Hyperactive Wnt signaling is the seminal event in colorectal cancer (CRC) pathogenesis, where β-catenin serves as a key Wnt mediator enhancing CRC cell proliferation and survival. c-Cbl is a unique E3 ligase, which degrades both mutant and active (tumorigenic) β-catenin. c-Cbl phosphorylation at tyrosine 731 (Y731) regulates its binding and down regulation of β-catenin specifically in the presence of Wnt ligand (Wnt-on state). Since aberrant Wnt signaling activation is found in almost all cases of human CRC, it would be critical to understand the influence of c-Cbl phosphorylation on CRC cell survival. We hypothesized that c-Cbl phosphorylation regulates CRC cell survival in a Wnt dependent manner, a state that is mediated through mutations in β-catenin or adenomatosis polyposis coli (APC). Cbl phosphorylation was examined in a panel of Wnt-off cells with wild-type β-catenin and APC CRC cell line (RKO cell line) and Wnt-on cell lines with mutant APC (Wnt-on- DLD1, HCT15 cell line) or mutant β-catenin (HCT116) using phospho-specific antibodies to c-Cbl tyrosine residues at 700 (Y700), 731 and 774 (Y774) positions. Biological significance of specific phosphorylation sites was evaluated with phospho-inactive mutants of c-Cbl (Y700F, Y731F and Y774F) using both the MTT cell proliferation assay and the non-adherent colony formation assay. Potential meditators of c-Cbl were examined using immunoblotting. Here we show that c-Cbl was phosphorylated at all three major phosphorylation sites (Y700, Y731 and Y774) in both Wnt-off and Wnt-on CRC cell lines. However, the amount of phosphorylation was reduced in Wnt-on CRC cell lines (DLD1, HCT116 and HCT15) compared to Wnt-off (RKO) cell line. Wild-type c-Cbl significantly enhanced survival in RKO cell lines and reduced survivability in DLD1 cell lines. In contrast to the effect of wild-type c-Cbl, Y731F increased CRC cell survival and non-adherent colony forming units. Our preliminary data suggests that c-Cbl Y731 mutation regulates CRC survival through β-catenin. c-Cbl is heavily phosphorylated in CRC cell lines, where wild-type c-Cbl significantly inhibits cell survival in Wnt-on and enhances cell survival in Wnt-off CRC cell lines. Furthermore, our data indicates that Y731 influences CRC survival and colony formation only in Wnt-on cell lines. Though further validation is required, this dichotomy in the effect of c-Cbl phosphorylation on CRC survival being mediated by Wnt status can be further explored as a potentially novel therapeutic target in mutant CRC tumors, which represent more than 90% of CRC cases in humans.

c-Cbl functions as a multifunctional adaptor and an E3 ubiquitin protein ligase. Several studies have shown that c-Cbl is involved in cytoskeleton-mediated events, but the molecular mechanisms linking c-Cbl to cytoskeletal rearrangements remain to be elucidated. Our previous results indicated that c-Cbl facilitates spreading and migration of v-Abl-transformed NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and suggested that small GTPases play important roles in the cytoskeletal effects of c-Cbl in this system. To elucidate the individual contributions of small GTPases to these effects, we assessed the roles of endogenous Rac1, RhoA and Rap1 in the c-Cbl-dependent spreading and migration of v-Abl-transformed fibroblasts overexpressing c-Cbl, using RNAi. Furthermore, since it has been shown that Rap1 can act as an upstream regulator of Rac1 in inducing cell spreading, we analyzed the interplay between Rap1 and Rac1 in the signaling pathways connecting c-Cbl to the cytoskeletal events. Our results indicate that Rac1 is essential for cell migration and spreading, whereas activation of RhoA exerts a negative effect. We have also shown that Rap1 is essential for cell spreading, although not for migration in our experimental system. Furthermore, we provide evidence that Rap1 is located upstream of Rac1 in one of the signaling pathways that regulate c-Cbl-facilitated cell spreading. Overall, our findings are consistent with the model describing the connection of c-Cbl to the cytoskeletal rearrangements via two pathways, one of which is mediated by PI3K and Rac1, and the other, by CrkL/C3G, Rap1 and Rac1. A major biological feature of glioma is the ability to invade normal brain tissue. The molecular mechanisms of glioma invasion are involved in multiple biological processes which are primarily associated with cytoskeleton-mediated events including adhesion, migration, degradation of extra cellular matrix (ECM). Biological functions of c-Cbl in glioma have not been elucidated. In this study, we examined biological roles of c-Cbl using RNAi-mediated depletion of endogenous c-Cbl and stably c-Cbl expressing glioma cells generated by lentiviral transduction and showed that c-Cbl increases invasion through degradation of ECM by upregulation of MMP2 but not through migration, adhesion, or growth of SNB19, a grade IV glioblastoma cell line. / Microbiology and Immunology / Accompanied by two .avi videos

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Le travail présenté a porté sur l’analyse in vivo du proto-oncogène c-cbl, dont la forme connue est c-Cbl (p120cbl). Il s’agit d’une E3-Ubiquitine ligase et un poly-adaptateur moléculaire. Nous avons montré l’androgéno-dépendance de l’expression de c-Cbl dans les cellules germinales testiculaires et les cellules épithéliales de la prostate de rats et de souris. Nous avons montré la régulation anti-apoptotique exercée in vivo par la c-Cbl dans la prostate par comparaison des souris c-cbl invalidées ou non pour c-cbl (KO ou WT). L’effet exercé par c-cbl dans le testicule est pro-apoptotique (J.Cell Biol, 2005), que nous avons ultérieurement attribué à une nouvelle isoforme testiculaire de c-Cbl (Δ-c-Cbl). La comparaison des MEF KO et WT après induction d’apoptose par l’étoposide, a conforté l’effet anti-apoptotique exercée in vivo par c-Cbl dans la prostate. Elle a aussi montré la forte apoptose des MEF KO au peroxyde d’hydrogène : c-Cbl peut être considérée comme un protecteur du stress oxydant. L’intensité du stress oxydant associé aux cancers et leur forte résistance à l’apoptose sont des propriétés qui pourraient être reliées à c-Cbl. L’analyse in situ effectuée à partir de tumeurs congelées et de Tissue Microarrays (TMA) a montré une expression élevée de c-Cbl dans certains cancers, dont l’intensité pourrait correspondre à la gravité de l’atteinte anatomo-pathologique. La protéine c-Cbl est apparue être un marqueur d’agressivité du cancer de la prostate, probablement de l’ovaire, de l’utérus, du cerveau, du poumon, du colon et du rectum. Nous la considérons aussi comme une cible thérapeutique car, protecteur du stress oxydant, elle prendrait part à la résistance à l’apoptose des cellules tumorales. Un brevet a été déposé (2009, co-inventeurs : S.Yakoub et al). Un article rapportant ces résultats est en cours de soumission (S. Yakoub et al) / This work has focused on the in vivo analysis of the proto-oncogene c-cbl, coding for c-Cbl (p120cbl). We demonstrated the androgen-dependency of c-Cbl in the testicular germ cells and the prostatic epithelial cells of rats and mice. We then identified the anti-apoptotic regulation exerted by p120cbl in the prostate, comparing mouse c-cbl KO and WT, unlike this exerted in the testis (J.Cell Biol, 2005). We reported this difference to the high expression in testis of a new c-Cbl isoform, Δc-Cbl. The comparison of MEF KO and WT allowed confirming the anti-apoptotic regulation to etoposide exerted by c-Cbl. A very high apoptotic effect was observed in MEF KO with H2O2: c-Cbl is a strong stress oxidative protector. Knowing the intensity of oxidative stress in several cancers and their particular resistance to apoptosis as well, the in situ analysis of these malignancies was made from frozen tumours and tissue microassays (TMA). c-Cbl was indeed highly expressed and its intensity appears to reflect the aggressiveness of the pathology. c-Cbl could then be considered as a marker of severity of prostate cancer but probably also ovary, uterus, brain, lung, colon and rectum. It can also be considered as a therapeutic target involved in resistance to apoptosis as a stress oxidative protector. A patent was filed in the United States (2009, co-inventors: S. Yakoub et al)

The localization, expression, and physiological role of regulatory proteins in the neurogenic niches of the brain is fundamental to our understanding of adult neurogenesis. This study explores the expression and role of the E3-ubiquitin ligase, c-Cbl, in neurogenesis within the subventricular zone (SVZ) of mice. In vitro neurosphere assays and in vivo analyses were performed in specific c-Cbl knock-out lines to unravel c-Cbl’s role in receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, including the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway. Our findings suggest that c-Cbl is significantly expressed within EGFR-expressing cells, playing a pivotal role in neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation. However, c-Cbl’s function extends beyond EGFR signaling, as its loss upon knock-out stimulated progenitor cell proliferation in neurosphere cultures. Yet, this effect was not detected in hippocampal progenitor cells, reflecting the lack of the EGFR in the hippocampus. In vivo, c-Cbl exerted only a minor proneurogenic influence with no measurable impact on the formation of adult-born neurons. In conclusion, c-Cbl regulates neural stem cells in the subventricular zone via the EGFR pathway but, likely, its loss is compensated by other signaling modules in vivo.

Résumé L’angiogenèse est l’un des processus les plus importants pour le maintien de l’homéostasie de l’oxygène dans les tissus. Le facteur de croissance de l’endothélium vasculaire, VEGF, joue un rôle primordial dans la réponse angiogénique. Ce facteur de croissance mène à l’activation du récepteur de type 2 du facteur de croissance de l’endothélium vasculaire, VEGFR-2. Suite à une activation du VEGFR-2, plusieurs cascades de signalisation sont activées dans les cellules endothéliales. Afin d’atténuer cette signalisation, le VEGFR-2 est multi-ubiquitiné sur des résidus lysine et de cette manière, il est amené aux voies de dégradation, principalement dans les lysosomes. Cette ubiquitination est induite par l’association de l’ubiquitine ligase (E3) c-Cbl à un résidu tyrosine phosphorylé du domaine C-terminal du récepteur. Dans cette étude, nous avons identifié la tyrosine 1319 comme étant nécessaire pour l’association de c-Cbl au VEGFR-2 et son ubiquitination. Nos résultats démontrent aussi que dans des cellules endothéliales aortiques bovines, BAEC, la surexpression du récepteur mutant Y1319F ralentit la dégradation du VEGFR-2 et induit une activation plus forte et prolongée de la synthétase endothéliale du monoxyde d’azote (eNOS). Ces résultats nous permettent de mieux comprendre le déroulement de la régulation de la signalisation du VEGFR-2 au niveau intracellulaire. Mots-clés: [Angiogenèse, VEGFR-2, VEGF, c-Cbl, Ubiquitination, Tyrosine 1319, Dégradation] / Abstract Angiogenesis is one of the most important processes to maintain oxygen homeostasis throughout the different tissues. The different signaling pathways of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, VEGFR-2, play a primordial role in the angiogenic response induced by different angiogenic factors, one of which is the vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF. Following VEGFR-2 activation, many signaling cascades are triggered in endothelial cells; in order to attenuate this response, VEGFR-2 undergoes multi ubiquitination on lysine residues and in this fashion it is brought into the degradation pathways, mainly through the lysosomes. This ubiquitination is induced by the association of the ubiquitin ligase (E3) c-Cbl to a phosphorylated tyrosine residue in the c-terminal domain of VEGFR-2. In this study, we identified tyrosine residue 1319 as being necessary for the association of c-Cbl to VEGFR-2 and for its ubiquitination. Our results show as well that overexpression of the mutant Y1319F version of VEGFR-2 in bovine aortic endothelial cells, BAEC, slows down the degradation process of VEGFR-2 and at the same time increases and prolongs the activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, eNOS. These results allow us to better understand the process of VEGFR-2 signaling regulation at the intracellular level. Keywords: [Angiogenesis, VEGFR-2, VEGF, c-Cbl, Ubiquitination, Tyrosine 1319, Degradation]

The Cbl family of E3 ubiquitin ligases are important negative regulators of multiple receptor and cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases, and participate in a wide variety of cellular processes. Uncoupling of Cbl-mediated negative regulation allows activated receptor tyrosine kinases such as the Met receptor to escape degradation, enhancing their oncogenic potential in vitro and in vivo. Despite the consequences of loss of Cbl-mediated negative regulation for human disease, little is known about the mechanisms regulating Cbl protein levels themselves. / In this thesis work, I demonstrate a differential regulation of c-Cbl and Cbl-b downstream of the Met receptor tyrosine kinase. Cbl-b protein levels decrease in response to Met kinase activity, whereas c-Cbl levels remain stable. Cbl-b is partially degraded in a proteasome-dependant manner. This requires Cbl-b ubiquitin ligase activity and a carboxy terminal domain region located between the RING and UBA domains. I conclude that the regulation of c-Cbl and Cbl-b differs downstream of Met, and propose that negative regulation of Cbl-b by a dysregulated Met receptor may contribute to tumourigenesis.

Résumé L’angiogenèse est l’un des processus les plus importants pour le maintien de l’homéostasie de l’oxygène dans les tissus. Le facteur de croissance de l’endothélium vasculaire, VEGF, joue un rôle primordial dans la réponse angiogénique. Ce facteur de croissance mène à l’activation du récepteur de type 2 du facteur de croissance de l’endothélium vasculaire, VEGFR-2. Suite à une activation du VEGFR-2, plusieurs cascades de signalisation sont activées dans les cellules endothéliales. Afin d’atténuer cette signalisation, le VEGFR-2 est multi-ubiquitiné sur des résidus lysine et de cette manière, il est amené aux voies de dégradation, principalement dans les lysosomes. Cette ubiquitination est induite par l’association de l’ubiquitine ligase (E3) c-Cbl à un résidu tyrosine phosphorylé du domaine C-terminal du récepteur. Dans cette étude, nous avons identifié la tyrosine 1319 comme étant nécessaire pour l’association de c-Cbl au VEGFR-2 et son ubiquitination. Nos résultats démontrent aussi que dans des cellules endothéliales aortiques bovines, BAEC, la surexpression du récepteur mutant Y1319F ralentit la dégradation du VEGFR-2 et induit une activation plus forte et prolongée de la synthétase endothéliale du monoxyde d’azote (eNOS). Ces résultats nous permettent de mieux comprendre le déroulement de la régulation de la signalisation du VEGFR-2 au niveau intracellulaire. Mots-clés: [Angiogenèse, VEGFR-2, VEGF, c-Cbl, Ubiquitination, Tyrosine 1319, Dégradation] / Abstract Angiogenesis is one of the most important processes to maintain oxygen homeostasis throughout the different tissues. The different signaling pathways of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, VEGFR-2, play a primordial role in the angiogenic response induced by different angiogenic factors, one of which is the vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF. Following VEGFR-2 activation, many signaling cascades are triggered in endothelial cells; in order to attenuate this response, VEGFR-2 undergoes multi ubiquitination on lysine residues and in this fashion it is brought into the degradation pathways, mainly through the lysosomes. This ubiquitination is induced by the association of the ubiquitin ligase (E3) c-Cbl to a phosphorylated tyrosine residue in the c-terminal domain of VEGFR-2. In this study, we identified tyrosine residue 1319 as being necessary for the association of c-Cbl to VEGFR-2 and for its ubiquitination. Our results show as well that overexpression of the mutant Y1319F version of VEGFR-2 in bovine aortic endothelial cells, BAEC, slows down the degradation process of VEGFR-2 and at the same time increases and prolongs the activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, eNOS. These results allow us to better understand the process of VEGFR-2 signaling regulation at the intracellular level. Keywords: [Angiogenesis, VEGFR-2, VEGF, c-Cbl, Ubiquitination, Tyrosine 1319, Degradation]

No description available.

Les cellules dendritiques sont des cellules du système immunitaire inné qui jouent un rôle important dans la reconnaissance immunitaire contre les agents pathogènes étrangers. Elles peuvent également prévenir les maladies auto-immunes à l'état basal. En raison de l'importance des cellules dendritiques dans la régulation immunitaire, il est important de comprendre comment le développement, l'état d'homéostasie et de quiescence des ces cellules sont contrôlées dans des conditions physiologiques et pathologiques. Cette étude permettra non seulement de mieux comprendre le contrôle de la régulation immunitaire, mais aussi de contribuer au développement de nouvelles approches pour traiter les maladies infectieuses et auto-immunes, ainsi que les cancers. Notre laboratoire a montré que C-CBL et CBL-B, deux membres de la famille CBL des ubiquitine ligases E3, jouent un rôle redondant dans la régulation négative du développement et de l'activation des cellules T et B. En l'absence de CBL dans les cellules T ou B, les souris développent des maladies auto-immunes sévères, indiquant que C-CBL et CBL-B jouent un rôle dans le système auto-immun. Partant de ces observations, nous proposons que CBL-B et C-CBL peuvent également jouer un rôle similaire dans le développement et la fonction des cellules dendritiques. Pour étudier cette possibilité, nous avons généré une souris knockout de Cbl spécifiques aux cellules dendritiques (dKO). Nous avons trouvé que cette mutation provoque une modification de l'homéostasie d'un sous-ensemble des cellules dendritiques (DC), y compris une augmentation marquée des CD8a+ cDCs et une réduction des pDC dans la rate. Cette modification est causée par la prolifération accrue des CD8a+ cDCs. Dans les CD8a+ cDCs mutantes, les voies de signalisation PKB et ERK sont constitutivement activées. Blocage de la signalisation de MTOR par la rapamycine atténue de manière significative l'hyperprolifération des CD8a+ cDCs in vitro et in vivo, indiquant que l'hyperactivation de MTOR est en partie responsable de l'augmentation CD8a+ cDCs. Les protéines CBL contrôlent l'ubiquitination et la dégradation du récepteur FLT3, suggérant que les protéines CBL contrôlent ainsi l'homéostasie de CD8a+ cDCs. Outre ces effets sur le développement des cellules dendritiques, nous avons trouvé que les souris Cbl dKO développent des inflammations sévères du foie et d'autres organes, caractérisées par une infiltration massive de leucocytes et une activation importante des cellules lymphocytes T périphériques. Les souris mutantes produisent des niveaux élevés de cytokines inflammatoires et de chimiokines, telles que le TNF-α, l'IL-6 et le CCL2. Les souris mutantes développent une maladie inflammatoire du foie. L'ensemble de ces observations montrent que les protéines CBL jouent un rôle essentiel dans le maintien de la quiescence immunitaire chez la souris. Puisque les souris dKO Cbl développent principalement une inflammation sévère du foie, il serait intéressant d'étudier si les voies contrôlées par les protéines CBL contribuent également au développement d'une inflammation du foie chez l'homme. / Dendritic cells (DCs) are innate immune cells that play an important role in immune recognition against foreign pathogens. They may also sense self-cues and prevent autoimmune diseases under the steady-state. Given the importance of DCs in immune regulation, it is conceivable that understanding how DCs development, homeostasis and functional quiescence are regulated under physiological and pathological conditions will not only bring insight into our knowledge how immune regulation is controlled but also some new approaches to treat infectious and autoimmune diseases and even cancers. Dr. Gu’s lab previously has shown that C-CBL and CBL-B, two members of the CBL family of E3 ubiquitin ligases, play a redundant negative regulatory role in both T cells and B cells development and activation. In the absence of CBL family of proteins in either T or B cells, mice develop severe autoimmune diseases, indicating that C-CBL and CBL-B restrain immune system against self. Based on these discoveries, we propose that C-CBL and CBL-B may also have a similar regulatory role in DC development and function. To study this possibility, we have generated DC-specific Cbl dKO mice. We have found that the Cbl dKO mutation results in an altered homeostasis of DC subsets, including a marked increase of CD8a+ cDCs and reduction of pDCs in the spleen (SP). This alteration is due to the enhanced proliferation of CD8a+ cDCs rather than the preferential lineage commitment to CD8a+ cDCs. In the mutant CD8a+ cDCs, both the PKB signaling pathway and ERK signaling pathways are constitutively activated. Blockage of MTOR signaling by Rapamycin significantly attenuates the hyperproliferation of CD8a+ cDCs both in vitro and in vivo, indicating that hyperactivation of MTOR is at least one of the reasons leading to CD8a+ cDC expansion. CBL proteins regulate ubiquitination and degradation of FLT3. Based on these results, we conclude that CBL proteins control CD8a+ cDC homeostasis through promoting FLT3 ubiquitination and degradation. In addition to the altered DC development, we have found that Cbl dKO mice develop severe liver and other organ inflammation characterized by massive leukocytes infiltration and profound peripheral T cell activation. Mutant mice produce high levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines including TNF-a, IL-6, CCL2, etc. Most strikingly, the mutant mice develop a similar liver inflammatory disease even in the absence of T and B cells. These findings together indicate that CBL proteins play an essential role in the maintenance of immune quiescence in mice. Since Cbl dKO mice mainly develop severe liver inflammation, it will be interesting to study whether the pathways controlled by CBL proteins also contribute to the development of liver inflammation in humans.