Thesis (M.S. in food science)--Washington State University, December 2007. / Includes bibliographical references.

M.Comm.

Low-protein (7.35%) and high-protein (11.59%) flours were tested for bread baking with and without the addition of two substances commonly used as dough conditioners: ascorbic acid and diacetyl tartaric esters of monoglycerides (DATEM). The breadmaking properties of the flours were evaluated by measuring the loaf characteristics by objective and sensory evaluation. In addition, the effect of the dough conditioners on the rate of staling of baked bread was examined. No significant differences were found among the treatments with respect to volume. moisture content, or crumb color. Loaves baked with the high-protein flour had significantly darker crust colors. High-protein loaves were significantly less tender. The sensory panel found no significant differences in crumb color t aroma, compressibility, mouth feel, moistness, flavor, or overall aftertaste. The panel did find that high-protein loaves were significantly darker in crust color, and loaves baked with high-protein flour and ascorbic acid had significantly larger cell sizes and less uniform cell structures. The addition of DATE-M to breads made with either flour resulted in significantly decreased rates of staling. Breads made with the high-protein flour staled slower than their law-protein counterparts with or without dough conditioners. In conclusion, the bread-making characteristics of both flours were good and resulted in bread of good quality, even without conditioners present. DATEM can be added to retard the rate of staling, but more is needed with lower protein flours. / Master of Science

need to dry-mill the wheat into flour, and as a result, the total cost of conversion from wheat to bread is reduced. The resulting product has been perceived as being more filling than normal bread and it is also more nutritious and more affordable. The wet-mill concept was developed in a laboratory environment and no process methodology or equipment has existed to enable the technology to be used in a real bakery environment. The focus of this research was to design the particular equipment required for a medium plant-bakery production facility based on the wet-mill technology. Due to severe overcapacity in the bread-making industry, the research focuses on how best to integrate this equipment into an existing production facility. Three broad areas are investigated: • Product Development • Process Design • Machine Design The aim of the Product Development phase was to create a recipe that would withstand the rigours of the plant bakery environment, while at the same time satisfying consumer demand for taste and texture. The Process Design phase ensured that any new equipment had the capacity to match the throughput rate of the rest of the plant bakery, so that wet-mill dough could seamlessly continue downstream. Process control variables were examined to ensure that a consistent quality product was delivered. Inbound material handling was also investigated and designed to ensure safe and uncontaminated delivery of perishable raw material. Since the end product is edible, hygiene design requirements were also considered by completing a HACCP study to ensure a consumer-safe product. The Machine Design phase involves the development and design of a completely new food machine: a vertical wet-mill cutter. Many ideas are evaluated and a prototype machine, based on the optimal design, was built to test the concept. This prototype was then used to define process and design constraints for a scaled, large plantbakery machine. The final detailed design of a plant bakery wet-mill cutter was then completed. It includes drive, belt, bearing and pneumatic cylinder selection, and shaft and blade design. Safety considerations were an important part of the design process and production facility. Conformity to OHS Act regulations required investigation into the safe operation of the designed equipment with particular reference to driven and rotating machinery sub-regulations of the Act. A hazard analYSis and operability study was also undertaken. Lastly, the research calculates a financial valuation of the project to ascertain whether a plant baker should be interested in implementing wet-mill technology. The research concludes with a discussion of the various successes of the three research areas, and states any further investigation that may be required before full implementation. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-04-12Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:09:36Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 costa_ms_me_sjrp_parcial.pdf: 67830 bytes, checksum: 3fe45059cd1a3005222dc2ebd71a60fd (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2014-08-22T14:57:13Z: costa_ms_me_sjrp_parcial.pdf,Bitstream added on 2014-08-22T15:02:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000715110.pdf: 942901 bytes, checksum: 5adb2538151742ce280d4748da560695 (MD5) / A identificação das propriedades funcionais de farinhas de trigo através de testes específicos possibilita selecionar genótipos de trigo com características adequadas a cada uso industrial. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade tecnológica de dezesseis genótipos de trigo correlacionando as subunidades de gluteninas de alto e baixo peso molecular (HWS-GS e LWS-GS) e as subunidades de gliadinas com a cor, teor de amido danificado, taxa de extração de farinhas, testes das características físico-químicas do grão e com as propriedades físico-químicas, reológicas e de panificação da farinha. Nos grãos, o conteúdo protéico (CP), volume de sedimentação (SDS-VS), índice de sedimentação (IS = SDS-VS/ CP), número de queda (NQ), peso hectolitro (PH), peso de mil sementes (PMS) e índice de dureza (ID) foram analisados. Testes farinográficos, esxtensográficos,e viscoamilográficos foram realizados nas farinhas além dos testes de panificação. As subunidades de gluteninas e de gliadinas foram separadas usando SDS-PAGE e para cada HMW- GS foram calculados escores de 1 a 4, sendo o escore total (ET) mínimo de 4 e máximo de 10 para cada genótipo. Os amidos isolados dos diferentes genótipos de trigo foram analisados quanto ao teor de fósforo, lisofosfolipídeos (LPL), teor de amilose, propriedades térmicas e propriedades de pasta. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, correlação de Pearson, análise de componentes principais e análise de cluster. Entre as amostras, o CP variou de 13,7 a 17,9 %, o SDS-VS de 8,3 a 14,6 mL e o IS de 0,58 a 1,01, sendo que estes dois últimos parâmetros mostraram forte correlação (r = 0,83) entre si. Os alelos 2* no Glu-A1 (43,8%), 7+9 no Glu-B1 (50,0%) e 5+10 no Glu-D1 (81,3%) foram... / Identification of functional properties of wheat flour by specific tests allows the selection of genotypes with appropriate characteristics for specific industrial uses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the technical quality of sixteen wheat genotypes by correlating both glutenin subunits of high and low molecular weight (LWS and HWS-GS-GS) and gliadins subunits with color, damaged starch, rate extraction flours, testing of the physicochemical characteristics of the grain and the physicochemical, rheological and baking flour. In grains, protein content (PC), sedimentation volume (SDS-SV), sedimentation index (SI = SV / PC), falling number (FN), hectolitre weight (HW), mass of 1000 seeds (MTS) and hardness index (HI) were analyzed. Farinography, extensography and viscoamylography were performed in addition to the flour baking tests. The glutenin and gliadins subunits were separated using SDS-PAGE and for each HMW-GS scores between 1 and 4 were calculated, with a minimum total score (TS) of 4 and a maximum TS of 10, for each genotype. Starches isolated from different wheat genotypes were analyzed for phosphorus, lysophospholipids (LPL), amylose content, thermal and pasting properties. The data were evaluated using variance analysis, Pearson’s correlation, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis. Among the samples, PC ranged from 13.7 to 17.9%, SDS-SV, from 8.3 to 14.6 mL and SI from 0.58 to 1.01, with the latter two parameters showing a strong correlation (r = 0.83) between them. The alleles 2* at Glu-A1 (43.8%), 7 +9 at Glu-B1 (50.0%) and 5 +10 at Glu-D1 (81.3%) showed more frequency in HMW-GS and due to this the most frequent TS were 9 and 10, showing a positive correlation with SDS-SV (r = 0.52), SI (r = 0.51) and MTS (r = 0.51). The allele c of Glu-A3 (56.3%) was the most frequent in LMW-GS... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

A presente pesquisa objetiva analisar os processos de panificação tradicional associados à italianidade em São Gotardo, no distrito de Vila Seca, Caxias do Sul, RS, e sua possível contribuição ao turismo no local. Esta pesquisa busca, portanto, registrar a memória gastronômica, a partir do questionamento sobre quais os saberes e fazeres que, nas memórias da comunidade, estão associados à panificação tradicional em São Gotardo e que, se forem mantidos ativos e consolidados nas práticas gastronômicas locais, coloquem-se como opção no âmbito do turismo local. A metodologia teve como suporte a pesquisa participativa, com entrevista, registro fotográfico e anotações em diário de pesquisa, além da realização de oficinas de panificação. As oficinas de panificação foram estruturadas para instigar os comentários sobre os saberes e fazeres associados ao pão, assim como para introdução de técnicas de gourmetização. Concluiu-se que a partir de técnica inerente à panificação é possível incrementar sabores e formulação, sem que se perca a identidade local. / Submitted by cmquadros@ucs.br (cmquadros@ucs.br) on 2018-03-20T16:36:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Etiene Meyer Johannsen.pdf: 1091150 bytes, checksum: 48f5a2d304686fb4257ad593b946e41e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-20T16:36:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Etiene Meyer Johannsen.pdf: 1091150 bytes, checksum: 48f5a2d304686fb4257ad593b946e41e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-20 / The main objective of this research is to analyze traditional bakery processes, associated to the Italian influence in São Gotardo, in the district of Vila Seca, Caxias do Sul-RS, as well as its possible contribution to local tourism. Thus, the aim of this research is to rescue the gastronomic memory, based on the questioning of knowledge and practices that, in the community memory, are associated to traditional bread making in São Gotardo and, if they are rescued, they can be consolidated to reintegration in the community’s daily lives, qualifying its gastronomy, considering local tourism. This is a participative research, that was carried out through interviews, photographical records, notes in research diary, as well as bakery workshops. Bakery workshops were structured, to stimulate the people interviewed to talk about their knowledge and practices associated to bakery, and the introduction to gourmet techniques. We concluded that from the technique inherent to baking and it is possible to increase flavors and formulation, without losing the local identity.

Orientador: Célia Maria Landi Franco / Coorientador: Maria Brígida dos Santos Scholz / Banca: Maria Victória Eiras Grossmann / Banca: José Francisco Lopes Filho / Resumo: A identificação das propriedades funcionais de farinhas de trigo através de testes específicos possibilita selecionar genótipos de trigo com características adequadas a cada uso industrial. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade tecnológica de dezesseis genótipos de trigo correlacionando as subunidades de gluteninas de alto e baixo peso molecular (HWS-GS e LWS-GS) e as subunidades de gliadinas com a cor, teor de amido danificado, taxa de extração de farinhas, testes das características físico-químicas do grão e com as propriedades físico-químicas, reológicas e de panificação da farinha. Nos grãos, o conteúdo protéico (CP), volume de sedimentação (SDS-VS), índice de sedimentação (IS = SDS-VS/ CP), número de queda (NQ), peso hectolitro (PH), peso de mil sementes (PMS) e índice de dureza (ID) foram analisados. Testes farinográficos, esxtensográficos,e viscoamilográficos foram realizados nas farinhas além dos testes de panificação. As subunidades de gluteninas e de gliadinas foram separadas usando SDS-PAGE e para cada HMW- GS foram calculados escores de 1 a 4, sendo o escore total (ET) mínimo de 4 e máximo de 10 para cada genótipo. Os amidos isolados dos diferentes genótipos de trigo foram analisados quanto ao teor de fósforo, lisofosfolipídeos (LPL), teor de amilose, propriedades térmicas e propriedades de pasta. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, correlação de Pearson, análise de componentes principais e análise de cluster. Entre as amostras, o CP variou de 13,7 a 17,9 %, o SDS-VS de 8,3 a 14,6 mL e o IS de 0,58 a 1,01, sendo que estes dois últimos parâmetros mostraram forte correlação (r = 0,83) entre si. Os alelos 2* no Glu-A1 (43,8%), 7+9 no Glu-B1 (50,0%) e 5+10 no Glu-D1 (81,3%) foram... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Identification of functional properties of wheat flour by specific tests allows the selection of genotypes with appropriate characteristics for specific industrial uses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the technical quality of sixteen wheat genotypes by correlating both glutenin subunits of high and low molecular weight (LWS and HWS-GS-GS) and gliadins subunits with color, damaged starch, rate extraction flours, testing of the physicochemical characteristics of the grain and the physicochemical, rheological and baking flour. In grains, protein content (PC), sedimentation volume (SDS-SV), sedimentation index (SI = SV / PC), falling number (FN), hectolitre weight (HW), mass of 1000 seeds (MTS) and hardness index (HI) were analyzed. Farinography, extensography and viscoamylography were performed in addition to the flour baking tests. The glutenin and gliadins subunits were separated using SDS-PAGE and for each HMW-GS scores between 1 and 4 were calculated, with a minimum total score (TS) of 4 and a maximum TS of 10, for each genotype. Starches isolated from different wheat genotypes were analyzed for phosphorus, lysophospholipids (LPL), amylose content, thermal and pasting properties. The data were evaluated using variance analysis, Pearson's correlation, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis. Among the samples, PC ranged from 13.7 to 17.9%, SDS-SV, from 8.3 to 14.6 mL and SI from 0.58 to 1.01, with the latter two parameters showing a strong correlation (r = 0.83) between them. The alleles 2* at Glu-A1 (43.8%), 7 +9 at Glu-B1 (50.0%) and 5 +10 at Glu-D1 (81.3%) showed more frequency in HMW-GS and due to this the most frequent TS were 9 and 10, showing a positive correlation with SDS-SV (r = 0.52), SI (r = 0.51) and MTS (r = 0.51). The allele c of Glu-A3 (56.3%) was the most frequent in LMW-GS... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

A presente pesquisa objetiva analisar os processos de panificação tradicional associados à italianidade em São Gotardo, no distrito de Vila Seca, Caxias do Sul, RS, e sua possível contribuição ao turismo no local. Esta pesquisa busca, portanto, registrar a memória gastronômica, a partir do questionamento sobre quais os saberes e fazeres que, nas memórias da comunidade, estão associados à panificação tradicional em São Gotardo e que, se forem mantidos ativos e consolidados nas práticas gastronômicas locais, coloquem-se como opção no âmbito do turismo local. A metodologia teve como suporte a pesquisa participativa, com entrevista, registro fotográfico e anotações em diário de pesquisa, além da realização de oficinas de panificação. As oficinas de panificação foram estruturadas para instigar os comentários sobre os saberes e fazeres associados ao pão, assim como para introdução de técnicas de gourmetização. Concluiu-se que a partir de técnica inerente à panificação é possível incrementar sabores e formulação, sem que se perca a identidade local. / The main objective of this research is to analyze traditional bakery processes, associated to the Italian influence in São Gotardo, in the district of Vila Seca, Caxias do Sul-RS, as well as its possible contribution to local tourism. Thus, the aim of this research is to rescue the gastronomic memory, based on the questioning of knowledge and practices that, in the community memory, are associated to traditional bread making in São Gotardo and, if they are rescued, they can be consolidated to reintegration in the community’s daily lives, qualifying its gastronomy, considering local tourism. This is a participative research, that was carried out through interviews, photographical records, notes in research diary, as well as bakery workshops. Bakery workshops were structured, to stimulate the people interviewed to talk about their knowledge and practices associated to bakery, and the introduction to gourmet techniques. We concluded that from the technique inherent to baking and it is possible to increase flavors and formulation, without losing the local identity.

Research report submitted to the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Commerce in Development Theory and Policy. / Over one billion people in the world are under-nourished, and over two billion suffer from malnutrition of micro-nutrients – known as ‘hidden hunger’1. This is largely due to the fact that two thirds of the world’s population depend on cereal or tuber based diets (e.g., wheat, maize, potatoes) which tend to satisfy energy demands but not essential micro-nutrients2. The industrialisation of food production systems that occurs as part of the process of economic development has been linked to great improvements in access to food on the one hand, but this has also resulted in major transitions in population-level food consumption and lifestyle patterns. The changes affecting both dietary and physical activity have been termed the ‘nutrition transition’3, which signals the change from consuming large amounts of fibre and low amounts of fat, to a diet comprised of highly processed, high-energy foods. Developing countries now face a ‘triple burden’ in terms of overcoming under-nutrition of micro and macro nutrients, as well as addressing over-consumption related to the ‘nutrition transition’ that accompanies economic development4. Given this setting, this paper sets out to understand how the industrialisation of the wheat to bread chain in South Africa has influenced population consumption patterns and to what extent consumer interests have been marginalised in the pursuit of industrial efficiencies during the development of this chain. This will be done using a ‘Systems of Provision’ approach which enables a vertical analysis of the processes leading up to consumption, whilst allowing for the incorporation of historically defined, context-specific influences on chain development and consumption patterns, including political, socio-economic and cultural factors, which other vertical approaches, such as the Global Value Chain framework do not enable. / MT2017

CAPES / O camu-camu (Myrciaria dúbia H. B. K. (McVaugh)) é um fruto nativo da região amazônica, reconhecido por um alto teor de vitamina C, fonte de compostos fenólicos, antocianinas e antioxidantes. Em função do seu potencial de ácido ascórbico, estudos são conduzidos com o objetivo de agregar valor a fruta como aditivo alimentar. Por isso, o presente trabalho tem por finalidade a avaliação do uso da polpa de camu-camu microencapsulada e liofilizada nas características tecnológicas da farinha de trigo e na qualidade do pão de forma, pelos métodos da caracterização físico-química e microencapsulação da polpa, avaliação físico-química do liofilizado e microencapsulados, sua eficiência, rendimento e estabilidade (25 e 45ºC), o efeito do liofilizado e microencapsulados nas propriedades da farinha, no volume especifico e nos atributos sensoriais do pão de forma. A polpa de camu-camu apresentou elevados teores de ácido ascórbico, compostos fenólicos totais e atividade antioxidante. O liofilizado contém maior teor de umidade, higroscopicidade e compostos bioativos em comparação aos microencapsulados. Com a análise da eficiência da encapsulação, verificou-se que a maltodextrina foi o mais eficiente, para o rendimento, a dextrina lactato obteve maior valor de compostos fenólicos e a maltodextrina do ácido ascórbico. A estabilidade se manteve maior à temperatura de 25ºC, entretanto analisando ambas as temperaturas, a dextrina lactato, mostrou-se como o melhor material protetor. A presença do camu – camu provocou mudanças nas características das farinhas de trigo, porém ocorreu o fortalecimento da rede de glúten da massa, tornando as massas mais curtas em relação ao controle. Os pães não diferiram sensorialmente, exceto no atributo aparência e intenção de compra do pão com camu – camu microencapsulado com dextrina lactato que foi o de maior pontuação e o preferido pelos avaliadores. A adição dos derivados de camu – camu nos pães provocou aumento de seus volumes específicos, dos compostos bioativos e da retenção de ácido ascórbico no produto final. / The camu-camu (Myrciaria dubious H. B. K. (McVaugh)) is a native fruit of the Amazon region, recognized by a high content of vitamin C, source of phenolic compounds, anthocyanins and antioxidants. Due to their potential ascorbic acid, studies are conducted with the objective of adding value to fruit as a food additive. Therefore, the present work has the purpose of evaluating the use of microencapsulated and lyophilized camu-camu pulp in the technological characteristics of wheat flour and in the quality of bread form, by the methods of physicalchemical characterization and microencapsulation of pulp, evaluation (25 and 45ºC), the effect of the lyophilized and microencapsulated in the properties of the flour, the specific volume and the sensorial attributes of the bread of form. The camu-camu pulp presented high levels of ascorbic acid, total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. The lyophilizate contains higher moisture content, hygroscopicity and bioactive compounds compared to microencapsulated ones. With the analysis of the efficiency of the encapsulation, maltodextrine was found to be the most efficient for yield, lactate dextrin obtained higher value of phenolic compounds and maltodextrin of ascorbic acid. The stability remained higher at 25 °C, however analyzing both temperatures, lactate dextrin, proved to be the best protective material. The presence of camu - camu caused changes in the characteristics of wheat flour, but the gluten network of the mass was strengthened, making the pasta shorter in relation to the control. The breads did not differ sensorially, except in the attribute appearance and intention to buy the bread with camu - camu microencapsulated with dextrin lactate that was the one with the highest score and the one preferred by the evaluators. The addition of the camu - camu derivatives in the breads provoked an increase in their specific volumes, the bioactive compounds and the retention of ascorbic acid in the final product.