Diss. (sammanfattning). Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2009. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Capes; CNPq / A suinocultura resulta em uma série de resíduos que se não tratados de forma adequada poluem o meio ambiente. A Produção de biogás a partir destes resíduos através da digestão anaeróbica (DA) transforma um passivo ambiental em matéria prima para a produção de energia. No entanto a DA está longe de ser um processo simples, fatores como composição do resíduo, toxicidade, operação da produção podem limitar a produção de biogás. A codigestão anaeróbica, a digestão simultânea de dois ou mais substratos, é uma opção viável para superar as desvantagens da monodigestão, melhorando a produção de biogás. O Brasil possui grande potencial agrícola, atividade que também gera uma quantidade significativa de resíduos, desta forma o objetivo desta pesquisa consistiu em avaliar o potencial de ampliação da produção de biogás dos resíduos da suinocultura codigeridos com os principais resíduos agrícolas produzidos no Brasil. Os resultados foram alcançados através de um portfólio Bibliográfico levantado sobre do processo de produção de biogás, seguidos da identificação dos principais resíduos agrícolas produzidos no Brasil, a partir destes resultados iniciou-se pesquisa por palavras chaves nas principais bases de dados internacionais a fim verificar quais resíduos agrícolas produzidos no Brasil podem ser codigeridos com resíduos da suinocultura. Por fim analisou-se a proporção de resíduos utilizada, a quantidade de biogás produzida e as condições de operação do processo. Os resultados indicam que os resíduos de arroz e de milho podem ser codigeridos com os resíduos da suinocultura, as condições operacionais em que houve maior produção de biogás a partir da DA destes resíduos foram identificadas. Desta forma, a produção de biogás pode ser ampliada através da codigestão anaeróbica de resíduos da suinocultura com os resíduos agrícolas de arroz e de milho. / Swine breeding results in a series of wastes that if not properly treated pollute the environment. The biogas production from these residues through anaerobic digestion (AD) transforms an environmental liability into raw material for the production of energy. However the AD is far from a simple process, factors such as composition of the waste, toxicity, production operation can limit the production of biogas. Anaerobic co-digestion, the simultaneous digestion of two or more substrates, is a viable option to overcome the disadvantages of digestion, improving biogas production. Brazil has great agricultural potential, an activity that also generates a significant amount of waste. In this way, the objective of this research was to evaluate the potential for the expansion of biogas production of the swine residues co-digestion with the main agricultural residues produced in Brazil. The results were achieved through a Bibliographic portfolio collected on the biogas production process, followed by the identification of the main agricultural residues produced in Brazil, from these results a search was started for key words in the main international databases in order to verify which agricultural residues produced in Brazil may be co-digestion with swine residues. Finally, the proportion of waste used, the amount of biogas produced and the process operating conditions were analyzed. The results indicate that rice and maize residues can be co-digestion with swine residues; the operational conditions in which there was more biogas production from AD of these residues were identified. In this way, the biogas production can be increased through the anaerobic codigestion of swine residues with agricultural residues of rice and maize.

The main objective of the study was to determine the effect of farm to abattoir environmental conditions and their subsequent effects on behavioural and physiological responses, as well as the quality of meat from Nguni (NG) and non-descript (ND) beef steers reared extensively on natural pastures. The forty 16 – 19 months old steers (20 ND and 20 NG) used in the current study were grouped together, medically treated, allowed three weeks acclimatizing period and were used in this trial over a four-month period. The weather and periodical variations influence on time budgets and body weights of these steers were determined. Furthermore, the effects of on-farm successive handling on behavioural scores and physiological responses of the same steers were determined. Later in the trial, some pre-slaughter effects on response-behaviour, bleed-out times and selected blood physiological responses were determined. Finally, the effect of genotype, muscle type, lairage duration, slaughter order and stress responsiveness on pH24, temperature, colour (L*, a*, b*, C, HA), thawing (TL) and cooking (CL) losses and Warner Bratzler Shear Force (WBSF) of the meat harvested from the same steers were determined. The daily time budgets of steers in natural pastures changed with temperature, humidity, observation week and time of the day. The grazing behaviour was observed throughout the observation days (> 37 percent); though it was reduced (26.9±2.64 percent) on days with higher temperatures and low humidity. Higher proportions of drinking (1.5±1.04 percent) and standing (20.8±4.63 percent) behaviours prolonged in such weather conditions, which were mostly during midday. The avoidance-related behaviour of the steers during handling varies, with the steers showing more avoidance and aggression in other weeks than some. These variations could however be traced back to the events of that particular day/time of handling. Only Weighing Box (WBS) and stepping (SS) scores differed (P<0.05) with genotype; with more calm NG steers (> 40 percent) and not kicking than the ND steers that were more vocal (20–60 percent) and kicking (> 5 percent). In addition, the weekly behavioural responses were reflected (P<0.05) in the measured cortisol, glucose and lactate. However, regardless of the prominent negative behaviour seen over time, the levels of the measured blood constituents continued to drop. Furthermore, steers of different genotypes displayed similar (P>0.05) response to the identical pre-slaughter conditions they were exposed to. However, steers that were Transport Group 1 (TG1) showed more avoidance (63.2 percent) pre-slaughter than those in TG2 (23.9 percent). Furthermore, all the steers that were in slaughter Group 2 (SG2) showed less avoidance behaviour than those in other groups. Vocalization was observed only for ND steers (5 percent), in TG1 and SG2. Some connections between the observed pre-slaughter activities and some behavioural and physiological changes of these steers were established; with TG1 and SG1 steers showing higher cortisol (140±14.50 and 175.9±17.24 nmol/L, respectively) and lactate (12.4±0.83 and 13.5±1.12 mmolL) levels than the other groups. Lastly, the muscle type, genotype, lairage duration, slaughter order and stress responsiveness have an effect on some meat quality characteristics of the two genotypes; with the L. dorsi muscle having highest WBSF (38.0±1.35N) than the Superficial pectoral muscle (Brisket muscle) (30.7±1.35N). Additionally, steers lairaged for a shorter time produced a L. dorsi with higher WBSF (41.6±2.34N) and a Brisket with lower TL (2.7±0.24 percent). It can therefore be concluded that the conditions and activities at the farm, during transportation, lairaging and slaughter at the abattoir have an influence on some behavioural and physiological changes and the quality of beef harvested from the Nguni and non-descript steers that were extensively-reared in natural pastures. However, the relationship patterns between these different conditions are not clear.

On the basis of written sources and actual information obtained from the forest owners a proposal for a solution has been prepared. The proposal concerns stabling system, health care and professional use of horses in the forest cover. Natural and terrain conditions as well as usability of particular cold-blooded horse breeds are taken into consideration while dealing with this matter. This study also includes a proposal for the organisation of work, necessary number of workers needed and rough financial budget of cost items. Study also compares horses to mechanical means of collecting wood. Based on the analysis, where 85 cold-blooded horses have been evaluated, an overview has been elaborated. The overview includes priorities and satisfaction of the owners with horses and horses´ current situation in forestry. In conclusion it is proven that average age of coachmen working in forestry is 42 years. The most often used breed is Slézský norik, in the age of 6 to 10 years. The coachmen usually work in a hard, sometimes even steep and chaotic, terrain. The most often stated payment for one concentrated cubic meter of wood is 80 CZK. The average number of concentrated cubic metres is 14 per day. The most often used type of stable for cold-blooded horses is tethering. The second most frequently used is stalls.

A produção de bezerros de corte que atenda ao mercado consumidor é de extrema importância, uma vez que existem fatores capazes de influenciar o preço dos animais durante a sua comercialização. Desta maneira, foi desenvolvido o presente trabalho com o objetivo de avaliar a variação no preço de bezerros em relação ao preço do boi gordo, bem como os efeitos do grupo genético e do sexo de bezerros sobre os preços praticados em leilões no estado de Santa Catarina (SC). Foram avaliados 33.143 animais, constituindo 3.587 lotes em 47 leilões realizados entre os anos de 2009 e 2014. Os lotes de bezerros eram separados em machos (M) e fêmeas (F) e foram classificados em cinco grupos genéticos de acordo com o biotipo racial: britânicos e seus cruzamentos (BX); continentais e seus cruzamentos (CX); cruzamento entre britânicos e continentais (BC); zebuínos e seus cruzamentos (ZX) e cruzamento entre Bos taurus taurus e Bos taurus indicus (TI). Todos os preços nominais de comercialização foram deflacionados pelo índice geral dos preços – disponibilidade interna (IGP-DI), para maio de 2014. Os dados não atenderam aos pressupostos da análise de variância, sendo então, realizada uma análise não paramétrica a partir do teste de Friedman e Kruskall-Wallis (post-hoc de Dunn) com o auxílio do software SPSS 20.0. O preço pago pelos bezerros acompanhou a variação ocorrida no preço do boi gordo, sendo que no ano de 2014 o preço do bezerro atingiu seu maior valor nominal (R$ 5,36/kg; P<0,05). Os M são comercializados a preços 7,8% superiores ao das F, porém essa diferença foi influenciada pelo ano de análise, onde a menor diferença entre sexos ocorreu nos períodos de redução no preço do boi gordo em SC (2012 e 2013). Os M pertencentes ao grupo genético ZX e TI foram os que receberam menores preços (R$ 4,49/kg e R$ 4,64/kg, respectivamente) quando comparados aos outros grupos (P<0,05). Por outro lado, as bezerras do grupo BX receberam maiores preços a partir de 2011, em comparação aos grupos CX, BC, TI e ZX (8,1, 8,5, 14,7 e 16,5%, respectivamente). Assim, conclui-se que o preço dos bezerros acompanha a variação ocorrida no preço do boi gordo. Além disso, o sexo e diferentes grupos genéticos são fatores capazes de influenciar no preço de comercialização de bezerros na região de SC. Desta forma, os fatores que afetam o preço dos bezerros podem ser ajustados através da seleção genética. / The production of calves that attend consumer market is of utmost importance, as there are factors that can influence the price of animals during their marketing. This manner, it developed this study with the objective to investigate variation in calves price in relation to the price of cattle and the effects of genetic group and calves sex on prices at auctions in the state of Santa Catarina (SC). We evaluated 33.143 animals, representing 3.587 lots in 47 auctions from 2009 to 2014. The calves were classified according to genetic group: British breed or cross-breeding (BX); Continental breed or cross-breeding (CX); Zebu breed or cross-breeding (ZC); British and Continental cross-breeding (BC); Bos taurus taurus and Bos taurus indicus cross-breeding (TI). The lots were composed of male (M) and females (F) calves. Nominal sales prices were deflated for May 2014. The data did not meet the assumptions of analysis of variance and non-parametric analysis was performed from the Friedman test and Kruskal-Wallis test (post-hoc Dunn) with the SPSS 20.0 software. The years presenting low and high changes in the price of calves were similar to the variation in the price of beef cattle, and in 2014 the calf price reached its highest value (R$ 5.36; P<0.05). The M are sold at prices higher than F (average 7.8%) calves, but this difference was driven by year of analysis, where the closest approach occurred during periods of reduction in the price of live cattle in SC (2012 and 2013). The M of genetic group ZX and TI received on average lower prices (R$ 4.49 and R$ 4.64, respectively) compared to the other groups (P<0.05). On the other hand, the F heifers from BX group received higher average prices in 2011 compared to the CX group, BC, IT and ZX (8.1, 8.5, 14.7 and 16.5%, respectively). Thus, it was concluded that the price of calves accompanies the variation in the price of cattle. In addition, sex and different genetic groups are factors that impact on the market price of calves in the SC region. This way, the factors that affect the price of calves can be adjusted through genetic selection.

A pig genetic resources study was conducted in five municipalities of Sekhukhune with the aim of characterising pig genetic resources in communal farming systems. A total of 52 pig farmers were interviewed using a structured questionnaire instrument. Of the 52 farmers 65 percent were subsistence, 27 percent back-yard and 8 percent emerging farmers. The primary data collected included demography, production practices, herd structure, feeds and feeding, breeding practices, marketing, and conservation methods. Two indigenous pig farmers and one exotic pig farmers were selected for purpose of measuring growth and other linear traits of piglets over a period of two months. Four hundred and nine (409) pigs were used for body measurements of which 124 were from emerging farms, 71 from subsistence and 206 from back-yard farms. Data was analysed using SAS Package (SAS, Version 9.3). Demographic representation of farmers showed 79 percent of farmers being males, 85 percent married. With 50 percent between the ages of 55-64; 60 percent owning the farms and 83 percent Northern Sotho speaking farms. The majority of farmers (39 percent) had secondary education with 81 percent trained in production and over eight years of farming experience. The objective of farmers raising pigs was mainly for selling at a frequency of 60 percent. Over 70 percent of the farmers had a good grasp of controlling internal and external parasites. However, over 80 percent of the farmers did not vaccinate or get advice from extension officers. When comparing the production systems, there was no variation in the number of young pigs produced. Only 13 percent of the emerging farmers and eight percent in back-yard had proper housing. Only 10 percent of the farmers had financial assistance. That led to only 10 percent of the farmers able to feed complete rations to their animals. Cross breeding has been practiced within communal areas by over 75 percent of the farmers. Over 15 percent bought boars from commercial farmers. This practice enabled them to sell their piglets to private buyers at 50-60 kg at an average price of R500 – R1000. Though the value of indigenous breeds was rated high by over 63 percent the size and price compelled them to cross-breed. An establishment of an indigenous breeding program is highly recommended. / Agriculture, Animal Health and Human Ecology / M. Sc. (Agriculture)

The thesis is focused on the preparation of the preview issue of aging beef, the required length of storage, conditions and mass losses during the storage period. In the theoretical part there are described the chemical composition, intravital affect on the quality, impact and post-mortem storage of beef in more details, as stated in the literature. The practical part deals with weight loss within slaughter halves during the ripening process, the conditions and the required length for curing meat. The slaughtered animals were beef breeds, particularly Charolay, Aberdeen Angus, Limousine and Galloway.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-06-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:01:35Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 campelo_jacs_dr_jabo.pdf: 473909 bytes, checksum: d1a2b9635a3b9f46ff0a38f20f52146c (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Objetivou-se a determinação das concentrações séricas de aspartato aminotransferase (AST), fosfatase alcalina, creatinina, uréia, fibrinogênio, proteína total, albumina, globulinas, bilirrubinas direta, indireta e total, sódio (Na+), potássio (K+), cloro (Cl-), cálcio ionizado (Ca++) e fósforo (P) de éguas das raças Brasileiro de Hipismo (BH) e Bretão não prenhes e prenhes, em diferentes períodos de gestação. Foram efetuadas colheitas de sangue das éguas vazias e prenhes de acordo com a raça e o período de gestação: Inicial (25 a 110 dias), intermediário (111 a 210 dias) e final (211 a 340 dias). Os íons de Na + e K+ foram determinados por meio de um equipamento seletor de íons. Para mensuração do fibrinogênio utilizou-se um coagulômetro. As demais variáveis foram dosadas através de um sistema de reagentes comerciais. As éguas não prenhes foram observadas diferenças entre as raças BH e Bretão para as variáveis albumina e bilirrubina indireta, enquanto nas prenhes ocorreram diferenças entre raças no decorrer da gestação para fosfatase alcalina, creatinina, fibrinogênio, proteína total, albumina, globulinas, bilirrubinas direta, indireta e totais, sódio, potássio, cloro, cálcio e fósforo. Detectou-se, no decorrer da prenhez, tendência a elevação dos valores de fibrinogênio e globulinas. As concentrações séricas de creatinina, fosfatase alcalina proteína total, Cl- e K+ se mantiveram praticamente inalterados durante a gestação. Os valores de AST, albumina, bilirrubinas direta, indireta e total, Na+ e Ca++ mostraram tendência à diminuição, enquanto as concentrações de uréia e de P flutuaram sem um padrão definido durante a gestação. As variações observadas nos parâmetros estudados refletem alterações no metabolismo e na homeostasia das raças BH e Bretão durante a gestação. / The purpose of this study was to determine serum aspartate amino tranferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, urea, fibrinogen, total proteins, albumin, globulins, conjugated, unconjugated and total bilirubin, sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-), calcium (Ca++) and phosphorus (P) of pregnant and nonpregnant mares of Brazilian Sport Horse (BH) and Breton breeds, in different pregnancy moments. Blood samples were obtained from pregnant and nonpregnant mares of both breeds, divided into three groups as follows: initial group – 25 to 110 days of pregnancy; intermediary group – 111 to 210 days of pregnancy; final group – 221 to 340 days of pregnancy. Na+ and K+ were determined by ionic selection. Fibrinogen was measured by coagulometry. The other values were obtained by a commercial reaction system. Comparing BH and Breton breeds, nonpregnant mares presented different serum concentrations of albumin and unconjugated bilirubin. Pregnant mares presented differences between the breeds when compared serum alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, fibrinogen, total proteins, albumin, globulins, conjugated, unconjugated and total bilirubin, Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca++ and P. During the pregnancy it was observed a tendency to increase of serum fibrinogen and globulins however serum creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, total proteins, Cl- and K+ have not changed. Serum AST, albumin, conjugated, unconjugated and total bilirubin, Na+ and Ca++ showed a tendency to decrease while serum urea and P values remained relatively constant during the pregnancy. Changes observed in the concentrations of the studied parameters showed metabolic and homeostatic differences between BH and Breton mares during pregnancy.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-08-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:24:30Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 vieirajunior_lc_dr_botfmvz.pdf: 285770 bytes, checksum: ea4f695dd363af526d84a17d75b2cab3 (MD5) / Avaliou-se o potencial e viabilidade metodológica da análise de isótopos estáveis de 13C/12C, 15N/14N e 18O/16O no sangue e plasma de bovinos de corte criados em diferentes sistemas de produção no Brasil. Os tratamentos consistiram em três sistemas de alimentação de bovinos de corte, sendo: em pasto (PA), em sistema de confinamento de animais recriados (CAR) e confinamento de animais desmamados (CAD). Foram utilizados para análise do plasma 16 bovinos, sendo 6 do PA, 4 do CAR e 6 do CAD. Já para análise do sangue foram utilizados 14 bovinos, sendo 4 do PA, 5 do CAR e 5 do CAD. Para o sangue e também para o plasma, houve distinção para todos sistemas avaliados assumindo maior representatividade na separação o elemento Carbono. Para análise da diferenciação entre os sistemas avaliados, é fundamental a participação dos 3 elementos: Carbono, Nitrogênio e Oxigênio. Para análise isotópica visando a caracterização dos sistemas de produção, recomenda-se o sangue como tecido a ser utilizado. / It was evaluated the potential application of stable isotopes methodology of 13C/12C, 15N/14N e 18O/16O in blood and plasma of beef cattle raised under three different production systems in Brazil. Treatments consisted of production systems: pasture (PA), yearling feedlot (CAR), and fed calves feedlot (CAD). For plasma, it was utilized a total of 16 samples (6 of PA, 4 of CAR and 6 of CAD). In addition, for blood it was used 14 samples (4 of PA, 5 of CAR and 5 of CAD). In both types of tissue it was possible to observe production systems differentiation, assuming greater representatively separation of Carbon element. For differentiation of production systems it is highly recommended the inclusion of Carbon, Nitrogen and Oxygen in the analysis. Based on the results, it is recommended to analyze blood for production systems differentiation by stable isotope technique