Housing delivery and issues relating to housing delivery have long been a complicated subject for most SA municipalities and government departments tasked with these responsibilities. The aforementioned complications stem from our inherited apartheid planning that was mainly focused on inequality, racial segregation and spatial fragmentation of land use. Corruption, lack of skills, financial constraints and lack of resources are issues further considered to be contributors to the complications related to housing delivery. The study to be conducted seeks to play a part in dealing with the complicated nature of housing delivery through being a toolof assessment. The study is in the form of an evaluation as it mainly deals with obtaining answers relating to the views of the respondents on the sustainable human settlement program implemented as part of the DVRI in the BCMM. In doing so it, seeks to provide answers to some of the challenges faced by municipalities and other government departments so as to ensure that going forward, best practices are adopted in the housing delivery process. The findings from the study revealed primarily that, what is planned on paper is not often what is implemented on the ground. In evaluating the aims and objectives of the two sustainable human settlement pilot projects implemented as the BNG pilot projects through the DVRI, a considerable number of the objectives of the projects have not been met according to the beneficiaries. The reasons for the lack of satisfaction relating to the two projects as cited by the respondents included, amongst other things; dissatisfaction with the quality of the structure, lack of adequate services, lack of employment opportunities, lack of recreational facilities, lack of social facilities, lack of safe and reliable transportation and the general maintenance of the settlement. Solutions to the identified issues include; improved and meaningful participation between government, planners and the beneficiaries of such housing projects, so as to ensure that the views of the beneficiaries are considered and that they have a considerable influence on the decisions taken, thus promoting a bottom-up approach to the housing delivery process. The provision of key recreational and social amenities and the improved maintenance of the general settlement were also identified by the respondents as solutions.

In 1994, democracy in South Africa brought about a developmental local government characterized by democratic and accountable governance. Municipalities are supposed to encourage the involvement of communities and community organizations in the matters of local government. Municipalities are obliged to establish ward committees and ensure that they succeed in facilitating public participation. However, critiques contend that ward committees have not been able to live up to expectations. The institution is said to be faced by countless challenges that inhibit its functioning. This study has, therefore, been undertaken with the purpose of analyzing the factors that affect the performance of ward committees in the Buffalo City Municipality. The research found that ward committees in the municipality were properly constituted, functional and handle serious issues for the benefit of communities. Communities are not very interested in ward committee meetings and do not solicit assistance from them. Based on the results of this study, the following are the factors which compromise and limit the ability of ward committees to facilitate public participation: lack of remuneration, low levels of education and skills, unavailability of information on municipal issues and activities; and a lack of municipal support. Following the research, it is recommended that municipalities put in stringent measures to detect and curb corrupt practices in ward committees. On annual basis they should provide a meaningful budget allocation for the remuneration and provision of facilities and equipment necessary for ward committees to effect public participation. Municipalities should involve ward committees in decision-making

A exploração dos bubalinos para a produção de leite e elaboração de seus derivados é uma atividade que tem crescido nos últimos anos no Brasil. Os búfalos apresentam problemas sanitários semelhantes aos bovinos. Objetivou-se neste estudo, desenvolver o isolamento e caracterização fenotípica e molecular dos principais microrganismos causadores de mastites subclínicas em búfalas (Bubalus bubalis) em quatro granjas leiteiras da região central do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, através dos testes contagem de células somáticas (CCS), contagem padrão em placas (CPP), caracterização fenotípica e bioquímica dos microrganismos isolados e confirmação pela técnica de PCR, assim como também avaliar o perfil de sensibilidade bacteriana aos principais antimicrobianos para os patógenos mais frequentemente isolados em casos de mastite subclínica em bubalinos. Foram coletadas 20 amostras de leite de búfalas em lactação no ano de 2013, que apresentaram CCS acima de 200.000 cel/mL em controles realizados pelas fazendas. Tendo como base a Instrução Normativa Nº62 de 2011 do Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), que trata de padrões microbiológicos para leite bovino. Das 20 amostras analisadas neste trabalho, apenas 1 (5%) estava dentro do padrão estabelecido (1 x 104 UFC/mL) com uma variação nos resultados encontrados de 1,0 x 104 UFC/mL a 57,7 x 105 UFC/mL. A CCS apresentou uma mediana de 721.000 cel/mL no leite (valor mínimo: 205.000, valor máximo: 2.264.000), indicando presença de mastite subclínica. Constatou-se que os agentes com maior frequência de isolamento foram Staphylococcus epidermis (17%), Staphylococcus aureus (15%) e Bacillus spp. (14%). Os ensaios de PCR confirmaram os resultados obtidos com o isolamento na caracterização fenotípica e bioquímica de Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermis, Streptococcus spp. e Escherichia coli. Com a realização do antibiograma, foi possível traçar um perfil de sensibilidade aos diferentes antibióticos testados. O estudo de sensibilidade bacteriana detectou maior sensibilidade (100%) do Staphylococcus aureus e Staphylococcus epidermis aos antibióticos gentamicina e vancomicina; para o gênero Streptococcus spp. à gentamicina e oxacilina e para Escherichia coli à ampicilina. / The exploration of buffaloes for milk production and dairy products is an activity that has grown in recent years in Brazil. Buffaloes present similar health problems for cattle. The objective of this study was to determine the isolation and the phenotypic and molecular characterization of the main microorganisms causing of subclinical mastitis in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) on four dairy farms in the central region of state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, through testing somatic cell count (SCC), standard plate count (SPC), phenotypic and biochemical characterization of the microorganisms isolated and confirmed by PCR technique, as well as to evaluate the profile of bacterial sensitivity to antibiotics given for the major pathogens commonly isolated in cases of subclinical mastitis in buffaloes Twenty milk samples from lactating buffaloes were analyzed in 2013 that have presented SCC above 200,000 cells/mL. Based on the Instruction Normative N°62 of 2011 of the Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA) which deals with microbiological standards for bovine milk, of the 20 samples analyzed in this study, only 1 (5%) was within the established standard (1x104 CFU/mL) with a variation in the results of 1.0x104 CFU/mL to 57.7x105 CFU/mL. The CCS showed a median of 721,000 cells/mL in the milk (minimum value; 205,000, maximum value: 2,264,000), indicating the presence of subclinical mastitis. It was found that agents with higher frequency of isolation were Staphylococcus epidermis (17%), Staphylococcus aureus (15%) and Bacillus spp. (14%). The PCR assays confirmed the results obtained with isolating in the phenotypic and biochemical characterization of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus spp. and Escherichia coli. With the realization of the antibiogram was possible to draw a profile of resistance of different antibiotics tested. The study of bacterial sensitivity showed that for higher sensitivity (100%) of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis to antibiotics gentamicin and vancomycin; for the genus Streptococcus spp. to gentamicin and oxacillin and for Escherichia coli to ampicilina.

Integrative Summary In 1997 the Minister of Public Service and Administration of South Africa, Zola Skweyiya, introduced the White Paper on Transforming Public Service Delivery(Department of Public Service and Administration(DPSA,1997: 1). It was premised on what was called Batho Pele (DPSA, 1997: 9), giving effect to Section 197 of the Constitution, Act 108 of 1996 as amended. A linkage to performance management can be found from the assertion made in the White Paper that in future the Batho Pele would form the basis of any assessment of the performance of individual staff and that would contribute to improving the delivery of service (DPSA, 1997:16). Another factor that contributed to the utilisation of a performance management system was the recommendation put forward by the Public Service Commission of South Africa( PSC,2004: 16),that called for public institutions to adopt a clear, comprehensive performance management and evaluation framework for the delivery of public service. That was expected to turn around the ailing public institutions whose record of serving the public with pride and dignity was on the decline. The research aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of the performance management system in creating and resolving role conflict with health professionals employed by the Buffalo City sub-district. The research goal was divided into three objectives, namely: evaluation of the effectiveness of the performance management system as a managerial tool for health managers to manage their subordinates including both professional and support staff, evaluation of the effectiveness of the performance system from the perspective of the health professional as a subordinate and to analyze the functioning and effectiveness of the system in creating and resolving role conflict between professional conduct and organisational requirements. The respondents noted that the implementation of the system was not matched with appointment at managerial level with officials having relevant managerial capacity. Further to that resources at the coal face of service delivery continued to deteriorate and became very scarce and there is no documented proof that has been found of an effort made to check the compatibility of the system to health professionals. The literature identified negative effects that have emanated from the implementation of the performance management system. The study was conducted by interviewing health professionals from the entry level to the management level within the Buffalo City sub-district from three mini hospitals or Health Care Centres. The respondents indicated that there are positives that have been achieved by the implementation of the system, such as the skills gap identification as well as specific targets contained in annual performance contracts. These targets help motivate health professional to focus on that particular direction of activities. Unfortunately it has been clearly documented that the performance management system has also contributed to the development of role conflict in a number of professionals. It has been documented that the system has not been crafted with a health professional in mind and, as such, appears to favour quantity rather than quality of health services as advocated by the codes of practice of different health professionals. There are a number of recommendations that were put forward by the respondents to try to salvage the system and in mitigation of the identified negative factors. For the improvement of the system, the Eastern Cape Provincial Department of Health has to firstly customise the annual contracts to contain only the fundamental information. Secondly need to improve the transparency pertaining to financial pressures facing the Health Department. Thirdly the provision of essential enablers, need to be prioritised. Fourthly there is a need to upgrade the system to incorporate 360 degree feedback. Further research recommendations include a bigger sample incorporating different research methods and to also incorporate searches for measures that can be implemented to improve the system to be more relevant to health professionals. This document is organised and presented in three sections. The first section is the evaluation report with a review of literature, research methodology, findings, discussion and conclusion. The second section is where an indepth literature review is located and the last section details the research methodology.

This study undertook a critical analysis of the role of public participation in local governance and service delivery, with specific reference to the Buffalo City Municipality. The main aims of the study were to identify possible deficiencies in public participation processes, the development of strategies to enhance public participation, the development of mechanisms to ensure coordinated, integrated and focused public participation initiatives and the development of a normative model for improved public participation. The triangulation research methodology was employed with emphasis on the quantitative and qualitative methodologies. The sample comprised of councillors, officials and ward committee members. Questionnaires, with open and closed questions, were employed for the councillors and focus group interviews were conducted with ward committee members. Statistical procedures were utilised to interpret and analyse the quantitative data to determine the results using the Statistica package for data analysis. The qualitative data analysis involved thematic content analysis. Findings suggest that the current public participation strategies are inadequate. The correlation of results further reveals that a significant negative relationship exists between the councillors, officials and ward committee members. Despite various legislative prescriptions pertaining to public participation requirements in local government, the results imply that the Buffalo City Municipality has not fully complied with such prescriptions and national policy directives. The thesis proposes specific recommendations on how the Buffalo City Municipality can address the current short comings in terms of its public participation programmes and strategies. Recommendations include the establishment of a centralised Public Participation Unit, the empowerment of ward committee members and ward councillors, adequate resource allocation for ward committees, enhanced coordination between the various community structures, improved interaction with local communities, enhanced public participation initiatives and the need for additional anti-fraud and anti-corruption strategies within the municipality. A normative model, for enhanced public participation in local government, is also proposed in the thesis.

Die Arbeit folgt dem Frontier-Mythos, einer Narration, die für die US-amerikanische Kultur von grundlegender Bedeutung ist. Der Gang von Ost nach West, den die Erschließung und Kultivierung des Kontinents beinhaltete, formierte auf verschiedenen Feldern eine mythologische Erzählung: in der Literatur- und Politikgeschichte und in einer Unterhaltungskultur, die um die Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts in Form von Groschenromanen oder Wild-West-Shows entstand. Die thematischen Hauptaspekte der Arbeit richten sich auf Geographie, Technologie und Verkehr. Buffalo Bill''s Wild-West-Show, die die Geschichte der frontier als Kampf zwischen Zivilisation und Natur, also modernen Amerikanern und indianischen Ureinwohnern, erzählt, stellt dazu den Cowboy, personifiziert durch den Show-Impresario William F. Cody, in den Mittelpunkt. Der selbst in Bewegung befindliche Showbetrieb korrespondiert dabei der Geschichte, die er erzählt. Mehrere Tourneen nach Europa leisten zudem einen Mythentransport zwischen Alter und Neuer Welt. Dabei geht es insbesondere um die Betonung einer Differenz zwischen zeitlicher Vertikale und räumlicher Horizontale: also zwischen der statisch organisierten Ordnung des europäischen Königshofes (Ahnentafel) und der dynamisch verfassten sowie auf Brüderlichkeit gegründeten amerikanischen Demokratie (moving frontier). Dieses Muster diskutiert die Arbeit anhand von Mark Twains Roman "A Yankee from Connecticut on King Arthur''s Court" und Herman Melvilles "Moby Dick". Letzterer belegt, wie die phantasmatische Energie des Frontier-Mythos auch dann noch insistiert, als der Kontinent erschlossen und der Pazifik erreicht ist: als Kreiselbewegung um den Globus selbst. Hier scheint bereits ein imperialistisches Muster auf, das die USA im Zentrum einer neuen Weltordnung sieht. "Als ob sich die Welt gerade in Amerika gerundet hätte", dieses titelgebende Diktum entstammt Deleuze/Guattaris "Mille Plateaux", das im Hinblick auf seine psychogeographischen Implikationen eine Rahmentheorie der Arbeit bildet. Wie sehr die grundlegende mythische Narration vom Wilden Westen weltpolitische Konsequenzen zeitigt, belegt exemplarisch der letzte Teil der Arbeit, der den Einsatz des Hollywoodregisseurs und Westernspezialisten John Ford in Diensten des Auslandsgeheimdienstes OSS während des Zweiten Weltkriegs zum Thema hat. / The study examines the frontier myth, a narration that is of fundamental importance for the culture of the United States. The path from East to West, which includes the conquering and cultivation of the continent, forms on various levels a mythological narration: in literary and political history as well as in the entertainment culture that arose in the middle of the nineteenth century through penny novels and Wild West shows. The study’s main thematic areas focus on geography, technology, and transportation. In Buffalo Bill’s Wild West show, which narrates the history of the frontier as the battle between civilization and nature (i.e., between modern Americans and Native Americans), the cowboy as personified by the show’s impresario William F. Cody takes center stage. American show business, which was literally underway, thus corresponded with the story/history it told. Several tours to Europe additionally succeeded in transporting the myth from the new to the old world. In particular, this myth-transportation emphasizes a difference between temporally vertical and spatially horizontal planes, i.e., between the static order of the European royal court (family tree) and the dynamically conceptualized American democracy founded on fraternity (moving frontier). The study discusses this model through Mark Twain’s novel A Yankee from Connecticut on King Arthur’s Court and Herman Melville’s Moby Dick. The latter novel evinces how the phantasmagoric energy of the frontier myth even persists when the continent has been conquered and the Pacific Ocean reached – persists as the circular movement around the globe itself. An imperial model thus comes to light that sees the USA at the center of a new world order. The title of this study – “As if the world first became round in America” – comes from Deleuze and Guattari’s Mille Plateaux and its psycho-global implications offers a guiding theory for the work. The extent to which the foundational, mythical narration of the Wild West bears world-political consequences is demonstrated in the last part of the study, which investigates the deployment of the Hollywood director and Western specialist John Ford in the foreign secret service (OSS) during the Second World War.

In response to LH surge, the selected dominant follicle undergoes a series of complex events viz., meiotic maturation of the oocyte, terminal differentiation of follicular cells, cumulus expansion and follicular rupture leading to ovulation (release of fertilizable oocyte) and formation of corpus luteum. These complex set of events are mediated by dramatic changes in the temporo-spatial transcriptional regulation of a large number of genes in the preovularory follicle. In the present thesis, attempts have been made to delineate the transcriptional changes occurring in the periovulatory follicle in response to gonadotropin surge in monovulatory species (bonnet monkeys and buffalo cows). Further, attempts have also been made to investigate effects of increased circulating IGF-I and glucose on the periovulatory events. Chapter I provides a review of available literature on regulation and factors influencing various aspects of growth and development of ovarian follicles. Chapter II describes initial studies carried out in the bonnet monkeys to examine expression patterns of various genes considered as markers of ovulation and luteinization in granulosa cells of multiple preovulatory-like follicles before and after exposure to luteinizing dose of hCG. Chapter III describes the standardization and validation of an induced ovulation model system in buffalo cows involving determination of the presence of a large follicle by ultrasonography before administering exogenous PGF2αon day 7 of the cycle to induce luteolysis and administration of hCG 36 h post PGF2αto mimic LH surge-like stimulus. Attempts made to characterize the responsiveness of buffalo cows to a range of exogenous doses of GnRH in terms of LH secretion during summer and winter seasons and determination of the exogenous dose of GnRH necessary to elicit a surge-like increase in circulating LH levels during breeding season in buffalo cows are described in Chapter IV. Chapter V describes the global changes in the gene expression pattern in the periovulatory follicle of buffalo cows before and at various time points after the onset of gonadotropin surges. IGF-I is known to regulate the proliferation and survival of follicular cells and play an important role in the selection of dominant follicle however, its role during the periovulatory events remains to be delineated. Chapter VI describes the effects of increased circulating and intrafollicular IGF-I levels on the periovulatory events. An ongoing study to delineate the effects of transient increase in circulating glucose levels on the periovulatory events are described in Appendix I. Thus, this thesis aims at delineating (i) changes in the gene expression patterns regulating periovulatory events and (ii) effects of increased circulating IGF-I and glucose on the periovulatory events.

South Africa’s freshwater quality and quantity is declining and consequently impacting on the ecological health of these ecosystems, due to increased agricultural, urban and industrial developments. The River Health Programme (RHP) was designed for monitoring and assessing the ecological health of freshwater ecosystems in South Africa, in order to effectively manage these aquatic resources. The RHP utilises biological indicators such as in-stream biota as a structured and sensitive tool for assessing ecosystem health. Although the RHP has been widely implemented across South Africa, no attempts have been made to explore microbial ecology as a tool that could be included as one of the RHP indices. This study used selected microbial responses and water physico-chemical parameters to assess the current water quality status of the Buffalo River. This study showed that water quality impairments compounded in the urban regions of King William’s Town and Zwelitsha and also downstream of the Bridle Drift Dam. The results also showed that the lower and the upper catchments of the Buffalo River were not significantly different in terms of water physico-chemistry and microbiology, as indicated by low stress levels of an NMDS plot. Though similarities were recorded between impacted and reference sites, the results strongly showed that known impacted sites recorded the poorest water physico-chemistry, including the Yellowwoods River. However, the Laing Dam provided a buffer effect on contributions of the Yellowwoods River into the Buffalo River. Multivariate analysis showed that microbial cell counts were not influenced by water physico-chemical changes, whilst microbial activity from the water and biofilm habitats showed significant correlation levels to water physico-chemical changes. This study demonstrated that further investigations towards exploitation of microbial activity responses to water physico-chemical quality changes should be channelled towards the development of microbiological assessment index for inclusion in the RHP.

Orientador: Maria Elisabete Jorge Amaral / Banca: Herminone Elly Melara de Campos Bicudo / Banca: Luciana Correia de Almeida Regitano / Banca: Eliana Morielle Versute / Banca: Artur Luiza da Costa da Silva / Resumo: O cromossomo 1 do genoma bubalino (BBU1), o maior cromossomo do cariótipo do búfalo de rio, é um cromossomo submetacêntrico que possui homologia com os cromossomos 1 e 27 do genoma bovino. Neste trabalho, apresentamos o primeiro mapa RH para este cromossomo, construído por meio da utilização de um painel de células somáticas híbridas irradiadas búfalo-roedor, denominado BBURH5000. O mapa consistiu em 69 marcadores derivados dos cromossomos bovinos BTA1 e BTA27, incluindo 48 genes codificantes, 17 microssatélites e quatro ESTs distribuídos em dois grupos de ligação. A freqüência de retenção observada entre os marcadores variou de 17.8% a 52.2%. A ordem dos marcadores dentro dos grupos de ligação foi, em sua maioria, idêntica a ordem encontrada nos mapas RH e de seqüência do genoma bovino. A análise comparativa do mapa RH obtido para BBU1 com o genoma humano revelou oito blocos homólogos de sintenia entre BBU1 e segmentos correspondentes dos cromossomos humanos 3, 4, 8 e 21, sendo a maioria deles rearranjados quanto à ordem dos genes e orientação dos blocos. Os blocos de sintenia também foram comparados com os genomas de outras espécies de mamíferos, como boi, chimpanzé, cachorro e cavalo. Considerando a inexistência de mapas de ligação para o búfalo de rio, o mapa RH obtido neste estudo fornece dados essenciais para os estudos comparativos deste cromossomo com qualquer outra espécie de mamífero. / Abstract: The largest chromosome in the river buffalo karyotype, BBU1, is a submetacentric chromosome with reported homology between BBU1q and bovine chromosome 1 and between BBU1p and BTA27. We present the first radiation hybrid map of this chromosome containing 69 cattle derived markers including 48 coding genes, 17 microsatellites and four ESTs distributed in two linkage groups. The RH map was constructed based on the analysis of a recently developed river buffalo-hamster whole genome radiation hybrid panel (BBURH5000). The retention frequency of individual markers across the panel ranged from 17.8% to 52.2%. With few exceptions, the order of markers within linkage groups is identical to the order established for corresponding cattle sequence and RH maps. Comparative analysis between BBU1-RH5000 and the human genome revealed eight homologous synteny blocks corresponding to HSA3q, HSA4q, HSA8p and HSA21q. Most of the blocks showed rearrangements in the gene order and in the orientation of the synteny blocks. The synteny blocks were also compared with other mammalian genomes, such as bovine, chimpanzee, dog and horse. Considering that a genetic linkage map does not exist for river buffalo, the radiation hybrid map generated in this study provides valuable data for comparative mapping of BBU1 chromosome. / Doutor

Resumo: O cromossomo X apresenta conteúdo conservado entre as diferentes espécies de mamíferos. No de búfalo de rio (Bubalus bubalis), espécie que vem ganhando interesse econômico no Brasil e no mundo, sua morfologia é acrocêntrica. No presente trabalho, apresentamos o primeiro mapa RH do cromossomo X bubalino gerado a partir do recentemente construído painel de células híbridas irradiadas búfalo-roedor (BBURH5000). Este mapa contém um total de 33 marcadores derivados de bovino, incluindo dez genes, quatro ESTs e 19 microssatélites. Estes marcadores estão distribuídos em dois grupos de ligação: LG1 com oito marcadores e abrangendo 125.6 cR, e o LG2 com 25 marcadores abrangendo 366.3 cR. As freqüências de retenção (FR) dos marcadores variaram de 7,8% para o gene UREB1 a 28,9% para os microssatélites MAF45 e INRA30. O BBUXRH5000 foi comparado ao mapa de seqüência e mapa RH3000 do cromossomo X bovino evidenciando alguns poucos rearranjos entre as duas espécies, e alguns prováveis erros de mapeamento em uma das duas espécies quando comparado com BTAX build 3.1 bovino. A utilização de primers derivados de boi para mapeamento em búfalo foi realizada com êxito, e a distribuição dos marcadores ao longo do X considerada satisfatória, culminando em uma cobertura adequada para os primeiros esforços de mapeamento deste cromossomo. Análises comparativas do BBUX com o cromossomo X de outras espécies de mamíferos (humano, camundongo, ovelha, cavalo e cachorro) foram realizadas, revelando grande conservação de sintenia deste cromossomo na classe mamífera e, extensa conservação da ordem gênica entre búfalo e ovelha e búfalo e boi. O BBUXRH5000 aqui apresentado é um ponto de partida para a construção de mapas de alta resolução, necessários para caracterização de rearranjos que ocorreram durante a evolução e futuros estudos com o objetivo de dissecar características genéticas de interesse econômico. / Abstract: The X chromosome shows conserved content among different mammalian species. In river buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), a brazilian and worldwide economic important specie, the X chromosome morphology is acrocentric. Here we report the first radiation hybrid map of the river buffalo X chromosome generated from a recently constructed river buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) whole-genome radiation hybrid panel (BBURH5000). This map contains a total of 33 cattle-derived markers, including ten genes, four ESTs and 19 microsatellites. The markers are distributed in two linkage groups: LG1 contains eight markers spanning 125.6 cR, and LG2 contains 25 markers spanning 366.3 cR. The retention frequency (RF) of individual markers across the panel ranged from 7.8% to the gene UREB1 and 28,9 to the microsatellites MAF45 and INRA30. The BBUXRH5000 was compared with the bovine sequence assembly (build 3.1) and RH3000 bovine X chromosome maps and showed few rearrangements between these species, and possible mapping errors in one of the two species when compared with BTAX build 3.1. The use of cattle-derived primers using carried out successfully and the markers distribution along the chromosome was satisfactory, resulting in adequate coverage for a first mapping effort of this chromosome. Comparative analysis between BBUX and X chromosome from other mammalian species (human, hamster, sheep, horse and dog) were carried out showed extensive sinteny conservation of the X chromosome in the Mammalian Class, and gene order conservation between river buffalo and sheep and river buffalo and cattle. The BBUXRH5000 here presented is the start-pointing for the construction of high-resolution map, which is necessary for characterization of rearrangements occurring during evolution and futures studies in order to dissect economically important traits. / Orientador: Claudia Regina Bonini Domingos / Coorientador: Mônica Regina Vendrame Amarante / Banca: Rosângela Hatori Rocha / Banca: Reinaldo Otávio Alves Alvarenga Brito / Banca: Hermione Elly Melara de Campos Bicudo / Banca: Mary Massumi Itoyama / Doutor