Ökad urbaniseringen och ett annalkande klimathot skapar ett behov av miljövänlig kollektivtrafik. El är ett drivmedel som är på frammarsch. Det finns dock frågor ekonomi och hur praktiska lösningar ska vara utformade. Grundfrågeställningen för detta arbete har varit huruvida en övergång är möjlig att genomföra till 2022. Även de generella möjligheterna, förutsättningarna och konsekvenserna för en övergång till helt eldrivna bussar i Stockholms innerstad undersökts. Slutsatsen har dragits att det rent tekniskt är möjligt att genomföra en övergång till år 2022. Fordons- och batteriteknik finns. Det innebär dock att det kommer uppstå vissa frågor. Bland annat är eldrivna bussar mindre flexibla. Övergången kommer innebära stora kostnader som på sikt kan visa sig lönsamt då eldrift är ett billigare drivmedel. De hinder som finns för en övergång är bland annat de nuvarande trafikavtalen och otydlighet kring laddinfrastrukturen. En övergång kommer leda till positiva miljökonsekvenser såsom minskade koldioxidutsläpp och minskat buller.

The most serious problems of urban transport in developing countries involve traffic congestion, insufficient space for pedestrians and other non-motorised modes, poor public transit service, the increasing attractiveness of the automobile due to rising incomes, and the chronic lack of financial resources required to make a concerted problem-solving effort. Many of the solutions suggested by planners and consultants from developed countries are both expensive and require a substantial time investment before the benefits can be realised. Others are politically unfeasible or not well-suited to the needs of the city in less developed countries. An indigenous response to the inadequate provision of urban transport in developing countries is the establishment of intermediate forms of public transport, such as jitneys or fixed-route shared taxis. These are able to provide levels of speed, comfort and convenience comparable to those of travel by private car, at considerably lower cost. Jitneys are relatively energy-efficient and consume much less road space per passenger than do private automobiles. The jitney originally developed in North America during the First World War, largely as a response to inadequate public transit service, but virtually disappeared again within a few years since the street railway operators were able to have legislation passed that made jitney operation uneconomic. In Third World cities, jitneys developed independently, and have enjoyed great success, in part due to a much greater demand for public transport and to fewer restrictive regulations. Mexico City is one of the largest urban areas in the developing countries and has a public transport system that includes a very extensive network of jitney services, several different classes of motor buses, trolley coaches, trams, four separate types of taxi services as well as a fast and efficient Metro system. These various elements of public transport are very interdependent and complementary, making remarkably good use of the available road space. A detailed examination of the jitney system in Mexico City, its regulation, organisation and economics was undertaken through personal observation and discussions as well as using an intensive survey of both jitney drivers and passengers. This has revealed that the jitneys are of great value, providing fast, frequent, comfortable and convenient public transportation which serves as a genuine alternative to private cars. The flexible nature of the jitneys makes them very demand-responsive and thereby efficient providers of urban transport. The jitneys employ a large number of people and are a profitable enterprise, contributing positively to the urban economy of Mexico City. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

This thesis deals with international road transport of passengers. It deals with legislation that is associated with this activity and the conditions that are imposed on international road transport operators. In the practical part deals with issues that are current in the field and tries to give instructions to their solution, or eliminate their negative impacts. It focuses primarily on the issue of safety, environmental and economic issues.

School districts providing busing services for students who live too far to walk to school. In many districts a fleet of school buses is used in sequence to transport high school students, then middle school students, and then elementary school students. The result is that high school classes must start much earlier in the morning than the elementary school, and buses may traverse similar routes three times each morning and afternoon. In light of recent research on the benefits of later high school start times and the need to control transportation costs, school districts are seeking efficient school bus routing plans that meet student needs at low cost. This study uses 2018 data for schools in Northampton, Massachusetts, to identify the potential to achieve two objectives: 1) start the high school classes as late as possible in the day, and 2) minimize the cost of busing. The proposed procedure makes use of existing school bus data to optimize bus routes, which can be applicable for smaller cities. A revised routing plan that mixes high school and middle school students on the same buses allows the high school to start 30 minutes later while reducing total school bus operations.

Collectively, US public transportation systems operated 137,047 vehicles per peak period in 2008 (American Public Transportation Association 2010). Buses accounted for the largest segment among these vehicles, and the passenger van segment was second. Together, they accounted for 78% of the vehicles operated per peak period (American Public Transportation Association 2010). Due to their pervasive use in the public transportation industry, buses and vans have been the focus in various academic research studies. However, very few studies have focused on vehicle procurement. Further, none have focused on the specific vehicle procurement function of supplier evaluation and selection. The over-arching objective of this research is to gain a deeper understanding of the relative importance of vehicle supplier attributes in reference to the Federal Transit Administration's (FTA) “best-value” procurement initiative and the influence of these attributes on the evaluation and selction of bus and van suppliers. This research studies vehicle procurement decision-makers at public transportation agencies to determine which supplier attributes they perceive to be the most important when evaluating vehicle suppliers. Results indicate that the top five supplier attributes were quality, reliability, after-sales support, warranties and claims, and integrity. The order of these top five attributes changed according to the type of supplier being evaluated, i.e., conventional fuel vehicle supplier versus alternative fuel vehicle supplier. The reason for this change was explained as being due to the increased engineering and technological expertise required of alternative fuel vehicle suppliers. Utilizing Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA), the research showed that the variation in the perception of the importance of particular supplier attributes was not generally influenced by an agency's urban classification, its vehicle fleet size, its capital expenditure level, its decision-makers' education level, or their years of experience. However, FTA region was determined to have an influence on two attributes. Utilizing a conditional logit discrete choice model, the research also found that in practice price and not quality had the highest parameter estimate and was therefore deemed most important. It was followed by quality, after-sales support, technical capability, and delivery. Further, to garner a deeper understanding of attributes' relative importance, participants in the research identified 41 attribute components and provided metrics by which to measure these components and, by extension, the attributes. This research contributes in four areas. These are government procurement initiatives, agency “best-value” procurement practice, vehicle supplier marketing, and academic research in supplier evaluation and selection in the public transportation industry.

Diploma thesis maps functioning, problems and troubles of public transportation in Prague during socialism in years 1948 till 1974. These years represents the beginning of communism in Czechoslovak Republic and year of putting the Prague metro into operation. The aim of the work was to examine this limited period in terms of public transportation, its impact on urban development, how different types of public transportation interacted and complemented each other, what was its impact on passengers alone and , for example, how metro planning during this period affected the operation of busses, troleybusses and trams. We found that despite the fact that the metro was at first just an unnecessary plan, later the entire system of public transportation began to concentrate and change precisely because of its implementation. Key words: Public transportation, trams, buses, metro, city development

Bibliography: pages 196-213. / This thesis treats the role of the jitney in urban transportation from an economic perspective. The method of enquiry begins with a theory review including a description of the jitney, the distinction between passenger and operator costs, economies of scale and scope, market structure, and an allocatively efficient pricing rule for the jitney industry. It is asserted that in an unregulated urban transportation market a socially efficient pricing structure arises, which reconciles both user and producer costs. A discussion of the rise and decline of the jitney industry in Cape Town from 1924 to 1931 and industry developments in the 1970's and 1980's places this exposition within an historic context. Policy implications of the aforegoing analysis are suggested with respect to the potential role to be played by the jitney in urban public transport. Based on this approach, an alternative consideration of the competition between the jitney and conventional transport methods is proposed.

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil Engineering, 1980. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Bibliography: leaves 151-153. / by Paul J. Haven. / M.S.

The independence of children with cognitive impairments is vital for successful social integration. As emerging technological advancements, autonomous buses possess significant potential in this regard. The study aims to investigate the potential of autonomous buses to support children with mild cognitive impairments in attaining increased independence during their travels. To achieve this goal, two studies were conducted to gather comprehensive data: an analysis of videos provided by the ASALL project and a focus group study involving Skelleftea municipality workers. The study findings shed light on the challenges and needs of children with cognitive impairments during their trips and offer suggestions for how autonomous buses could provide support to increase their independence. It also highlights the importance of considering human factors while designing technology products and emphasizes the need for coordinated efforts combining technological and human support to enhance the independence of children with cognitive impairments. In addition, insights from people familiar with children with cognitive impairments can provide valuable guidance to researchers and designers when creating other technology products.

There is rapid development in the transportation field. Soon, along with the rapid population growth, there will be a change in the mobility pattern. To prepare the different travel demand, there are several new advanced technologies that are on the development process such as the electrification of the vehicle, the micro-mobility service, and the automation of the vehicle. The latter subject is the main focus of this research. The main objective of this research is to observe and analyze the development of a new model to provide a tool for the analysis of the public transport system and the analysis of different scenarios related to the degree of development of automated vehicles and the characteristics of the area of service and demand. The network design in this research is a hybrid concept developed by Carlos Daganzo in 2010 that combines the grid network on the central area and radial network on the peripheral area. In the central area, there is two intersecting public transit (bus and metro). In contrast, on the peripheral area, a feeder bus will provide the service for the passengers and also there will be two feeder alternatives, namely fixed route and door to door. The objective function of the optimization is to minimize the total cost regarding the available decision variables. The total cost is consist of agency cost (infrastructure length, total vehicle distance travelled, total vehicle hours travelled) and user cost (waiting time, access time, in-vehicle time) and the minimization process need to follow the constraint of headway, spacing, and vehicles capacity. Based on the base optimization, the most optimum value for alpha, bus spacing, metro spacing, and inner area length regarding to the total cost is 0.23, 0.2 km, 4 km, and 0.3 km respectively. while the Fixed Route Feeder Service with Full Automation is the most beneficial type of service. It generates the lowest total cost per passenger regarding to any decision variables except feeder spacing due to the different formulation between fixed route and door to door service. On contrary, Door to Door Feeder Service with No Automation has the highest total cost per passenger. The total cost in figure, based on the optimum value for each decision variables. Therefore there is no optimum value for headway considering the trend of the total cost is linear