Abstract University of Växjö, School of Social Sciences Course: POC 536, Political Science 41-60 Title: The U.S. military intervention in Iraq – A study of how the intervention corresponds with the UN Charter Authors: Andreas Malmgren & Johan Schneider Supervisor: Lennart Bergfeldt Date: 2006-09-26 The aim of this essay is through a qualitative literature study examine the main arguments of the Bush administration to justify a military intervention in Iraq. The theories used to explain the actions of the U.S. are system level analysis, hegemonism and realism while the UN Charter will be applied as a normative theory. The research questions are: ■ What were the main arguments of the Bush administration for a military intervention in Iraq? ■ How do these arguments correspond to the UN Charter? U.S. claimed that Iraq was manufacturing nuclear weapons and this was threatening the security of the U.S. The administration also wanted to liberate the Iraqi people from the dictatorship of Saddam Hussein. When the U.S. could not get support through the UN they decided to act independently. According to the UN Charter, UN or its member states are not allowed to intervene in matters within the domestic jurisdiction of any state neither is it allowed to act with a pre-emptive purpose. An exceptional clausal exists if the Security Council decides it is a threat to peace or peace crimes. If a state act without the UN mandate this could undermine the UN authority. Keywords: Weapon of mass destruction, intervention, Iraq, UN Charter, Bush administration

This is a study of how the United States has used different diplomatic strategies towards Iran and North Korea. The concept of coercive diplomacy is defined and explained, in or-der to see if it has been used by the United States, and if so, to what extent. After giving a brief historical background between the U.S and the two countries, the study will put a fo-cus on what and why the Bush administration has acted the way they have in their diplo-matic relation with Iran and North Korea. The study presents cases where you can see par-allels between strategies used, but also some significant differences. The latter part of the study will examine the reasoning behind the different strategies used. Conclusion drawn from this study was that, in the case of Iran, the United States has been forced to act in a certain way due to the other conflicts they are involved with in the region, i.e. the war in Iraq and the situation in Afghanistan. Due to the fear for North Koreas al-ready existing nuclear arsenal, the U.S. has shown a more restricted diplomatic policy to-wards the country, not wanting to push them towards starting a nuclear war.

Esta tese estuda a presença das histórias ilustradas de Wilhelm Busch (1832- 1908) no sistema literário brasileiro. Para tanto, ela analisa como o sistema literário alemão, registra a produção de Busch e como esta se constrói a partir de dois pólos de influência: a tendência humorística do periódico Fliegende Blätter (1845-1944), de que as histórias ilustradas buschianas parecem herdar uma porção, e a postura crítica em relação ao contexto sócio-histórico da comunidade de expressão alemã na segunda metade do século XIX, com o qual as histórias ilustradas buschianas mantêm uma relação dialógica. O estudo que aqui se desenvolve parte da prática da reflexão sobre o texto literário, de sua leitura e análise, a partir das quais foi possível encarar as histórias ilustradas buschianas não como fenômeno isolado de seu contexto nem como puro reflexo dele, mas como um dos elementos que influenciam e são influenciados no conglomerado sistêmico que é o ambiente cultural e literário de uma nação. Com essa concepção, este trabalho revela que, em que pese a permanência de sua obra no horizonte da literatura brasileira desde sua primeira tradução, em 1901, a imagem de Busch no cânone literário brasileiro, ou da literatura alemã instituído a partir do Brasil, apresenta uma assimetria com a que ele têm no sistema cultural alemão. Tal assimetria decorre da redução do potencial de significação que as histórias ilustradas buschianas apresentam nas suas versões traduzidas para o português, resultante da atuação de alguns dos agentes literários envolvidos nesse processo de transposição intercultural. / The present thesis points out the presence of Wilhelm Buschs picture stories (1832-1908) in the Brazilian literary system. For that matter, it analyses how the German literary system registers Buschs production and how it is constructed from two influence poles: the humorous tendency of the weekly German humor magazine Fliegende Blätter (1845-1944), from which it seems to have inherited a portion, and the critical posture related to the socio-historic context of the expressive German community in the second half of the XIX century, with which Buschs picture stories has a dialogic relationship. The study that here develops comes from the reflection about the literary text, its reading and analysis, from which it is possible to face Buschs picture stories, not as a phenomenon isolated from its context or as its reflex, but as one of the elements that both influence and are influenced within the systemic conglomerate, which is a nations cultural and literary atmosphere. With that conception in mind, this paper reveals that, despite the perpetuation of this work on the Brazilian literature horizon starting with its first translation, in 1901, Buschs image in the Brazilian literary canon, or the German literature established from Brazil, presents an asymmetry in relation to the one he has in the German cultural system. Such asymmetry comes from the reduction of the potential of meaning that Buschs picture stories bear in their versions translated into Portuguese, as a result of some of the literary agents involved in this intercultural transposition process.

Les buissons ligneux forment un modèle végétal clé pour répondreaux préoccupations sociales et environnementales.Usuellement transposé sur le modèle arborescent, leur développementarchitectural reste encore peu compris et peu étudiéau regard de leur qualité visuelle. Pour cerner et anticiper cesattentes, une méthodologie pluridisciplinaire visant le managementde la qualité visuelle des plantes d’ornement est proposée.Elle intègre l’architecture des plantes avec sa plasticité phénotypiqueet la perception de leur apparence visuelle. Sur un rosierbuisson : Rosa hybrida L. ‘Radrazz’, l’étude montre commentl’analyse architecturale avec ses outils de modélisation, l’analysesensorielle et d’image peuvent former un cadre scientifi quecohérent visant cet objectif, et transposable à d’autres taxons.Sur rosiers virtuels, et réels exposés à un gradient lumineux, l’apparencevisuelle peut être caractérisée objectivement au moyend’épreuves sensorielles sur vidéode plante en rotation à différentsstades. La vidéo permet aux sujets une meilleure représentationmentale de la plante en 3D, et ainsi une descriptionplus complète et fi able de l’apparence visuelle ; puis de prédirecette description en intégrant statistiquement l’analyse d’imagede plusieurs facettes de la plante. Certaines variables architecturalespertinentes, et de nombreuses équivalentes, potentiellementintéressantes pour étudier le développement des buissonsau cours de leur cycle de vie, permettent de prédire voire d’expliquerl’élaboration des composantes visuelles d’un cultivar. / Shrubs form a key plant model to meet social and environmentalconcerns. Usually transposed on the tree model, their architecturaldevelopment is still ill-known and understudied to address visualquality. To identify and anticipate such expectations, the visual qualitymanagement of ornamental plants through a multidisciplinarymethodology is proposed. It includes architecture of the plants withits phenotypic plasticity and their visual appearance perception.On a rose bush: Rosa hybrida L. ‘Radrazz’, this work shows howarchitectural analysis with its modeling tools, sensory evaluationand image analysis can form a coherent scientifi c framework toface up to such a purpose, and be transposed for other taxa. Onvirtual rose bushes, and real ones exposed to a light gradient, thevisual appearance can be characterized objectively by means ofsensory tests using rotating plant video at different stages.Thevideo stand enables a better mental representation of the plant 3Dby the subjects, leading to a more complete and reliable descriptionof the plant visual appearance; then to predict this descriptionthrough statistically integrated image analysis of multiple plantfacets. Some relevant architectural variables, with numerousequivalents, potentially interesting to study the architecturaldevelopment of bushes during their life cycle, enabled to predicteven explain how visual components were built for a cultivar. Fora better market responsiveness, this work lays the foundationfor drafting interactive decision and innovation support tools forb

The purpose of this thesis is to examine whether the individual political leader is important for the analysis of international relations. Traditionally the focus of investigation in international relations has been on the nation-state, or the systems level, and as a result the individual level has been somewhat neglected. Using the theory of political psychology there is a possibility of finding nuances that might not be found if the focus of the investigation is on the nation-state. With the help of key concepts such as personality, emotion, cognition, and social identity decision making that has affected world politics have been examined. An empirical examination of the political psychology has been made by applying the theory to a case study, George W Bush. By applying the theory of political psychology to the decision making process used by George W Bush and his Administration it will be shown that the individual can impact world politics, especially in the case of the invasion of Iraq. Furthermore, one of the flaws of the theory of political psychology, its problem in handling the concept of global terrorism, is briefly discussed. The conclusion that has been drawn in this thesis is that the individual level of analysis is just as important as the systems level or the domestic level of analysis.

The purpose of this study is twofold: First, to inquire how the George W. Bush administration plans to keep America safe from external threats and second – based on the assumption that neoconservatives have influenced the Bush administration – examine how neoconservative ideas have influenced this strategy to protect America. The research questions are as follows: What is the content of the Bush administration’s security strategy? How are neoconservative ideas reflected in this security strategy? To answer the first question, the main points of two studied documents were summarized. The summarized documents were the two versions of the National Security Strategy of the United States of America that the George W Bush administration has released during its tenure. These documents state the official security strategy of the United States and give a general view over the threats against America and how the administration plans to deal with these threats. To answer the second question the author studied literature about neoconservatism and gained valuable knowledge about the neoconservatives, which resulted in the creation of an analyzing instrument. This analyzing instrument was later applied on the empirical material that was gathered by answering the first question and in turn answered the second question. The result of the study is that the Bush administration believes that by spreading freedom and fighting tyranny around the world, America will become safer. To accomplish this, the administration will employ the full array of political, economic, diplomatic and other tools at their disposal. Neoconservative influences on the strategy were found repeatedly – one of the most obvious influences being the administration’s adoption of the principle of preemptive strikes against enemies.

In 1989 the United States choose, after years of conflict, to carry out a military intervention in Panama, to remove Manuel Noriega, convicted for drug dealing and for threatening the lives of the Americans living in Panama. The aim of this study is to examine whether George H. W Bush’s arguments for the military intervention comply with the principles of the just war. The method chosen for this study is a qualitative literature study, based primarily on secondary data. It is a case study with two complementing theories, the theory of the just war and the world system theory. The result showed that the American intervention both can be justified and unjustified following the principles of the Just War Theory. The World system Theory shows typical signs for a relationship between USA and Panama, built on economic, political and military control.

Ce mémoire se penche sur les raisons ayant mené à l’isolement du secrétaire d’État Colin Powell au sein du processus décisionnel de politique étrangère de l’administration de George W. Bush entre 2000 et 2004. Plus précisément, cette recherche mobilise le concept de dynamiques de groupes afin d’expliquer l’isolement de Powell dans le processus décisionnel ayant mené aux interventions en Afghanistan (2001) et en Irak (2003). Ce mémoire se veut une contribution à la littérature sur le processus décisionnel de politique étrangère ayant mené à ces deux interventions militaires. Cette littérature est abondante et témoigne d’un consensus au sujet de l’isolement de Powell au sein de cette administration. Toutefois, aucune contribution, à notre connaissance, ne s’était concentrée jusqu’ici à fournir une explication concernant cet isolement. Dans un premier temps, ce mémoire démontre que l’isolement de Powell ne peut être simplement attribué à la nature de la fonction qu’il occupait au sein de l’administration Bush. Par la description des dynamiques de groupes au sein du cabinet de guerre, il établit qu’une série d’indicateurs cognitifs et bureaucratiques permettent plutôt d’expliquer, du moins en partie, cet isolement. La présence d’un sous-groupe décisionnel déterminé utilisant des manœuvres bureaucratiques afin de marginaliser Powell, l’omniprésence de l’idéologie néoconservatrice et l’importante polarisation au sein du cabinet de guerre ainsi que la distribution inégales des ressources bureaucratiques sont des facteurs explicatifs développés dans ce mémoire. / Abstract: This master thesis focuses on the factors that led to the marginalization of the Secretary of State Colin Powell inside the foreign policy decision-making process of the George W. Bush administration (2000-2004). More precisely, this research uses the concept of small group dynamics to explain Powell’s isolation in the decision-making process that led to military interventions in Afghanistan (2001) and Iraq (2003). This thesis is a contribution to the literature relating to the decision-making process that led to those military interventions. This literature is plenteous and testifies to the consensus about Powell’s marginalization inside this administration. So far, to our knowledge, no contribution has focused on providing an explanation for this marginalization. In the first place, this research reveals that Powell’s marginalization cannot be attributed to the function he occupied in the Bush administration. By describing the small group dynamics within the war cabinet, it establishes that a series of cognitive and bureaucratic indicators are more explanatory of this isolation. The presence of a determined subgroup using bureaucratic strategies to marginalize Powell, the omnipresence of neoconservative ideology that led to important polarization within the war cabinet, and the unequal distribution of bureaucratic resources are some explanatory factors developed in this research.

The dissertation identifies and analyzes metamorphosis of the US foreign security policy in the 21st century. The main aim is also to identify whether the United States entered a new era with the attacks of 9/11 and whether so called the Bush doctrine was an appropriate reaction to the global terrorism. The thesis is divided into three chapters. The first chapter describes the US security strategies since WWII. In the second chapter, foreign security policy of George W. Bush and its metamorphosis is analyzed. The last chapter is devoted to the security strategies of Barack Obama.

Orientador: Paulo César Souza Manduca / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T13:01:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Finguerut_Ariel_D.pdf: 5310440 bytes, checksum: a62805584c2733e3720571a13b6ee36f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Neste trabalho procuramos entender a efetividade da Nova Direita na política norte-americana. Para tanto, foi preciso conhecer o papel do conservadorismo, destacando a função dos Think Tanks enquanto espaço de formação e circulação das ideias. Ao estudar a Nova Direita, sua estrutura, dinâmica de ação e articulação político-social, discutimos este conceito propondo uma nova leitura. Como resultado apresentamos um panorama do conservadorismo americano contemporâneo e a percepção da Nova Direita sobre os governos de George W. Bush e Barack H. Obama / Abstract: The central proposal of this work is to understand the effectiveness of the New Right in American politics. Therefore, it was necessary to know the role of conservatism and in this regard it was highlighted the role of Think Tanks as an area of training and the dissemination of ideas. By studying the New Right, its structure, dynamic action and political-social articulation, we discussed this concept by proposing a new reading. As a result we present an overview of the contemporary conservatism in U.S and the perception of the New Right on the governments of George W. Bush and Barack H. Obama / Doutorado / Ciencia Politica / Doutor em Ciência Política