Abstract. Foreign aid's effectiveness on eradicating corruption is a fragile yet complex topic to research in International Relations. Some scholars argue that economic aid should not be given without specific conditions, while some argue that aid should be given with strict or specific rules to recipient countries.  Par contra my research is aimed at examining one recipient country: Nigeria, as a case study which is considered amongst the most corrupt countries in the world yet are highly enriched in natural resources, such as being the major oil-producing country in Africa that boosts the country's GDP per capita through the export trade with foreign countries. And most foreign donor countries allocate economic aid to Nigeria because they are dependent on the country's trade on natural resources. In this research, I used two conceptualised variables of corruption; bribery and facilitate payment, which is considered the most common corruption trends in the Nigerian society, with the aim of analysing the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime's (UNODC) twelve-month survey report conducted in December 2019 in Nigeria. Alongside with the London 2016 Anti-Corruption Summit report, the current agenda agreed by forty countries with over six hundred commitments, which Nigeria participated in—hence creating the national anti-corruption programmes that the current President of Nigeria, Muhammadu Buhari implemented as a commitment to the Summit. Consequently using legitimacy and governance perspectives to analyse the efficacy of aid in Nigeria's institution, and evaluating the country's alliance of economic aid in combating corruption, whilst identifying the state's level of governance towards anti-corruption policies to eradicate corruption. The findings show that the level of corruption in Nigeria is still very much high within the public sectors and shows that three in four citizens encounter a form of corruption such as bribery, daily with a civilian who demands a bribe in exchange for their services. And facilitation payment is considered a common activity of Nigerian citizens to speed up legal procedures with the governmental institutions. Even though the Nigerian government claims that the national anti-corruption policies are effective, the survey still shows that there less amount of reported official persons in the conduct of corruption and also the policies doesn't show a trend that the official persons do abide by the policies because the rate of transparency within the institutions is very much low. Yet these official persons intend to be in denial of collecting bribes or participating in any form of corruption.

Many observers are concerned about the ramifications of the policy regulation in Nigeria that allows public servants to accept gifts without restriction on the basis of culture. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to better understand this cultural practice and its implications for the integrity of public servants. Using Mettler and SoRelle's conceptualization of policy feedback theory, the research questions focused on the perceptions of leaders of civic organizations on this cultural practice in relation to the integrity of public servants in a particular region of Nigeria. Data were collected from 10 purposely selected leaders of civic organizations using open-ended, semi-structured interview protocols, and other publicly available documents. The data were subjected to an inductive coding procedure followed by thematic analysis. Findings suggested that the perceptions of the cultural practice of unrestricted giftgiving in the public service were negative and unethical. Consequently, the findings suggested an amendment to the relevant sections of Nigerian Constitution to provide for a restricted monetary value of gifts allowable in the public service. The implications for positive social change include discussing how policy makers and practitioners may be able to act on the study findings to bring about ethical, effective, and efficient public service in Nigeria.

No description available.

Corruption from a criminological perspective forms the basis of this dissertation. The crime component of corruption the 'what', 'why' and 'how' is the dominant theme throughout the study and includes corruption in the South African public sector, highlighting police corruption in the Western Cape. Although this study is exploratory, certain qualitative interviewing techniques, including an interview guide, were used to maximise the information obtained from knowledgeable interviewees. Corruption was further elucidated by the employment of criminological theories to explain pertinent findings in the research, by highlighting risk factors that lead to corruption, by giving examples of corruption and by discussing anti-corruption agencies and the effectiveness of existing legislation. Corruption in the public sector has always been around and will be ad infinitum. The severity of the consequences of this phenomenon can be curtailed by the will of politicians, the involvement of civil society and an operational criminal justice system. / Criminology / MA (Criminology)

published_or_final_version / Sociology / Master / Master of Social Sciences

Corruption from a criminological perspective forms the basis of this dissertation. The crime component of corruption the 'what', 'why' and 'how' is the dominant theme throughout the study and includes corruption in the South African public sector, highlighting police corruption in the Western Cape. Although this study is exploratory, certain qualitative interviewing techniques, including an interview guide, were used to maximise the information obtained from knowledgeable interviewees. Corruption was further elucidated by the employment of criminological theories to explain pertinent findings in the research, by highlighting risk factors that lead to corruption, by giving examples of corruption and by discussing anti-corruption agencies and the effectiveness of existing legislation. Corruption in the public sector has always been around and will be ad infinitum. The severity of the consequences of this phenomenon can be curtailed by the will of politicians, the involvement of civil society and an operational criminal justice system. / Criminology and Security Science / MA (Criminology)

This paper deals with the subject of fraud investigation. Fraud investigation and forensic audit as such are defined in the first part of the paper. Requirements to become a fraud investigator are described in the next part. A theory surrounding frauds is also presented (incl. most common fraud schemes, fraud triangle etc.). The author also describes foreign anti-corruption legislation which has power to punish corruption which took place on the soil of Czech Republic. An example of how breach of FCPA in the Czech Republic has been investigated is presented by the end of the paper.

A presente tese possui como tema o estudo do suborno praticado por empresas transnacionais, também conhecido como suborno transnacional, aplicado ao contexto brasileiro. O problema de pesquisa refere-se ao seguinte questionamento: o Brasil deve implementar as normas internacionais voltadas ao controle do suborno realizado por empresas transnacionais? Caso a resposta seja positiva, quais medidas podem ser tomadas pelo país? A modalidade da pesquisa mescla elementos descritivos e explicativos, sendo o método científico o dedutivo. Foram escolhidos três procedimentos técnicos: pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e estudo de caso. A pesquisa bibliográfica é de natureza interdisciplinar. A pesquisa documental diz respeito ao uso de documentos produzidos por Estados, organizações internacionais e não governamentais, que tratam sobre suborno transnacional. O estudo de caso foi feito em relação aos principais casos de suborno transnacionais registrados e aqueles que possuem conexão com o Brasil. Como resultado, descobriu-se a existência de um regime jurídico internacional antissuborno. Neste contexto, recomenda-se que o Brasil implemente em seu direito interno mecanismos previstos nas normas internacionais: a responsabilização das empresas pela prática do suborno (nacional e transnacional), incluindo dispositivos de estímulo ao compliance, o estabelecimento de uma agência responsável por gerir a política anticorrupção e a proteção de denunciantes do setor privado. Ao final, descobriu-se que a nova Lei Anticorrupção Empresarial (Lei Federal nº 12.846/2013), apesar de representar um avanço no sistema jurídico brasileiro, necessita ser aperfeiçoada de acordo com os parâmetros previstos em normas internacionais. / The theme chosen for the thesis is the study of the bribery practiced by transnational corporations, also know as transnational bribery, applied to the Brazilian context. The research problem relates to the following question: Should Brazil implement international norms aimed at controlling bribery carried out by transnational corporations? If the answer is affirmative, what steps can be taken by the country? The research is descriptive and explanatory, and the scientific method is deductive. Three technical procedures were chosen: bibliographical research, documentary research and case study. The literature is interdisciplinary. Documentary research relates to the use of documents produced by Governments, international organizations and NGOs, that deal with transnational bribery. The case study was done with the main cases of transnational bribery registered and those who have connection with Brazil. As a result, it was discovered the existence of an international legal anti-bribery regime. In this context, it is recommended that Brazil implements in its national law mechanisms provided by international law: corporate liability for bribery practice (national and transnational), including compliance incentive devices, the establishment of an agency responsible for managing the anti-corruption policy and the protection of whistleblowers in the private sector. In the end, it was discovered that the new Brazilian Anti- Corruption Law (Federal Law No. 12846/2013), despite representing a breakthrough in the Brazilian legal system, needs to be improved in accordance with the parameters set out in international law. / Esta tesis tiene como tema el estudio de sobornos practicado por las empresas transnacionales, también conocido como el soborno transnacional, aplicados a la realidad brasileña. El problema de investigación se refiere a la siguiente pregunta: el Brasil debe aplicar las normas internacionales destinadas a controlar el soborno realizado por las empresas transnacionales? Si la respuesta es sí, ¿qué medidas se pueden tomar por el país? La investigación es descriptiva y explicativa, y el método científico es deductivo. Tres procedimientos técnicos fueron elegidos: investigación bibliográfica, la investigación documental y estudio de casos. La literatura es interdisciplinario. La investigación documental se refiere al uso de los documentos producidos por los gobiernos, organizaciones internacionales y organizaciones no gubernamentales, que tratan con el soborno transnacional. El estudio de caso se hizo con los principales casos de soborno transnacional registrado y aquellos que tienen relación con Brasil. Como resultado, se descubrió la existencia de un régimen jurídico internacional contra el soborno. En este contexto, se recomienda que el Brasil reproduce en su derecho interno mecanismos contenidos en las normas internacionales: la responsabilidad empresarial por la práctica del soborno (nacional y transnacional), incluyendo los dispositivos de estimulación de compliance, la creación de un organismo encargado de la gestión de la política anticorrupción y la protección de los denunciantes en el sector privado. Al final, resultó que la nueva Ley de Anticorrupción (Ley Federal Nº 12.846/2013), a pesar de representar un gran avance en el ordenamiento jurídico brasileño, necesita mejorarse de acuerdo con los parámetros establecidos en las normas internacionales.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:19:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaJose.pdf: 1082811 bytes, checksum: 277fa717eba7b24d92fb04b8993e857d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-19 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The work that is entitled: The Right/Law is distorted at the Gate because the Justice is found lying on the ground, it is an exegetical exercise that aims the pericope of Am 5,10-13. In the semantic analysis of its main words, a social, political and economical paradoxical reality was evidenced in Israel, under the command of Jeroboam II (787-747 B.C.), as a result of a territorial and commercial expansion, of military victories and of the organization of a tributary State. That society model generated a social antagonism between a wealthy elite that wasted luxury and ostentation, at the expense of the perspiration and hunger of an impoverished population, especially the farmers class, that worked to sustain the benefits of the urban world. It is from within that reality that echoes Amos shout, as accusation to that state of things, as misfortune and condemnation word to every sort of abuse of power practiced in Israel. Among those, the bankruptcy of the law system, by the practice of the exploration and corruption on the part of the magistrates, of rich merchants and landowners, diverting the poor of his/her right of appealing in his/her defense before the court. For that reason, Amos announces the ruin of Israel, with the Day of Yahweh, that will be an anti-Exodus, and it points to an ethical religious demand as a form of reverting that no future for Israel, that is translated in the commitment of establishing at the Gate the Right/Law and the Justice. / O trabalho que tem por título: O Direito é torcido à Porta porque a Justiça se encontra deitada por terra é um exercício exegético que tem por objeto a perícope Am 5,10-13. Na análise semântica dos seus principais vocábulos evidenciou-se uma realidade social, política e econômica paradoxal em Israel, sob o comando de Jeroboão II (787-747 a.C.), como resultado de uma expansão territorial e comercial, de vitórias militares e da organização de um Estado tributarista. Esse modelo de sociedade gerou um antagonismo social entre uma elite abastada que esbanjava luxo e ostentação, à custa do suor e da fome de uma população empobrecida, especialmente a classe camponesa, que trabalhava para sustentar as benesses do mundo urbano. É de dentro dessa realidade que ecoa o grito de Amós como denúncia a esse estado de coisas, como palavra de desgraça e condenação a toda sorte de desmandos praticados em Israel. Entre esses a falência do sistema judiciário, pela prática da exploração e corrupção por parte dos magistrados, de ricos comerciantes e latifundiários, desviando o pobre do seu direito de recorrer em sua defesa perante o tribunal. Em razão disso, Amós anuncia a ruína de Israel, com o Dia de Javé, que será um anti-Êxodo, e aponta uma exigência ético-religiosa como forma de reverter esse não futuro para Israel, que se traduz no compromisso de estabelecer à Porta o Direito e a Justiça.

A presente tese possui como tema o estudo do suborno praticado por empresas transnacionais, também conhecido como suborno transnacional, aplicado ao contexto brasileiro. O problema de pesquisa refere-se ao seguinte questionamento: o Brasil deve implementar as normas internacionais voltadas ao controle do suborno realizado por empresas transnacionais? Caso a resposta seja positiva, quais medidas podem ser tomadas pelo país? A modalidade da pesquisa mescla elementos descritivos e explicativos, sendo o método científico o dedutivo. Foram escolhidos três procedimentos técnicos: pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e estudo de caso. A pesquisa bibliográfica é de natureza interdisciplinar. A pesquisa documental diz respeito ao uso de documentos produzidos por Estados, organizações internacionais e não governamentais, que tratam sobre suborno transnacional. O estudo de caso foi feito em relação aos principais casos de suborno transnacionais registrados e aqueles que possuem conexão com o Brasil. Como resultado, descobriu-se a existência de um regime jurídico internacional antissuborno. Neste contexto, recomenda-se que o Brasil implemente em seu direito interno mecanismos previstos nas normas internacionais: a responsabilização das empresas pela prática do suborno (nacional e transnacional), incluindo dispositivos de estímulo ao compliance, o estabelecimento de uma agência responsável por gerir a política anticorrupção e a proteção de denunciantes do setor privado. Ao final, descobriu-se que a nova Lei Anticorrupção Empresarial (Lei Federal nº 12.846/2013), apesar de representar um avanço no sistema jurídico brasileiro, necessita ser aperfeiçoada de acordo com os parâmetros previstos em normas internacionais. / The theme chosen for the thesis is the study of the bribery practiced by transnational corporations, also know as transnational bribery, applied to the Brazilian context. The research problem relates to the following question: Should Brazil implement international norms aimed at controlling bribery carried out by transnational corporations? If the answer is affirmative, what steps can be taken by the country? The research is descriptive and explanatory, and the scientific method is deductive. Three technical procedures were chosen: bibliographical research, documentary research and case study. The literature is interdisciplinary. Documentary research relates to the use of documents produced by Governments, international organizations and NGOs, that deal with transnational bribery. The case study was done with the main cases of transnational bribery registered and those who have connection with Brazil. As a result, it was discovered the existence of an international legal anti-bribery regime. In this context, it is recommended that Brazil implements in its national law mechanisms provided by international law: corporate liability for bribery practice (national and transnational), including compliance incentive devices, the establishment of an agency responsible for managing the anti-corruption policy and the protection of whistleblowers in the private sector. In the end, it was discovered that the new Brazilian Anti- Corruption Law (Federal Law No. 12846/2013), despite representing a breakthrough in the Brazilian legal system, needs to be improved in accordance with the parameters set out in international law. / Esta tesis tiene como tema el estudio de sobornos practicado por las empresas transnacionales, también conocido como el soborno transnacional, aplicados a la realidad brasileña. El problema de investigación se refiere a la siguiente pregunta: el Brasil debe aplicar las normas internacionales destinadas a controlar el soborno realizado por las empresas transnacionales? Si la respuesta es sí, ¿qué medidas se pueden tomar por el país? La investigación es descriptiva y explicativa, y el método científico es deductivo. Tres procedimientos técnicos fueron elegidos: investigación bibliográfica, la investigación documental y estudio de casos. La literatura es interdisciplinario. La investigación documental se refiere al uso de los documentos producidos por los gobiernos, organizaciones internacionales y organizaciones no gubernamentales, que tratan con el soborno transnacional. El estudio de caso se hizo con los principales casos de soborno transnacional registrado y aquellos que tienen relación con Brasil. Como resultado, se descubrió la existencia de un régimen jurídico internacional contra el soborno. En este contexto, se recomienda que el Brasil reproduce en su derecho interno mecanismos contenidos en las normas internacionales: la responsabilidad empresarial por la práctica del soborno (nacional y transnacional), incluyendo los dispositivos de estimulación de compliance, la creación de un organismo encargado de la gestión de la política anticorrupción y la protección de los denunciantes en el sector privado. Al final, resultó que la nueva Ley de Anticorrupción (Ley Federal Nº 12.846/2013), a pesar de representar un gran avance en el ordenamiento jurídico brasileño, necesita mejorarse de acuerdo con los parámetros establecidos en las normas internacionales.