par la législation à l’avenir, un système judiciaire indépendant et influant dans la pratique sociale sera la protection ultime de tous les systèmes juridiques incluant le contrat administratif en Chine. / The theory of prerogatives of administrative contract transplanted from the French administrative law has triggered such a longtime debate in the judicial community that a unified national legislation has been absent even today. Actually, in the French administrative law, composed mainly by Case Law in this domain, there is not only a series of conditions to enforce each prerogative, but also a protective mechanism to keep a financial balance of contract for the final justice. However, based on a preference to the Power rooted from the legal traditions and the political regime of China, combined with certain contemporary facts, Chinese researchers have partially highlighted the former but ignored the latter, leading to the failure of this legal transplant. Actually, as a type of administrative power, the prerogative should not be considered into the proper system of contract composed by the conventional rights and obligations, but refers to the legal authority of administration that should be controlled by the legal responsibility. In addition, it could be considered as the breach of contract too, so that the administrator should take the contractual responsibility based on the Theory of no-fault, on the Relativity of contract and on the Force effect of contract; thus the administrative responsibility hereof could be assumed for the breach of contract, for the quasi-tort out of contract and for the illegality. No matter which pattern would be followed by the future legislation in China, an independent and influential judicial system should be the final protection of all legal systems including the administrative contract.

我國公開收購之審議委員會制度，已實施約5年，規定審議委員會應審議收購案，並建議股東是否應賣。迄今（民國106年6月5日）應設置審議委員會之案件共計55起，其中有36起揭露股份轉讓合約，合約記載與該次收購相關之合約條款，為審議委員會於審議過程可得之資訊。合約約定之內容，將影響簽約雙方承擔之風險，過去亦有案例，顯示合約內容之重要性。透過分析36份股份轉讓合約及5起發生於國內之個案，本研究試圖瞭解合約之違約賠償條款如何影響審議委員會做成建議，以及標的公司之審議委員會及股東於收購案應注意之風險。本研究之結論有二：第一，當股份轉讓合約之違約賠償條款，能夠對風險做出因應時，審議委員會應表示正面意見。第二，標的公司之審議委員會及股東應注意之風險事項，計10項： 1. 公開收購說明書是否有揭露股份轉讓合約。 2. 股份轉讓合約是否有約定違約賠償條款。 3. 違約賠償條款之約定，是否能因應風險。 4. 標的公司之股權結構，是否過於分散或集中。 5. 公開收購人之真實身分，以及其是否與具爭議性人物有關係。 6. 公開收購人與標的公司經營理念之差異。 7. 若收購案牽涉其他主管機關核准，應考量主管機關核准時程。 8. 外界對於收購案之傳聞。 9. 公開收購案之性質，係水平、垂直或多角化經營；是否為跨國案件。 10. 公司過去營運事項及管理階層所作決策或提案，是否有不合理情事。 / The new system of review committee of every public company shall under takes the responsibility to recommend to shareholders about whether to sell their shares in a tender offer has been implemented in Taiwan for five years. The review committee is comprise of all independent directors, they should investigate and review the tender offer before they make their suggestions: positive, negative, or netural. Up to now (June 5, 2017), 55 tender offer cases involve the suggestion from review committee. Among these 55 cases, 36 cases have disclosured share transfer contracts, the terms of the contract were available for the review committee and this research. The terms of the contract affect heavily the risks taken and return awarded by both parties, merit a thorough research but seldom done by previous research.The purpose of this thesis is to find out how the terms of contract affect the review committee’s recommendations. The term studied is damage for breach, this term is selected because its importance, it impact seriously the risks of the acquired company and its shareholders’ wealth.This study starts from analyzing 36 share transfer contracts and 5 tender offer cases in Taiwan, two observations obtain. First, the review committee should express positive recommedation when the terms of damage for breach of contract could response the risk. Second, the 10 risks the acquired company’s review committee and shareholders should pay attention are: 1. Whether the tender offer prospectus disclose the share transfer contract. 2. Whether the share transfer contracts have the terms of damage for breach of contract. 3. Whether the terms of damage for breach of contract could response the risks. 4. Whether the acquired company’s ownership structure is too fragmented or concentrated. 5. Whether the tender offeror is related to a controversial person and its real identity. 6. The different business philosophy between the tender offeror and the acquired company. 7. If the tender offer involves the approval of relevant competent authorities, the processing time of the approval should be concerned. 8. The rumors of the tender offer. 9. The nature of the tender offer is horizontal, vertical or diversified; whether it is a transnational case. 10. Whether both company's past operations and management decisions are unreasonable.

Thesis (LLM. (Development and Management Law)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / Refer to the document

The aim of the thesis was to critically compare termination of contracts in South Africa, England and the CISG. It was found out that South Africa prefers to use the term cancellation because it is a remedy of last resort. The problem with cancellation is that is a drastic step of bringing the transaction to an abrupt and premature end, which is only used when a material breach occurs. English law uses the term discharge as it refers to the ending of the obligations under the contract when a breach occurred and represents the point at which one party is no longer bound by its’ contractual obligations and claims damages. Chapter 3 argued that though discharge goes beyond cancellation it does not cater for diverse domestic rules which need uniform international laws. Chapter 4 discussed and argued that avoidance is a term that was chosen by the CISG to end a contract when a fundamental breach occurs. There were problems on interpretation of terms and use of diverse domestic rules. The advantage of the term avoidance is that it is a technical term adopted and given a uniform meaning in the CISG where interpretation of terms and diverse domestic rules did not apply. Avoidance furthermore comprised concepts of rescission and termination. From the above it was argued that South Africa needs to develop new terms for termination of a contract and create new laws along the lines of the CISG. / Private Law / LL. M.

S u m m a r y The goal of this thesis is to analyse the legal consequences of the breach of contract, especially under civil law, although, some essential comparison with legal regulation of commercial law is given, too. The text is divided into ten chapters. In the introduction, i. e. in the first two chapters the term of contract is defined and then the basic legal principles of the contractual law are enumerated and described in respect of the topic. The third chapter deals with the subject of the paper globally and shortly characterises each consequence of the breach of contract. The account of them is also given. The following chapters provide complete information how every consequence works and which part it plays in the Czech legal system. Specifically, Chapter Four is focused on debtor's delay and Chapter Five on creditor's delay. Chapter Six investigates liability for damage and damages a bit, as well. Chapter Seven deals with liability for defects and Chapter Eight is about contractual fine. In Chapter Nine is mentioned discharge of contract and its consequences. Each of in this paragraph enumerated chapters describes its subject itself and also relevant related problems in context with practice of the courts. In the last chapter, i. e. in the Conclusion is the whole topic shortly summarized with...

La stratégie du créancier face à l'inexécution est une réalité masquée par les théories, elle est tacite dans les analyses. Les éléments qui la composent sont étudiés tour à tour de façon à découvrir une institution qui est composée de mécanismes interdépendants ayant chacun son propre ressort. À partir de l'article 1184 du Code civil, il a fallu saisir l'esprit de la résolution, des qualifications qu'elle comprend, expressément et tacitement, dans l'optique de vérifier les connaissances présentés comme certaines afin de projeter l'institution dans une perspective d'avenir.À travers huit thématiques constitutives de la résolution, il est question d'opérer un tri dans les connaissances relatives au domaine de l'action, à la disqualification de la force majeure, à l'inexécution du contrat par le débiteur dûment constatée par une mise en demeure. Le juge une fois saisi, le créancier bénéficie ainsi de l'option entre résolution ou exécution forcée conférée par l'article 1184 alinéa 2, amenant au caractère judiciaire - fort discuté - de l'action. Enfin, la résolution produit des effets apparents sur le contrat : la rétroactivité mais surtout des effets caractéristiques : l'extinction et les restitutions qui sont issues de la décision judiciaire de résolution.Si le concept de résolution a été étudié à travers son fondement, son histoire ou encore ses formes diverses, il restait à explorer l'envers de cette théorie dans une relecture critique rappelant sa fonction première : permettre au créancier de protéger le contrat face au phénomène d'inexécution. / Creditor's strategy in case of breach of contract is often avoided because of full theories.It could be described as a tacit phenomenon. Elements of judicial dissolution are studied in a way to discover a legal institution made by independent mechanisms which each have their own spring. Starting with article 1184 of French Civil Code, the aim of the study was to grasp the spirit of "judicial dissolution" of contract, also the legal institutions it contains, formally or tacitly, checking all the law doctrinal knowledge, supposed to be certain and proposing a perspective for this particular judicial termination of contract.Judicial dissolution composed of eight themes is a study trying to share into a mass knowledge relative to the action's area, the fortuitous event (irresistible force), the breach of contract itself, which is officially established into a formal notice. When the judge is seized, the creditor has a legal option between dissolution or enforced performance offered by article 1184 paragraph 2, which leads to the question of judicial characteristic - involving an important argument - of the dissolution.Finally, judicial dissolution causes apparent consequences : retrospective effect on contract but, overall, there are specific effects : termination of contract involving return of goods, values and performances between parties coming from the judicial decision.If dissolution's concept had been studied before into its fundamentals, its story or its diverse forms, it allows to explore the reverse side of this theory into as a new critical reading which recalls the original function of this legal action : to permit creditor to defend in case of breach of contract

La stipulation des clauses de force majeure dans les contrats internes et internationaux de longue durée procède de la liberté contractuelle et doit sa raison d'être dans la répulsivité des normes supplétives d'allocation des risques. La reconnaissance de leur licéité reste incertaine en raison des difficultés d'identification de leur technique et de leur nature juridique que la doctrine assimile à la quadrature du cercle en géométrie.Compte tenu de l'impact de l'aléa sur l'existence de l'objet et la valeur de l'obligation de garantie qui constitue l'essence des clauses de force majeure, une summa divisio peut être fondamentalement esquissée entre les clauses d'appréciation et d'attribution des risques de force majeure. Les unes sont assujetties à un aléa juridique et relèvent du régime des actes juridiques aléatoires. Les autres sont affectées par un aléa économique et procèdent du régime des actes juridiques commutatifs même si la jurisprudence les rattache indûment au régime des clauses de responsabilité.De lege ferenda, la rationalisation du régime des clauses de force majeure nécessite la codification du raisonnable en tant que principe directeur du droit interne des contrats afin d'entreprendre leur summa divisio en soumettant distributivement les clauses d'appréciation des risques au test qualitatif du raisonnable de conformité et les clauses d'attribution des risques au test quantitatif du raisonnable de modulation / The statement of force majeure provisions in long-term internal and international contracts is based on the ground of the freedom of contract and promoted by the inefficiency of suppletive risk allocation norms in modern legal systems. The recognition of their enforceability still subject to uncertainty due to the misunderstanding of their drafting and their judicial construction that is commonly said to amount to squaring the circle. Base on the influence of the uncertainty conditioning the subject-matter and the value of the obligation to guarantee underlying force majeure clauses, a fundamental summa divisio is drawn up between risk assessment and risk attribution agreements. The first clauses are subject to the uncertainty of a legal nature and should follow the random legal acts framework. The second are affected by the uncertainty of economic nature and should depend to the commutative legal acts framework even though force majeure clauses are unduly treated in case law as exclusion clauses. De lege ferenda, the force majeure clauses regime is expected to be rationalized with the integration of the reasonable reasoning as a fundamental guiding principal of French contract law so that to implement the summa divisio of force majeure agreements by adjusting distributively the risk assessment clauses unreason through the reasonable compliance test and the risk attribution clauses abuses through the reasonable modulation test

PhD (Human Resource Management) / Department of Human Resource Management and Labour Relations / Globally, the economic, political and social environment is constantly changing, and this has posed various challenges for organisations in the world of work. South African universities have also not been spared from these changes as they are expected to meet international standards whilst operating in an environment where there are many changes in their work environment with regard to technology, language policy, decolonisation of the curriculum and globalisation. The dynamics in these aspects shape the organisational climate and psychological contracts of all institutions. Any changes in the organisational climate and psychological contracts may influence employee outcomes of organisational citizenship behaviour and intention to leave among employees. Therefore, this study responds to calls from previous studies on organisational climate and psychological contract research to investigate the role of moderators in their association with employee outcomes. There is an urgent demand for organisational leaders to practice ethical leadership and become trustworthy in order to inspire employees to exhibit organisational citizenship behaviour and reduce any intentions of leaving the organisation. The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between organisational climate, psychological contract breach and employee outcomes among university employees. It also further investigated the moderating roles of ethical leadership and trust on those relationships. Six objectives were developed based on the aims of the study. To answer the objectives of this study, the research followed cross-sectional design and a quantitative approach was adopted. A total of 202 employees were selected through stratified random sampling to participate in the study and a self- administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. The sample was made up of both academic and administration staff working in the universities. Item analysis was conducted to check the reliability of the scales and all the scales obtained acceptable Cronbach alphas. To explore the factor structure of the scales, exploratory factor analysis was conducted, and poor items were removed until a xv clear and desirable factor solution was obtained. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to validate the data and all the goodness of fit indexes achieved the required level. In addition, the composite reliability and average variance extracted for all scales met the required level. Moderated multiple regression analysis was conducted to measure the moderator roles of ethical leadership and trust in the organisational climate, psychological contract breach and employee outcomes relationships. The results showed that ethical leadership moderated the relationship between organisational climate and organisational citizenship behaviour (Δ R² = .078, F(3,148) = 8.994. p <.001, β = .285, p < .001); and also the relationship between psychological contract breach and organisational citizenship behaviour (Δ R² = .056, F(3,148) = 7.373, β = -.247, p < .005). However, non-significant results were found when testing the moderating role of ethical leadership in the relationship between organisational climate and intention to leave (Δ R² =.000, F(3,148) = 6.275, β =.000, p >.005); and also in the relationship between psychological contract breach and intention to leave (Δ R² = 0.03, F(3.148) = 12.878, β =.055, p > .05). In addition, the results also revealed that trust moderated the relationship between organisational climate and organisational citizenship behaviour (Δ R² =.030, F(3, 148) = 6.521, β =.175, p < .01); and also the relationship between psychological contract breach and organisational citizenship behaviour (Δ R² =.049, F(3.148) = 7.719, β = -.222, p < .001). However, non-significant results were also found in testing trust as moderator in the relationship between organisational climate and intention to leave (Δ R² =.001, F(3,148) = 10.373, β = -.022, p > .01); and also in the relationship between psychological contract breach and intention to leave (Δ R² = 014, F(3, 148) = 17.207, β =.120, , p > .05). The results provides sufficient evidence that organisational climate, psychological contract breach, ethical leadership, and trust can shape employee behavioural outcomes either positively or negatively. This study, therefore recommends that organisations should develop a strong and positive organisational climate in order to improve organisational citizenship xvi behaviour and reduce employees` intentions to leave the organisation. This is achievable with policies that speak to effective communication structure, job recognition, and career development paths. In addition, human resources managers are urged to prevent cases of psychological contract breach through providing employees with realistic overviews of the task to be performed and policy that can aid employees to air their grievances. The study further recommends the establishment of ethical corporate culture within the organisations through which only employees who meet the ethical standards of the organisation are promoted into leadership positions in order to improve the practice of organisational citizenship behaviour and in turn reduce employees` intention to leave the organisation. / NRF